Đánh giá chất lượng nước sông hậu khu vực thành phố long xuyên theo chỉ số chất lượng môi trường nước WQI

Be ddnh gid hien trang chat lupng moi trudng nude mat song Hau khu vice thdnh pho Long Xuyen, de tai sic dung chi so chat lupng moi trudng nude WQI cua Viet Nam Quyit dinh 879/QB-TCMT vd

Dl/ONG THI KIM ANH

TRlT^NG DAI HOC AN GIANG KHOA KY THUAT - CONG NGHE •, MOI TRlTONG

LOT CAM ON

Be hoan thanh tot khda luan nay, em da nlian dupe rat nhieu sir ho trp, giup

do va chi bao tan tinh tir gia dinh, thay co, ban be va nhung ngubi xung quanh.Lai dau tien, em xin gdi ldi cam on din cac thay co trong khoa Ky thuat -Cong nghe - Moi Tnibng va Bo mon Moi trufrng va phat trien ben virng da giangday va trang bi cho em nhung kien thuc co so va chuyen mon trong suot nhimgnam hoc d truong Nhung kien thiic dupe hoc da giup em rat nhieu trong viechoan thanh tot luan van nay va se la tai san vo gia giup em virng buoc tren condudng tuong lai

Em cung xin gdi ldi cam on chan thanli dSn c6 Tran Ngpc Chau, ngudi datan tinh chi bao em trong suot thdi gian lam khoa luan Co da chi bao em ratnhieu ve kien thuc chuyen nganh, cung nhu da truyen dat rat nhieu kien thiic boich v^ kinh nghiem thuc t cho em dk co the hoan thanh khoa luan nay tot nhattrong kha nang co th^ ciia em

Cam on cac th^y c6 Khu thi nghiem truong Bai hoc An Giang da tao dieukien dS em co th^ tifin hanh thi nghiem thu thap thong tin hoan thanh khoa luan

nay.

Em xin cam on Trung tarn Quan trie va Ky thuat Tai nguyen - Moi truongtinh An Giang da cung cip thong tin, s6 lieu co lien quan din de tai tCr do em moi

co the hoan thanh tot khoa luan nay

Minh gdi ldi cam on tdi nhung ngudi ban tot da ho trp minh trong viec timkiim tai lieu, thong tin va trao ddi kiin thuc

Cudi cung, xin kinh chuc moi ngudi siic khde va cdng viec tot

I Aam

LongXuyen, ngay4^r thang Q^

GVHD

NHAN XET CIJA GIANG VIEN Hl/CJNG DAN

Sinh vien thuc hien de tai: Duang Thi Kim Anh

Lai nhan xet cua giang vien hudng dan:

TRlTONG DAI HOC AN GIANG KHOA KY THUAT - CONG NGHE - MOI TRlTCJNG

Be tai:

BANH GIA CHAT LLTONG Ntf6C SONG HAUKHU VtTC THANH PHO

LONG XUYEN THEO CHI SO CHAT LLTCJNG NU*6c (^QI)

LongXuyen, ngay^thang ^"nam2013

GVPB

NH^N XET CUA GIANG VIEN PHAN BIEN

Sinh vien thuc hien de tai: Duong Thi Kim Anh

Ldi nhan xet cua giang vien phan bien:

TRU^NG DAI HOC AN GIANG

KHOA KY THUAT - CONG NGHE - MOI TRlTCJNG

Bg tai:

DANH GIA CHAT LlTONG NtfGC SONG HAU KHU VHC THANH PHO

LONG XUYEN THEO CHI SO CHAT LlTGNG NlTGC (WQI)

LongXuyen, ngay !5" thing ^ nam 2013

GVPB

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN PHAN BIEN

Sinh vien thirc hien de tai: DuoTig Thi Kim Anh

Loi nhan xet cua giang vien phan bien:

TRtfONG D^I HQC AN GIANG KHOA KY THUAT - C6NG NGHE - MOJ TRl/ONG

Be tai:

BANH GIA CHAT LtTpNG NlTGC SONG HAU KHU VlTC THANH PHO

LONG XUYEN THEO CHI SO CHAT LLfQNG NlTOC (WQI)

TOM TAT

Ciing vdi suphdt trien nhanh ve dan so thi chat lupng mc&c mat a song Hau ngdy cdnggidm sut Van de dat ra hien nay laphdi ddnh gid dupe chat lupng nude a hien tai

de cd nhung bien phdp qudn ly phii hpp nham duy tri chat lupng nude mat on dinh dam

bdo cho suphdt trien ben vicng tai ngicyen nude.

Be ddnh gid hien trang chat lupng moi trudng nude mat song Hau khu vice thdnh pho Long Xuyen, de tai sic dung chi so chat lupng moi trudng nude (WQI) cua Viet

Nam (Quyit dinh 879/QB-TCMT) vd cua T6 chicc Ve sinh qudc gia Hoa Ky (NSF).Thong qua do ddnh gid khd nang su dung phii hpp cua hai chi so WQI nay trong ddnh

gid chdt lupng nude mat song Hau.

Kit qua gid tri NSF - WQI dao dpng trong khodng tic 45-57 tuomg duang vdimice chdt lupng nude tie xdu din trung binh Vd gid tri WQI (Quyet dinh 879/QD -TCMT) dao dpng tic 62 - 88, chdt lupng nudcphii hpp cho muc dich tudi tieu (mice III)

vd cap nude sinh hoat nhicng can ede bien phdp xic ly phii hpp (mice TV).

Vi tri S6 cd gid tri WQI chi dat mice III vd thdp nhdt trong cd hai dot khdo sat do

chiu dnh hudng cua nude thai cdng nghiep Tuy nhien, vi tri SI vdo thai diem trieu cu&ng cd chdt lupng nude dat mice IV vd mice III khi trieu kiet, day Id vi tri cd chdt lupng nude tot nhdt trong cd hai dot khdo sat.

Cd sic tuang ddng giica ede gid tri WQI trong hai each tinh trong ciing mot vi tri khdo sat Nhung chdt lupng nude ddnh gid theo thang diem ciia NSF — WQI thdp han

WQI (Quyet dinh 879/QB-TCMT)

Cdn cd them nhung nghien cicu ddnh gid su thay ddi chdt lupng nude mat giica ede miia (mica khd va mica mica); hudng ddng chdy khdc nhau; qua nhieu nam hay ede die bdo vi chdt lupng nude trong tuang lai di cd each nhin khdeh quan han ve chdt lupng nude mat song Hau khu vice thdnh pho Long Xuyen vd cd the dua ra ede bien

phdp qudn ly chdt lupng nudcphii hpp cho hien tai vd tuang lai

The more population increase, the more water quality ofHau River decrease The question how to evaluate water quality in the moment to give some suitable methods maintain sustainable development of water resource.

The reseach applied the water quality index (WQI) of Vietnam (Decision

879/QD-TCMT) and the Organization American National Sanitation (NSF) to assess the status

of water quality of Hau River in Long Xuyen city Then we can assess appropriate

application of the WQI in water quality of Hau River

The calculation results showed that WQI values (NSF) were from 45 to 57 This was equivalent the water quality from bad to average And WQI values (Decision

879/QD-TCMT) was from 62 to 88, the water quality was suitable for irrigation (level

III) and domestic water, but need treatment before using (the TV).

In S6 the water quality was the lowest and WQI value was level HI because of it was influenced by industrial wastewater Both the highest and the lowest tidal, the water quality in SI was the best in the others.

There was similar to WQI (NSF) and WQI (Decision 879/QD-TCMT) values in

the same collected position But the water quality was different When the water quality

based on WQI (Decision 879/QB-TCMT) was better than WQI (NSF)

In the future, we must have some researches such as assess to change the water quality in dry and rainy season, flow direction, etc.

MUC LUC

TOM TAT.i

ABSTRACTii MUC LUCiii DANH SACH BANGvi DANH SACH HINHvii DANH SACH CHU" VIET TATix

Chirong 1: MO BAU1

Chirong 2: LlTOC KHAO TAI LIEU:2

2.1.T6ng quan vS thanh pho Long Xuyen22.1.1.BiSu kien tu nhien22.1.2.Hien trang kinh te xa hoi5

2.2.Tai n guy en nude mat6

2.2.1 Khai niem vS nude mat62.2.2.Vai trd cua nguon nude doi vdi ddi song con ngudi6

2.2.3.Cac nguon gay 6 nhiem nguon nude8

2.3.Tong quan vl chi s6 chat luong nude (WQI - Water Quality Index) 9

2.3.1.Tong quan ve chi so moi trudng9

2.3.2.Chi s6 cMt luong moi trudng nude (Water Quality Index - WQI) 102.3.3.Chi sd chdt luqng moi trudng nude (WQI) d mot s6 qudc gia112.4.Tong quan ve tinh hinh nghien ciiu12

2.4.1.Cac nghien ciiu ngoai nude12 2.4.2.Cac nghien ciiu trong nude17

2.5.T6ng quan vS quan ly tai nguyen nude23

2.5.1.Quan ly tai nguyen nude23

2.5.2.Mot sd cong cu qu^n ly tai nguy^n nude232.5.3.Quan ly tong hop tai nguyen nude272.5.4.Co c^u to chiic quan ly tai nguyen nude27

2.6 Diln M6n chat lugng nuoc mat song Hau nam 2010 - 201230

Chirong 3: PHU"O"NG TIEN VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU37

3.1.Doi tirang nghien cihi373.2.Thol gian nghien ciru373.3.Muc ti^u nghien ciru373.4.Noi dung nghien ciru37

3.5.Phuwng tien va vat lieu nghien ciru 38

3.6.Phuung phap nghien ciru383.6.1.Phuang phap thu thap, phan tich va tong hop tai lieu383.6.2.Phuang phap khao satva dieutrathuc dia383.6.3.Phuang phap lay mau, phan tich chat lupng nuac383.6.4.Phuang phap tinh toan chi s6 chat hrong nuac433.6.5.Phuang phap tong hap, so sanh va danh gia so lieu49

Chuong 4: KET QUATHAO LUAN50

4.1.Danh gia Men trang chat liromg nuoc song Hau thanh pho Long

Xuyen vao mua kho nam 2013 thong qua QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT504.1.1.Gia tri pH504.1.2.Ham luong tdng chit rin la lung51

4.1.3.Nong do oxy hoa tan52 4.1.4.Nhu cauoxy sinhhoc53

4.1.5.Nhu ciu oxy hoa hoc54

4.1.6.Nong do amoni55 4.1.7.N6ngdpN-NO3"56

4.1.8.N6ng dp photphat574.1.9.Ham lupng coliform584.2.Danh gia Men trang chat lupng nude song Hau khu vuc thanh phoLong Xuyen thong qua chi so chat lupng nuo'c (WQI)604.2.1 Danh gia Men trang chat lupng nude song Hau khu vuc thanh phoLong Xuyen thong qua chi s6 chit lupng nude WQI theo To chtrc Ve sinh

qu6c gia Hoa Ky (NSF - WQI)60

iv

4.2.2 Danh gia hien trang chit lucmg nude song Hu khu vuc thanh ph6Long Xuyen thong qua chi s6 chit hrqng nude WQI theo Quyit dinh

879/QD - TCMT63

4.3.So sanh hien trang chit luwng niro'c mat song Hau thong qua chi si

WQI (NSF) - WQI (Quyet dinh 879/QD-TCMT) va danh gia kha nang

ling dung phii hop cua hai chi so WQI trong danh gia chat luong nu'6'cmat song Hau664.3.1.So sanh hien trang chit lucmg nude mat song Hau thong qua chi s6

WQI (NSF) - WQI (Quy6t dinh 879/QD-TCMT)66

4.3.2.Danh gia kha nang ung dung phu hop ciia hai chi s6 WQI trong danhgia chat luqng nuac mat song Hau69

4.4.De xuat Men phap quan ly chat luong nude mat song Hau khu vuc

thanh phi Long Xuyen704.4.1.Giai phap phap ly704.4.2.Giii phap kinh ti704.4.3.Giai phap k^ thuat714.4.4.Giai phap giao due c6ng dong71

Chuo-ng 5: MET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI73

5.1.Kit Man735.2.Kiin nghi74

Bang 2.1: Ket qua phan loai nude cua Vien quan sat the gidi7Bang 2.2: Bang phan loai nuac7Bang 2.3: Gia tri WQI cua su6i Cazenivia13Bang 2.4: Cac muc danh gia CCME WQI.'14Bang 2.5: K^t qua CCME-WQI15Bang 2.6: Phan loai chat lugng nude theo WQI cua Malaysia16Bang 2.7: Cac thong so chit luqng nude dugc chgn va cac trong s618Bang 2.8: Bang phan loai chi s6 WQI18Bang 2.9 : Gia tri WQI cua h6 Thiln Quang22Bang 2.10: Cac muc WQI doi vdi each tinh bang thong so tong23Bang 2.11: Chit lugng nude tai cac dilm quan trie song Cfiu mua kho nam 201122Bang 2.12: Co clu to chile quan ly tai nguyen nude d Viet Nam27Bang 2.13: Vi tri cac diem quan trac moi trudng nen32Bang 3.1: Mo ta dia dilm lly mau39Bang 3.2: Thong tin chi tiet khi lay mau41Bang 3.4: Phuang phap phan tich cac thong so moi trudng nude42Bang 3.5: Trong s6 cac thong s6 CSCLMT nude mat cua Earth Force phat trientuNSF-WQI45Bang 3.6: Cac mile WQI ciia NSF45Bang 3.7: Bang quy dinli cac gia tri qi, BP;46Bang 3.8: Bang quy dinh cac gia tri BPi va qi doi vdi DOo/oMQh6a 47Bang 3.9: Bang quy dinh cac gia tri BPj va qi doi vdi thong so pH48Bang 3.10: Bang xac dinh gia tri WQI49

Hinh 2.1: Ban dl phan b6 nude tren thl gidi8

• Hinh 2.2: Dien bien chit lucmg nude song Sai Gon tai cac tram quan trie tronggiai (loan 1998-200419Hinh 2.3: Dien bien chat hrong nude song Dong Nai tai cac tram quan trac tronggiaidoan 1998-200419Hinh 2.4: Vi tri quan trac mdi trirdng nen song Hau tinh An Giang31Hinh 2.5: Bilu dl bilu diln ham hrpng TSS tren song Hau 2010-201233

Hinh 2.6: Bilu dl bilu diln DO tren song Hau 2010 -201234

Hinh 2.7: Bilu dl bilu diln BOD5 tren song Hau 2010 -201234Hinh 2.8: Biludl bilu diln N - NO3" tren song Hau 2010 -2012:35Hinh 2.9: Bilu dd bilu diln coliforms tren song Hau 2010 -201236

Hinh 3.1: Ban dl dia dilm lly mlu40

Hinh 3.2: Dudng cong phan hang cac thong s6 trong chi so chat luong nude cuaEarth Force43Hinh 4.1: Bilu d6 bilu diln d<? pH tren song Hau thanh phd Long Xuyen thang 3nam201250Hinh 4.2: Bilu d6 bilu diln ham lucmg TSS tren song Hau thanh pho LongXuyen thang 3 nam 201251Hinh 4.3: Bilu dl bilu diln nlng do DO tren s6ng Hau thanh phi Long Xuyenthang 3 nam 201252

Hinh 4.4: Bilu dl bilu diln nlng do BOD5 tren song Hau thanh phi Long

Xuyen thang 3 nam 201253Hinh 4.5: Bilu dl bilu diln nlng do COD tren song Hau thanh phi Long Xuyen thang 3 nam 2012 54Hinh 4.6: Bilu dl bilu diln nlng do N - NH4+ tren song Hau thanh pho LongXuyen thang 3 nam 201255Hinh 4.7: Bilu dl bilu diln nlng do N - NO3" tren song Hau thanh phi LongXuyen thang 3 nam 201256

Hinh 4.8: Bilu d6 bilu diln nlng do P - PO43"tren song Hau thanh ph6 LongXuyen thang 3 nam 201257Hinh 4.9: Bieu do bieu dien ham luong coliform tren song Hau thanh ph6 LongXuyen thang 3 nam 201258

Hinh 4.10: Bilu dl bilu dien NSF - WQI dot 160 Hinh 4.11: Bilu dl bilu diln NSF - WQI dot 261 Hinh 4.12: Bilu dl bilu diln NSF - WQI62 Hinh 4.13: Bilu d6 bilu diln WQI (Quylt dinh 879/QB-TCMT) dot 1 tinh toan theoQuyltdinla879/QB-TCMT63 Hinh 4.14: Bilu dl bilu diln WQI (Quylt dinh 879/QB-TCMT) dot 2 tinh toan theo Quylt dinh 879/QB-TCMT64 Hinh 4.15: Bilu dl bilu diln WQI (Quylt dinh 879/QB-TCMT)tinh toan theo Quylt dmh 879/QB-TCMT65

Hinh 4.16: So sanh kit qua NSF - WQI va WQI cua Viet Nam dot 166Hinh 4.17: So sanh kit qua NSF - WQI va WQI ciia Viet Nam dot 267Hinh 4.18: So sanh kit qua NSF - WQI va WQI cua Viet Nam68

DANH SACH CHtT VIET TAT

BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)Nhu cau oxy sinh hoc

BVMTBao ve moi trudng

CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers_

Co quan bao ve moi truomg Canada

of the Environment)

CLNChit luong nude

COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc

CSCLMTChi so chat luong moi trudng

DO (Dissolved Oxygen)Oxy hoa tan trong nude

INWQS (Interim National WaterTieu chuan chat luong quoc gia

Quality Standards).Malaysia

KCNKhu cong nghiep

NSF (National Sanitation Foundation)To chuc Ve.sinh quoc gia My

QCVNQuy chuin Viet Nam

SS (Solid Soil)Chit rin la lung

TCVNTieu chuin Viet Nam

TNHHTrach nhiem him han

TPLXThanh phd Long Xuyen

TSS (Total Solid Soil)Tdng chat rin la lung

UBNDUy ban nhan dan

WQI (Water Quality Index)Chi so chit luong moi trudng nude

Tvr xira, con ngudi da sir dung nguon nude mat d dap ung nhu ciu sinh

hoat hang ngay (tam, nude uong, tudi tieu, ) Bin nay, nude mat vln la ngudn nude chu yeu cung cap cho sinh hoat va cac hoat dong san xuat cua con ngudi.

Vdi su phdt trien ve kinh tl, van hoa, xa hoi thi nude mat cang trd nen quan trongkhong chi cua rieng mot qudc gia ma con la vn d'e cua tit ca moi ngudi, moi

vimg, moi khu vuc tren trai dat,

Tinh An Giang cd nguon nude ngot doi dao duoc cung cap bdi song Hauvdi he thong kenh rach chang chit Vi the, tinh co loi the trong san xuat nongnghiep, chan nuoi va nuoi trdng thiiy san Ngoai ra, he thing song nay dii dapfag cho nhu clu sinh hoat trong cuoc sing cua ngudi dan

Tuy nhien, vdi su phat trien nhanh ve dan so thi chat luptig nude mat dsong Hau ngay cang giam sut Van de dat ra hien nay la phai danh gia duoc chatluqng nude d hien tai, quan ly tot cac nguon gay 6 nhiem de duy tri chat luptignude mat cd the cung cap cho the he sau su dung nham dam b^o cho su phat trien

ben vung cua moi trudng.

Chinh vi vay ma de tai "Bdnh gia chfit lumtg nit&c song Hau khu vucthdnh phb LongXuyen theo chisd chit luang nw&c (WQI)" lam ca sd de danhgia hien trang chat lupng nude mat cua tinh An Giang ndi chung dong thai cungnham dam bao chat luqmg nude mat song Hau thupc he thong song Cuu Long

Chuong 2: LlTOC KHAO TAI LIEU

2.1 T6ng quan ve thanh ph6 Long Xuyen

2.1.1 Dieu kien tir nhien

a.Vitridialy

Thanh pho Long Xuyen co dien tich tu nhien 115,43km2, la tinh ly cua tinh

An Giang, co toa do dia ly: 108' - 1026' vi do B5c va 10521' - 10530' kinh

d Bong, co gidi han nliu sau:

-Phia Bac giap huyen Chau Thanh

-Phia Nam giap thanh ph6 Cdn Tho va huyen Lap V6 tinh Bong Thap.-Phia Bong giap song Hdu va huyen Cha Mdi

-Phia Tay giap huyen Thoai Son

Cac don vi hanh chinh true thuc g6m: Phuong My Binh, My Long, BongXuyen, My Xuyen, Binh Buc, Binh Khanh, My Phuoc, My Quy, My Thai, MyThanh, My Hoa, My Khanh va My Hoa Hung (UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012)

b.Bac Him dia bin It

Bia hinh thanh pho Long Xuyen tuong doi bang phang va cao do mat dattuang ddi thap bi chia cat bdi cac kenh rach, muang, liep, ao ho

Cao dp m^t dat trung binh tir 1 — 2,5m

Khu vuc mat dat co cao dp tir 2 - 3m la khu vuc npi 6 gom 2 phudng MyBinh, My Long va ven true qu6c 16 92

Khu vuc co cao dp mat dat tir 1,5 — 2,5m, phan ldn la ven cac song rach chinh nhu song Hau, rach Long Xuy^n va ven cac true 16.

Cac khu vuc con lai co cao dp mat dit nho han 1,5m la cac khu vuc rupngtrSng va cac khu vuc co cao dp nho hon 2m; cac khu vuc nay thucmg bi anhhuong ngap nude vao mua lu h^ng nam (UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012)

c.Diic diim khihifu

Khi hau thanh ph6 Long Xuyen co tinh chat khi hau nhiet ddi gio miia vdimot ndn nhiet dp cao quanh nam vk mpt lupng mua tuang doi phong phu

J Nhiet do khong khi:

Nhiet dp khong khi tai thanh ph6 Lpng Xuyen tuang doi cao va rat on djnh.Nhiet dp trung binh nam: 27,7C (Chi cue thdng ke TPLX, 2012)

Nhiet do khdng khi thay doi theo miia nhung bien dp nhiet t'uang d6i nhd.Nhung thang co chenh lech nhiet dp ldn nh^t trong miia khd cung khoang 1,5 den3C Miia mua chenh lech khoang 1C Bien dp nhiet dp ngay trong nam la 3,4C.Nhimg bien dp nhiet trong ngay lai kha ldn, tir 8 ddn 12C (Chi cue thdng keTPLX, 2012).

Mua kho nhiet dp cao nhat trung binh 35 ddn 36C Mua mua nhiet dp thipnhat trung binh khoang 20 ddn 21C (Chi cue thdng ke TPLX, 2012)

-5k Che do gio

Che dp gio tai thanh pho Long Xuyen dac trung bdi tac dpng cua cac hethong hoan luu gio mua nen rit 6n dinh Huong gio chii dao thay ddi theo mua:Tir thang 5 den thang 11 chu yeu la gio Tay Nam, Nam — Tay Nam Tir thang 12den thang 4 nam sau chii y^u la gio Dong B^c, Bac - Dong B^c Toe dp giotuong d6i manh, trung binh dgu dat tren 3m/s (UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012)

•^r Mua

Che dp mua tai Long Xuyen anh hudng theo 2 miia gio, sir bien dpng ciiamua tuong doi phuc tap nhung miic dp bi^n dpng khong ldn Lupng mua chuyeu tap trung vao mua mua tir thang 5 ddn thang 11, chiem khoang 90% lupng

mua ca nam Lupng mua trung binh ca nam tai Long Xuyen tir 1.400 — 1.500mm.

Trong do miia mua chiem tir 1.300 - 1.350mm va tap trung nhieu nhat vao thang

10 vdi lupng mua tir 500 - 600mm Lupng mua hang nam tai Long Xuyen khongldn lam nhung cudng dp mua trung binh mot ngay la 13,5mm va lupng mua ldnnhat kha ldn (281mm so vdi cac tinh Tay Nam Bo) (UBND TP.Long Xuyen,

2012).

d Dac diSm dia chk

Vdi thong tin thu thap dupe tir cac cong trinh xay dung tai thanh pho trongthai gian qua cho thdy s6 lieu ve cac ldp dia ch^t qua thanh pho nhu sau:

-Ldp 1: Ldp dat da gom cat gach vun

-Ldp 2: Dlt set mau xam lln nhidu chit huu ca va hot cat d trang thai deonhao, cd chd la dang him set

-Ldp 3: Dt set mau xam Ian dit hot cat nhuyen trang thai chay deo den

deo nhao.

-Ldp 4: Cat hat min mau xam xanh, doi chd lln him, trang thai chat

Muc nude ngim mach ndng dao dpng each mat dat trung binh tir 1,7 - 2,2m.(UBND TP.LongXuyen, 2012)

e Diic diim thuy van

Song Hau la nguon cung cap nuac ngpt cho cac tinli, dong thdri la true giao thong quoc gia, quoc te quan trong cua Dong bang song Cuu Long Doan song

Hau chay qua dia phan thanh pho Long Xuyen co chieu dai 15km, chieu rpngtrung binh tir 800 d^n 1000m (UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012)

Rach Long Xuyen bat dau khcri nguon tit thanh ph6 Long Xuyen (doan quathanh pho co chieu dai 1 lkm), chay theo huang Dong Bac - Tay Nam, uon khucquanh co suot tren chang dirong dai g^n 18km n6i vai kenh Thoai Ha tai ip DongPhd xa Vinh Trach huyen Thoai Som, di qua nui Sap, kdo thang ra bi^n Tay, noivoi song Kien cua Rach Gia tinh Kien Giang (UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012).Rach Long Xuyen con duorc goi la kenh Rach Gia - Long Xuyen co dorong binh quan 100m va sau 8m, co luu luqng lu tren 300m3/s (UBND TP.LongXuyen, 2012)

Ngoai hai song rach chinh nay trong khu vuc trong thanh pho con co mot sokenh rach khac nhu sau:

- Cac rach d6 ra song Hau g6m: Rach Cfin Xay (3,5km), Rach Goi Lon(4,5km), Rach Goi Be (5,4km), Rach Cai Dung, Rach Cai Sao

-Cac rach do ra rach Long Xuy&i: Rach Ba Bau, Rach 6ng Mach, RachMuong Khai

-Mot s6 kenh rach khu vuc nqi 6 Thanh ph6 Long Xuyen bi 6 nhilm (Ba

B8u, Cai Son, ) do rac thai hoac bi san lap.

He thong song, kenh, rach cua Thanh ph6 Long Xuyen lien ket va phan bokha hai hoa vS khong gian dia ly tao nen tiern nang giao thong thuy do thi cho

thanh pho He thong song rach con la cac true canh quan quan trong cua thanh

ph6 (UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012)

Che do thuy van tai Long Xuyen phu thuoc vao thuy van sfing Hau theo che

do ban nhat triSu khong dgu Do chenh lech trieu binh quan tir 0,8 - 1,1m vao

mud kho, tir 0,2 - 0,5m vho miia lu Muc nuac dinh trieu cao binh quan tir 1,1

dSn 1,4m, vao mua kho va tir 1,7 d^n 2,3m vao miia lu (UBND TP.Long Xuyen,2012)

Che dp thuy van tai Long Xuyen cung nhu mot so tinh khac cua Nam Bp lachiu anh huang cua lu he th6ng song Ciru Long Mha lu thucrng bat dau tir thang

8 keo dai dSn thang 11 hang nam, gay ngap ung va kho khan cho viec thoat nuac

ua do thi vao miia mua (UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012)

Muc nude lu cao nhlt vao th^ng 10 hilng nam Trong do muc nude lu caonh^t: nam 1961(+ 2,89 m); nam 1996(+ 2,42 m); nam 2000(+ 2,62 m); nam2002(+ 2,54 m) (UBND TP.LongXuyen, 2012).

2.1.2 Hien trang kinh te xa hoi

a.Hien trang kinh ti

Thanh pho Long Xuyen nam trong vung til giac Long Xuyen vdi dac trung

cua nen kinh te gom ca san xuat nong nghiep, thuomg mai, dich vu va cong

nghiep nhd cung voi tilu thu cong nghiep cung song song t6n tai va phat triln(UBND TP.LongXuyen, 2012)

Ve ca cau kinh te, t^ trong khu vuc thucrng mai - dich vu chiem 71,49%,cong nghiep - xay dung 25,10%, rieng ty trong khu vuc nong nghiep giam chicon 3,41% (Chi cue thdng ke TPLX, 2012)

Nam 2011 thu nhap binh quan/nguoi dat 55,6 trieu dong/nguoi, gap doi sovoi binh quan cua tinh (Chi cue thong ke TPLX, 2012)

b.Hien trang xa hoi

•^L Dan so

Theo nien giam th6ng ke thanh ph6 Long Xuyen nam 2011, dan s6 toanthanh ph6 dSn nam 2011 la 280.051 nguai Mat do dan s6 la 2.428 nguoi/km2.Trong do npi thi, voi dien tich 84,59km2, dan s6 246.900 ngudi (chiSm 88,16%dan s6); ngoai thi, voi dien tich 30,72km2, dan s6 33.151 ngudi (chiSm 11,84%dan s6)

Ty le tang dan s6 tu nhien cac nam 2009, 2010, 2011 lib Iupt la 11,10%o,

Trudng dai hoc An Giang nam tren dia ban thanh pho Long Xuyen, la trungtam dao tao dai hoc da nganh (kinh t6, ky thuat) (UBND TP.LongXuyen, 2012)

Theo thong ke den thai didm hien nay dia ban Long Xuyen co 19 ca sd y tdhoat dong (17 ca sd cong lap), vdi 2.370 ghrdng, trong do co 04 benh vien dakhoa (02 benh vien da khoa ngoai cong lap), 02 benh vien chuyen khoa, 13 tram

y tS phudng, xa (UBND TP.LongXuyen, 2012)

Nhin chung nhd he thdng benh vien tinli dong tren dia ban nen mang ludi ca

sd kham chua benh va dpi ngu can bo y tg da dap ling dupe nhu c^u ca ban trongcham soc sue khde cho ngudi dan (UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012)

2.2 Tai nguyen nirdc mat

2.2.1 Khai niem ve nude mat

Nude mat bao gom cac ngudn nude trong cac ho chua, song va suoi Do ket

hap tu cac dong chay tren bS mat va thudng xuyen ti^p xiic vdi khdng khi nen

cac dac trung cua nude mat la:

-Chua khi hoa tan, dac biet la oxy

-Chua nhieu chat ran la lung (rieng trudng hap nude trong cac ao, dam, ho,chua it chat ran la lung va chu yeu d dang keo);

-Co ham luang chat huu ca cao.

-Co sir hien dien cua nhieu loai tao.

-Chua nhieu vi sinh vat.

2.2.2 Vai trd cua ngudn nude ddi vdi dot song con ngudi

Nude la nhu cau thiet yeu cua mpi sinh vat tren Trai dat Trai dat nay khdngthe ton tai dupe neu khdng co nude Nude lam cho he sinh thai phong phu va dadang sinh hoc cao La tac nhan cua cac qua trinh hinh thanh phat trien dat, da, Nude chidm khoang 74% trong luang tre sa sinh, ca thd nam trudng thanh

la 55 - 60%, ca thd nu trudng thanh khoang 50% Nude lien quan ddn nhidu quatrinh sinh hoat hang ngay giup ca the tang trudng va duy tri su sdng Mudn tieu

hoa, hip thu tdt lumig thuc, thuc pham ddu cdn co nude.

Tr.en dia ban con co cac co sd dao tao nghe nhu : Trudng Trung cap nghe

Kinh te Ky thuat cong doan, trudng Ky thuat nghiep vu Giao thong Van tai,trudng Trung hoc Y tS, trung tam gidi thieu viec lam (Sd lao dong - Thuongbinh - Xa hoi), Trung tam day nghe - Gidi thieu viec lam Hoi ndng dan, Trungtam Dich vu Viec lam Phu nu va nhieu co sd dang ky hoat dong day nghe(UBND TP.Long Xuyen, 2012)

Ngoai ra nude con sif dung cho muc dich tao ra ngudn nang luang, thuchien chu trinh tuan hoan nirac trong tu nhien, tic nhan didu hda khi hau Vi vay

cd the ndi sir song cua Chung ta rat can vi phu thupc vao nude.

Trong thien nhien nuac phan bo khdng deu ca ve khong gian va thbi gian.Theo Vien quan sat th^ gidi (Worldwatch Institute) thi hiu nhu nude tren thS gidikhong dung dd uong duac

Bang 2.1: Kit qua phan loqi nuac cita Vien quan sat the gi&i

Nu&c ket & nui bang va_, , Nu&cbien'•Con lax

song bang

97%2%1%

Ngudn: www, worldwatch ore

Trong 1% nude con lai duac phan theo bang sau:

Bang 2.2: Bang phan loqi nuac

Phan loqiPhan tramNude ao hd52

Trong dit38

Hai nude8Song ngoi1Trong cathl1

Ngudn: www.woddwatch ore

Luang nude tren thS gidi phan bo khong ddng deu Tong luang nude ngottren th^ gidi khoang 1,4 ty km3, trong do 577.000 if m3 tham gia vio chu kynude hang nam, 200.000 ty m3 nude ngpt cho he sinh thdi vi con ngudi, 14.000

ty m3 nude duac con ngudi tieu thy hang nam

Nhung khoang 20% dan sd th6 gidi khong cd di^u kien tip can nude uong

an toan 1,1 ty ngudi khong cd dieu kien tiep can phuang tien cii thien chatluang ngudn nude cip 2,4 ty ngudi khong cd didu kien tidp can bat cd phuang

7

Nguin: FAO-AdUASTAT 2DD8

Hinh 2.1: Ban do phdn bo nude tren the gidi

Ngudn: Olexiy Solohubenko, 2012

2.2.3 Cac nguon gay 6 nhilm ngudn nuoc

Co nhiSu nguyen nhan gay 6 nhilm nguln nude, chu ylu la do hoat dpngsinh hoat, san xuat cong nghiep, nong nghiep va nhieu nguyen nhan khac

a.Nirdc thai tie khu dan cu, nude thai sinh hoat

Luang nude thai sinh hoat thai ra tir cac ho gia dinh, khu dan cu, chg, khuthuang mai, dich vu, cong sd, trudng hoc, khach san hang ngay thai ra cac songvdi so lugng ldn Cac ho dan sdng ven khu vuc nha san tren song do cd thdi quenthai rac, nude thai xudng song lam ngudn nude mat bi 6 nhilm (Pham Ngoc Ho

vd congsu, 2006)

Dae dilm ca ban cua ngudn nude nay la cd ham lucmg chSt hiru ca khdngbin vtrng, dl phan huy sinh hoc, chit dinh dudng, chat ran va vi trung (PhamNgoc Ho vd cong su, 2006)

b.Nude thdi khu cong nghiep

Nude thai tir cac khu cong nghiep, tieu thu cong nghiep, giao thong van taigpi chung la nude thai cong nghiep (Pham Ngoc Ho vd cong su, 2006)

Nude thai cong nghiep, cac ca sd san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep, lang nghecung la mot trong nhung tac nhan gay d nhilm mdi truomg tren cac sdng dac biet

Nguin nu^e tir thi^^n nlv^a tlnli theo pti^i tfcSni l^J nguy^n i^i sinh ^ cAc qti6c gia

la mot so ca sa chi biln thuy san dong lanh nhung khong co he th6ng xu ly, nlu

co he thong xu ly nhung khong dat quy chuin thai vao cac song cung la nguyen

nhan gay 6 nhiem nguon nude mat Thy vao tvmg nganh cong nghiep ma ham

luang chdt 6 nhilm cung khong gidng nhau (Phgm Nggc Ho va cong su, 2006)

c.Ntr&c thai tit nong nghiep

Nude thai tir hoat dong nuoi thuy san co cac gia tr| ham lupng chat ran lalung, coliform, dac biet la nude thai chua bun cd thong s6 COD, BOD, chit rln

la lung va coliform cao (Phgm Nggc Ho va cong sit, 2006)

Nude thai ra tir hoat dong trlng trot do nong dan sir dung nhilu phan hda

hoc va hda chit bao ve thuc vat de tham canh, tang vu, gdp phan anh hudng

khong nho den chSt luong nude mat (Phgm Nggc Ho va cong sit, 2006)

d.Nit&c thai tit cac nguyen nhan khdc

Nude bi 6 nhiem do chay tran mat dat do nude mua hay tir cac cong dongcudn troi luang chat 6 nhiem tren mat dat (Phgm Nggc Ho va cong su; 2006).Nude bi 6 nhilm do su xam nhap man lam tang ham luong chat 6 nhiem(Phgm Nggc Ho va cong sit, 2006)

Nude bi 6 nhilm do su phu dudng ham luong muoi khoang va ham luongchit thru ca du thira lam cho cac quin the sinh vat trong nude khong the donghda duac Kit qua lam cho ham luong oxy trong nude giam dot ngot, cac khi doetang len, tang dp due cua nude gay suy thoai thuy vuc (Phgm Nggc Ho va cong

b.Muc dich cua chi si moi tru&ng:

-Phan anh hien trang va diln biln cua chit luang moi trudng, dam bao tinhphdng ngira cua cong tac bao ve moi trudng

-Cung cap thong tin cho nhung ngudi nhung ngudi quan ly, cac nha hoachdinh chinh sach can nhic vl cac vin dl moi trudng va phat trien kinh te xa hoi dedam bao phat trien ben vung

-Thu gon kich thudc, don gian hoa thong tin di di dang quan ly, sir dung

va tao ra tinh hieu qua cua thong tin.

-Thong tin cho cong dong ve chat luong moi trudng, nang cao nhan thirc

bao ve moi trudng cho cong ding

(Tdng cue moi trudng, 2010)

c Ifu diim cua chisd nidi trw&ng

-Viec sir dung chi so moi trudng giup don gian hoa va giam kich thirbc ditlieu thong qua do giiip giam chi phi viec hru trif va bo sung thong tin va giuptranh sir khd khan cho ngircri ra quyet dinh

-Giup thuan Ipi han trong viec so sanh chit luong moi truong giira cac diaphuong va qu6c gia khac nhau

-Cung cap mot cai nhin don gian hon ve chat luong moi truong cho congding Thong qua chi s6 nay moi nguai dl dang biet tinh trang moi truong xungquanh dugrc luong hoa bang mot con so cu the, each thuc de tu bao ve sue khoeban than va gia dinh

-La cong cu don gian hoa cac van de phiic tap tao nen moi than thien giuachinh.quyen, cac nha ra quyit dinh doi vdi cong chiing va de dang duoc thongcam hon trong cac vin di moi truong, di dang keu goi su tham gia cua cong

dong trong cong tac bao ve moi trucrng.

(Tdng cue moi truang, 2010)2.3.2 Chi si chat luong moi truong nuoc (Water Quality Index - WQI)Theo Phuong phap tinh toan chi so chat luong nude cua Tong cue moi

truong nam 2010.

a Gi&i thieu cluing vS chisd chat lumtg nu&c (WQI)

Chi s6 chit luong nude (Water Quality Index - WQI) la mot chi sd t6 hopduac tinh toan tir cac thong so chat luong nude xac dinh thong qua mot cong

thuc toan hoc.

WQI dung de mo ta dinh luong vi chit luong nude va duoc bieu diin quamot thang diim

Viec sir dung sinh vat trong nude lam chi thi cho mire do sach dDue tir nam 1850 duoc coi la nghien cuu dau tien ve WQI

Chi si Horton (1965) la chi si WQI diu tien duoc xay dung tren thang so.Hien nay cd rit nhiiu qu6c gia, dia phuong xay dung va ap dungchi so WQI Thong qua mot mo hinh tinh toan, tir cac thong so khac nhau ta thu

dugc mot chi sd duy nhit Sau do chat lugng nude co thd dugc so sanh vdi nhauthong qua chi s6 do Day la phuong phap don gian so vdi viec phan tich mot loat

cac thong so.

Cac ting dung chi ydu cua WQI bao gdm:

-Phuc vu qua trinh ra quyet dinh: WQI cd the dugc sti dung lam co sd choviec ra cac quydt dinh phan bd tai chinh va xac dinh cac vln dd uu tien

-Phan vung chat lugng nude

-Thuc thi tieu chuin: WQI cd the danh gia dugc mtic do dap ting,khdng dap ting cua chdt lugng nude doi vdi tieu chuin hidn hanh

-Phan tich dien bien chat lugng nude theo khong gian va thdi gian

-Cong bd thong tin cho cdng ddng

-Nghien ctiu khoa hgc: cac nghidn ctiu chuyen sau vd chat lugngnude thudng khdng sti dung WQI, tuy nhien WQI cd the sti dung cho cacnghien ctiu vt md khac nhu danh gia tac ddng cua qua truth do th) hda den chatlugng nude khu vuc, danh gia hieu qua kidm soat phat thai,

b Quy trinh xay dung WQI

Hau het cac md hinh chi sd chit lugng nude hien nay deu dugc xay dungthong qua quy trinh 4 budc nhu sau:

-Budc 1: lira chgn thong sd.

Cac thong sd nen dugc lira chgn theo 5 chi thi sau: Ham lugng oxy, phiduong, cac khia canh sic khde, dac tinh vat ly, chat rin lg ling

-Budc 2: chuyen ddi cac thong sd ve cung mot thang do (tinh toan chi sd

phu)

-Budc 3: trpng sd.

Trgng sd dugc dua ra khi ta cho rang cac thong sd cd tarn quan trong khacnhau ddi vdi chdt lugng nude

-Budc 4: tinh toan chi sd WQI cudi cung

Cac phuong phap thudng dugc sti dung de tinh toan WQI cudi cung tti cacchi sd phu: trung binh cdng, trung binh nhan hoac gia tri idn nhat

2.3.3 Chi so chat lugng mdi truing nude (WQI) i mot sd qudc gia

Cd nit nhidu qudc gia da dugc ap dung WQI vao thuc tien, cung nhu cdnhieu cac nha khoa hoc nghien ctiu ve cac md hinh WQI

-Hoa Ky: WQI dugc xay dung cho moi bang, da so cac bang tiep can theophuang phap cua T6 chiic Ve sinh Qudc gia Hoa Ky (National SanitationFoundation-NSF)-goi tat la WQI-NSF.

-Canada: phuang phap do Co quan Bao ve moi trudng Canada (TheCanadian Council of Ministers of the Environment - CCME, 2001) xay dung.-Chau Au: cac quoc gia d chau Au chu yeu dugc xay dung phat trien tuWQI — NSF (cua Hoa Ky), tuy nhien moi Quoc gia — dia phuang lira chon c^cthong so va phuang phap tinh chi so phu ridng

-Cac quoc gia Malaysia, An Do phat trien tir WQI — NSF, nhung moi quocgia cd the xay dung nhidu loai WQI cho tirng muc dich su dung

2.4 Tong quan ve tinh hinh nghien ciiu

2.4.1 Cac nghien ciiu ngoai nude

Cone trinh I: ting dung chi sd WQI trong viec quan ly chat licffngnu&c tqi Itru vice sudi Cazenovia, New York (Application of the nationalsanitation foundation water quality index in the Cazenovia Creek, NewYork,pilot watershed management project)

4s- Noi dung nghien cuu

Nghien ciiu su dung chi s6 NSF - WQI dd xac dinh chat lugng nude mat

sudi Cazenovia trong hai mua: mua xuan va mua thu.

s^ Cdch tinh chisd WQI

Cac thong s6 dugc chgn dd tinh WQI: DO, fecal coliform, pH, BOD5, NO3",

PO43", nhiet do, do due, tong chat ran.

Cong thiic tinh WQI:

nWQI = ^ WLh

i=l

Trong do: '

•Wp Trgng s6 cua thong so 6 nhidm

•Ip chisd phu cua thong so 6 nhidm

Chdt lugng nude dugc danh gia theo gia tri chi so WQI, gia tri WQI cangcao thi chdt lugng nude cang tdt (Cach tinh dugc trinh bay chi tidt trong chuang

3,phdn3.6.4muca).

Nguon: Martin Wills and Kim N.Irvine, 1996

Nhan thay gia tri NSF - WQI giam, ddng nghla vdi viec chat luqng nudegiam siit, nghien cuu di den phan tich cac tac nhSn gay anh hudng den chat luongniiac va nhan manh viec can co nhttng ke hoach phii hop de quan ly nguon nude

Cdne trinh 2: Ap dung cltf sd CCME quan ly chht luong nude tqiluu vuc song Mackenzie, Canada (Application of CCME water quality index tomonitor water quality: A case of the Mackenzie river basin, Canada)

r^Noi dung nghien cuu

Nghien curu su dung mo hinh CCME - WQI tfnh toan chat lucmg nude luu

vuc song Mackenzie.

4 Cdch tinh chi sd WQI

Cac thong sd dung &h tinh toan WQI la hiu hdt cac thdng sd cd trong

chuong trinh quan trac tcti Canada.

WQI Duqc tinh toan thdng qua cac budc sau:

- Bu&c 1: Tinh toan gia tri pham vi - Fi

Fi la ti sd cac thdng sd khdng dap ung duqc so vdi mire hudng din trongkhoang thdi gian tinh chi sd

(so thong so khdng daA

F, == I^^—r^r^— 1 ^ 100

V tong so thong so )

72,966,669,671,072,871,3Miia thu

70,869,071,569,983,180,3

Mua xuan

6 5 4

Ngudii: Ashok Lumb, Doug Halliwell and Tribeni Sharma, 2006

Rlt xlu Xiu

Trung binh

T6t Rat t6t

CltSt litffng nu&c

0-4445-6465-7980-9495-100GidtrichisoBang 2.4: Cac mice danh gia CCME - WQI

Fl + Fl + F32

tong so mau

-Bu&c 4: Tinh toan gia tri WQI

_ leuc uan _ ^j^ ^g sg t^g hon muc gioi han duai.

' Gia tri miltr

Chuan hoa dp lech qua cong thiic:

nse = •

— 1Khi thong so cao hon mure gioi han tren.

Tieu chvAn Tieu chuan

3 O.Olnse + 0,01

Vdi:

Dp lech e;: muc dp vupt tieu chuan ciia ttog mau khong dat (Gia tri maudupe so sanh voi tieu chuan)

Gia tri mau

- Bu&c 3: F3 dupe tinh bang cong thiic:

nse f2 = I —-—„ ; ' I x 100

- Bu&c 2: Tinh toan gia tri tan suat - F2

F2 la phan tram so mau khong dap tog dupe mile hutog din

(so mau khong &at^

tong so mau

Ngudn: Ashok Lumb, Doug Halliwell and Tribeni Sharma, 2006

Cons trinh 3: Chat liivng nude sdng Benchmarking tqi Malaysia(Benchmarking river water quality in Malaysia)

'^• Nqi dung nghien cicu

So sanh gi&a sir dung Tieu chu^n chat lucrng qu6c gia (INWQS) va chi sochat luotig moi trucmg nuoc (WQI) danh gia chdt hrqng nuoc song

Benchmarking.

4^ Cdch tlnh chi sd WQI

Cac thong s6 dugc chgn d6 tinh WQI: DO, pH, BOD, COD, SS, N - NH3,

vapH.

Cong thirc tinh WQI:

WQI = 0,22 x SIDO + 0,19 x SIBOD + 0,16 x SICOD + 0,15 x SIAN

+0,16 X SISS + 0,12 X SIpHTrong do: SIDO, SIBOD, SICOD, SIAN, SISS, SIpH la chi s6 phu cua cacthong s6 dugc lua chgn

xau xau xau T6t

xau

Mire ddn/i

gid

69 75 72 83 68

Gid tri

WQI

17 4 12 1 11

F3

22 26 36 2 23

F2

46 33 31 29 50

Zaki Zainudin, 201076-100

92-100'

91-10081-100Saclt

Ngiton: Engr.

70-7571-9180-9060-80

6 nltiem vitaMite <to o nltiemWQI cua Malaysia

0-690-700-790-59

6 nltiem ntingloai chat luong nude theo

khiO,3<x<4

khi x > 4

khi x < 80,3

khi x > 20 khix<20

khia>5

khix<5

khi8<x<92

khia>92 khix<8

i x%):

SIpH = 536 - 77,0a: - 2,76a:2

SIpH = -181 + 82,4a: - 6,05a:2

SIpH = -242 + 95,5a: - 6,67a:2

SIpH = 17,2 + 17,2a: + 5,02a:2

- Chi so phu cua pH:

SMlV = 94e-a0S73j:-5|a:-2| ,

SIAN = 0

SIAN = 100,5 - 105a:

- Chi s6 phu cua N - NH3:

SICOD = 103e-'0157^ - 0,44a:

- Chi so phu cua DO (tinh theo phln tram bao hoa

Cac chi so nay duoc xac dinh theo cac cong thiic.cho ttrng thong so:

Sir dung phuong phap delphi va phuong phap dudng cong t^ le de tinh chi

sd phu Cac ham chdt luong nude duac bieu thi b^ng cac phuong trinh sau:

-Ham chdt lugng nude vdi thong so BOD5:

y = -0,0006^2 - 0,1491a: + 9,98255

-Ham chat luang nude vdi thong so DO:

y = 0,0047x2 + 1,20276^ - 0,0058-Ham chit luong nude vdi thong so SS:

y = 0,0003x2 - 0,1304x + 11,459-Ham chit lugng nude vdi thong so pH:

2.4.2 Cac nghien ciiu trong nude

Cons trlnh 1: Xay dung chi so chat luong nude di ddnh gid va quan

ly chat iupng nude he thong song Dong Nai

4^ Nqi dung nghien cuu

Su dung phuong phap Delphi va dudng cong ty le xay dung chi sd chatluong nude phii hgp de danh gia chit lugng nude song Dong Nai

4^ Kit qua: •

Cac thong sd dugc lira chpn di tinh WQI cho song Ddng Nai: BOD, tdng

nita, DO, SS, pH, coliform.

Chi sd WQI cudi ciing duac tinh theo cong thuc trung binh cong cd trong sd:

WQI =

Ngudn: Ton Thdt Lang vd cong sir, 2008

6 nhiim rat nang

6 nhilm n^ng Onhilm trung binh

3 < WQI < 5

5 < WQI < 7

7 < WQI < 9

9 < WQI < 10 Chisd WQI

Do

Da cam

VangLucLamXanh dtrang

Bang 2.8: Bdngphdn loai chiso WQI

Ngudn: Ton Thdt Lang vd cpng sir, 2008

0,130,150,150,160,180,23Trong sd cudi cimg

0,560,630,660,700,761,00Trong so tain th&i

Htnlt 2.3: Dien bien chat luqng nude song Dong Nai tai ede tram quan trac

trong giai doqn 1998 - 2004

Ngudn: Ton Thdt Lang vd cong su, 2008.

IIoaAn BenG6 Nhi Be T.T.Hiep ' L^ Nhon

SONG DONG NAI

Hinli 2.2: Dien bien chat luang nude song Sdi Gon tai ede tram quan trac

trong giai doqn 1998 - 2004

Ngiion: Ton That Lang vd cong su, 2008.

Ben Thanh Phu Cutfng BinhPhutfc Nhi Rng Phu An

? 1998 H 1999 D 2000 ? 2001 • 2002 ? 2003 B 2004

SONG SAI G6N

^•Ap dung cho he thong song Dong Nai

Trong do:

•WQIa: Gia tri WQI da tinh toan ddi vdi 05 thong sd: DO, BOD5, COD,

N-NH4, P-PO4

WQIb: Gia tri WQI da tinh toan ddi vdi 02 thong sd: TSS, do due

•WQIC: Gia tri WQI da tinh toan ddi vdi thong sd Tdng Coliform

•WQIpH: Gia tri WQI da tinh toan doi vdi thong sd pH

a^ Noi dung nghien ciru

Nghien ciru su dung WQI de danh gia chSt luong nude mat h6 ThiSn Quang

trong hai miia: miia mua va mua khd.

^ Cdch tinh chi sd WQI

Nghien ciiu sur dung each tinh WQI theo Quygt dinh 879/QD - TCMT

Chi s6 WQI duac tinh dira tren cac thong s6: DO, pH, BOD5, COD, N-NH4,P-PO4 , TSS, dp due, t6ng Coliform

Cong th^rc tinh WQI:

52-|V3

Mua mua nam

30/7/2012 08/7/2012 20/6/2012 6/6/2012 24/5/2012 14/5/2012 29/4/2012 15/4/2012 01/4/2012 18/3/2012 04/3/2012 17/01/2012 20/01/2012 30/12/2010 16/12/2010 02/12/2010 18/11/2010 04/11/2010

Ngdy lay mail

Ngudn: Vu Thi Hdng Nghia, 2011

^* Noi dung nghien cicu

Su dung chi so WQI de danh gia chat luong nude song C3u tren dia bantinh Thai Nguyen

4^ Cdch tinh chi sd WQI

Cac thong so dugrc lira chon de tinh WQI cho song Cau trenn dia ban tinhThai Nguy^n: BOD, COD, NH4+, coliform

Chi so WQI cuoi ciing duyc tinh theo cong thiic:

WOI — ^gop + ^C0D + ^WH? i ^-conform

y ~ QCVN QCVN QCVN QCVN

Ngudn: Vu Thi Hdng Nghia, 2011

2.5 Tdng quan ve quan ly tai nguyen nuxrc

2.5.1.Quan ly tai nguyen nu'6'c

Quan ly nguon nude ve nghia rong la bao gom tat ca cac cong trinh va thiet

bi cung nhu cac to chuc duac tao ra dS quan ly khai thac tai nguyen nude nhammuc tieu thda man mot hoac nhieu nhu cau cua xa hoi (Pham Ngoc Dung va

cong sic).

2.5.2.Mot so cong cu quan ly tai nguyen nude

Cong cu quan ly mdi trudng la cac bien phap hanh dong thuc hi^n cong tac

quan ly mdi trudng cua nha nude, cac to chiic khoa hoc va san xuat Moi cong cu

cd mot chuc nang va pham vi tdc dpng nhat dinh, lien ket va ho tra Ian nhau.B6 quan ly mdi trudng nude, Nha nude ta thudng su dung mot so cong cu

3,12,13,76,64,24,36,13,73,82,01,8

ChisS WQI (CotA2 QCVN 28:2008)

Cau Vat (B^c Giang)

Tan Phu

Cau May

Cau Tra Vudn

Bap Thac Huong

Cau Gia Bay

Hoang Van Thu

a Phdp ly

Theo bao cdo Quan tri nude - Nghien cdu hien trang tai Campuchia, Lao vaViet Nam - Chuang trinh Bdi thoai nude khu vuc song MeKdng cua Chuongtrinh Nude va B3t ngap nude, IUCN Khu vuc Chau A nam 2013 ViSt Nam apdung mot so khung phap ly nhu sau:

^=- Khung phdp ly khu vice

Thoa thuan Me Kong nam 1995

Viet Nam cung la mot ben ky Thoa thuan Me Kong nam 1995

a^ Cdc khung phdp ly quoc gia cu the

-Ludt Bdo ve Moi trudng 1993 vd Ludt Bdo v| Mdi trudng sica doi nam

2005

Luat bao ve Mdi trudng nam 1993 xac dinh cac trach nhiem va quyen quan

ly lidn quan ddn khai thac va su dung tai nguyen thien nhien trong do cd dat ngapnude, Luat quy dinh nhung sap xep the che bao gdm cac co quan quan ly, cac coquan bao ve moi trudng va cac co quan quan ly dia phuong Mot trong nhungkhia canh quan trong nhat cua luat nay da dua ra nhung yeu cau ve danh gia tacdong mdi trudng

Luat Bao ve Mdi trudng sua ddi nam 2005 Ian dau tien chinh thiic luat hoaBanh gia Tac dong Mdi trudng Chien luoc trong Lutit Viet Nam va cung cd cac

co sd cho sir tham gia cua dia phuong trong ca qua trinh danh gia tac dong mditrudng va danh gia tac dong mdi trudng va danh gia tac dong mdi trudng chien

lucre.

-Ludt Tai nguyen nude (LWR), 2013

Luat niy cung cap cac ca sd cho:

•ThiSt lap cac chinh sach, nguyen t^c va khudn khd ca b^n cho viecquy hoach, khai thac, sd dung, bao tdn, bao ve, dieu tidt va quan ly tat ca cac tainguyen nude cho phat trien toan dien, tdng hap va ben vdng

•Xac dinh cac quyen va trach nhif m cua Chinh phu, ngudi sd dungnude va cdng chung trong viec sd dung va bao ve cac tai nguyen nude va cacthdy cdng trinh

•Md ta th&m quyen quan ly va trach nhiem thuc thi luat nay trong do

cd hop tac, truyen thong va didu phdi cac bd va ca quan khac nliau cua Chinhphu, cac tinh, ngudi sd dung nude va cdng chung

Luat nay cung dua ra nhung didu khoan ve viec thanh lap Hoi dong Tainguyen nude Qudc gia va to chdc luu vuc song tai cac luu vuc song chinh, nham

muc dich hai hoa cong tac quan ly nude, cung cap nhung ca che lap ke hoach,quy hoach, su dung va bao ve cac ngudn tai nguyen nude thong qua giay phep sudung nude va giay phep xa nude thai Luat cung cung cap nhQng phuang tien degiam sat, danh gia va cuang chd thi hanh luat Tuy nhien, cac quyen ve nudekhdng duqc xac dinh va thidu tr^m trong cac dy lieu ve bao ve moi trudng dinden viec quan ly chit luqng nude khong hieu qua Luat nay can duqc xem xet lai.-Chien luge Nuac tai nam 2020

Chien luqc Tai nguyen nude hudng tdi nam 2020 nham muc dich da danghoa cac hop tac quoc te trong quan ly tai nguyen nude thong qua cac chucrngtrinh da phuang va song phuang bang each tang cudng ddi tac vdi cac ca quantai trq qudc tl va cac T6 chuc Phi chinh phu Tang cudng hqp tac quoc te vdi cacnude thanh vien Uy ban song Me Kong cung duqc de xuat cung vdi viec khdi

dqng hqp tac trong luu vuc song Hong va cac song khac.

Chinh phu da co ke hoach tham gia tich cue vao cac dien dan Quoc te vakhu vuc, nhln manh trao ddi thong tin, chia se kinh nghiem va tham gia vao cac

budi hoi nghi chuyen d, cac cong udc, v.v.

-Chien luge Bao ve Moi trudng Quoc gia 2001 - 2020

ChiSn luqc Bao ve Moi truotig Quoc gia (NSEP) la mot khung quan ly moitrudng cho giai doan 2001 - 2010 Chiln luqc duqc xay dung dua vao qua trinh

tham van tich cue trong vdng 3 nam, loi cuon su tham gia rqng rai cua cac bq,

chinh quyen cac tinh, cac vien nghien ciiu, cac To chuc Phi chinh phu, cac tochuc da phuang va song phuang, va cac ben huu quan khac Chien luqc tiep tackhuyen khich tang cudng nang luc va phat trien the che, long ghep cac can nhacmoi trudng vao cac qua trinh ra quyet dinh va lap ke hoach, quy hoach chinh

thong.

Muc tieu chung cua NSEP la bao ve va cai thien moi trudng nham tangcudng chat luqng cupc song va sire khde cua nhan dan va dam bao phat trien benvung cua dat nude Bieu do bao gdm giai quyet cac van de 6 nhiem, bao ve, baoton va dam bao su dung ben wng tai nguyen thien nhien va da dang sinh hoc vacai thien chit luqng moi trudng tai do thi, nong thdn va cac khu cong nghiep.-Chien luge Quoc gia ve Cap nuac Nong thdn va ve sinh 2000 - 2020

Chiln luqc Qudc gia vd dp nude Nong thdn va Ve sinh (NRWSS) duqc

Bd Xay dung, phdi hqp vdi cac nganh lien quan va su hd trq cua ca quan Hqp tac

Phat tridn Qudc td Ban Mach (BANIBA), chuln bi va duqc Thu tudng Chinh

phu phe duyet vao thang 8 nam 2000

NRWSS ciing vdi Chidn luqc Phat tridn Nong thdn nhlm dat duqc nhiingmuc dich sau:

25

•Cai thien siic khoe cua ngudi dan nong th6n.

•Cai thien didu kien s6ng

•Giam 6 nhiem moi trirdng txr chat bai tiet cua con ngudi va gia sue.Chien luge mo ta cac muc tieu chu chdt va khung thdi gian de dat dupenhiing thanh qua trong giai doan den ham 2020, trong do co ke hoach hanh dongchi tiet cho giai doan den nam 2005 Nhiing hop phan chinh cua chien luge dang

dupe thuc hien, cac hoat dong truyen thong va giao due moi trudng va thuc day

sir tham gia ngay cang Ion cha cac ben co lien quan ChiSn luge cung cung capdinh hudmg v^ vai tro Chinh phu trong nganh nay

b.Kinh ti

Tai Viet Nam viec ap dung cong cu kinh te trong quan ly moi trudng duped^ cap trong Nghi quySt s6 27/BCSDBTNMT ngay 2/12/2009 cua Ban can sirBang Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trudng ve viec tang cudng chu truong kinli te hoanganh Tai nguy^n va Moi trudng

Cac cong cu kinh t dupe sii dung hien nay:

-Thue tai nguyen.

-Thue moi trudng.

-He thong dat epe - hoan tra.

-Ky quy moi trudng.

-Trp cap moi trudng.

-Quy moi trudng.

c.Gido due

Giao due moi trudng la mot qua trinh thong qua cac hoat dong giao duechinh quy va kliong chinh quy nliam giiip con ngudi co dupe sir hieu biet, kynang va gia tri tao dieu kien cho ho tham gia vao phat trien mot xa hoi ben vung

ve sinh thai (Nguyen Van Phudc, 2006)

Muc dich ciia giao due moi trudng la nh5m van dung nhung kien thuc va kynang vao giu gin, bao tdn va su dung moi trudng theo each ben vung cho ca th^

he hien tai va tuong lai (Nguyen Van Phudc, 2006)

Giao due moi trudng bao gom nhung ndi dung chu yeu:

-Bua giao due moi trudng vao trudng hoc.

-Cung cip thong tin cho nhung ngudi co quyen ra quyet dinh

-Bao tao chuyen gia ve moi trudng.