cua ddng dao nhirng ngudi lao ddng. Tu tudng nay dugc Hd Chi Minh nhac di nhac lai nhieu lan trong nhimg dieu kien, hoan canh khac nhau, vdi nhirng ddi tugng bet sue khac nhau. Cu t[r]
Trang 1ien cuu - Trao doi Tap c h i C 6 n 9 sdn
n., aci
,t ! 'jii
fe:';- i ,
CHU NGHIA XA HOI
MOT XA HOI CHO CON NGlTdl, Vi CON NGUdl
TRAN THI THU HOAI
Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh vi chu nghia xd hoi (CNXH) Id mot bq phdn
quan trqng trong hi thong tu tuong Ho Chi Minh Dd Id mot nqi dung rong
ldn Trong pham vi bdi viit nhd ndy, chung toi ehi xin di cap mot vdi khia
canh trong tu tudng eiia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh vi CNXH
>-;,.:>
T RUOC bet phai khang dinh rang: Hd
Chi Minh hudng tdi CNXH la hudng
tdi tim mdt con dudng ciin nude mdi
sau khi tat ea cac con dudng khac da that bai
Khat vpng va "ham mudn tdt bac la lam sao
cho nude ta dirge hoan toan ddc lap, dan ta
dugc hoan toan tir do, ddng bao ai ciing cd
com an ao mac, ai ciing dugc hpe hanh"*') da
dan dit Hd Chi Minh tren hanh trinh bdn ba
tim kiem eon dudng ciiu nude giai phdng dan
tdc, mang lai thdng nhat, ddc lap cho dat
nude, tir do, hanh phuc cho nhan dan - eon
dudng each mang vd san, gan ddc lap dan tdc
vdi CNXH Khi dpc Luan cuong ciia Le-nin
ve van de dan tdc va thude dia, Ngirdi da
khing dinh: "Day la cai can thiet cho chiing
ta, day la con dudng giai phdng chung ta"*^)
Chinh tam niem va khat vpng ldn nay eiia Hd
Chi Minh da budng Ngirdi lira chpn eon
dudng gan ddc lap dan tdc vdi CNXH
Thuc tiin each mang Viet Nam cho thay,
tir khi thanh lap Dang (nam 1930) den nam
1954, nhiem vu chinh tri tnrde mat, ed tinh chat quyet dinh va dugc uu tien hang dau eiia each mang la dau uanh chdng thirc dan xam luge, gianh ddc lap tu do cho dan tdc Chinh
vi the, nhirng van de lien quan den CNXH it dugc de cap trong cac bai viet ciia Chii tich
Ho Chi Minh d giai doan nay Nhimg ndi dung ve cac van de etia CNXH ehi thire sir dugc ban tdi mdt each cu the va sau sac sau khi Cach mang Thang 8-1945 thanh cong, dac biet sau khi mien Bac dugc giai phdng budc vao thdi ky qua dp len CNXH (nam 1954) Vao cuoi nhirng nam 80, dau nhung nam
90 etia thi ky XX, khi md hinh CNXH hien thtre d Lien Xd va Ddng Au rod vao khiing hoang va sup dd, cac the lire thii dich vdi Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da lu loa len rang:
* ThS, Khoa Ly luan chinh tri, Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan, Ha Noi
(1) Ho Chi Minh: Todn lap, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia
Ha Npi 2000, t 4, tr 161
(2) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd t 10, tr 127
Trang 2Hd Chi Minh va Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da
sai lam ngay tir dau khi dua mdt hpe thuyet ra
ddi tir phuong Tay (ttre chu nghia Mae
-Le-nin) ap dting vao mdt nude phuong Ddng
nhu Viet Nam v.v Ddng thdi V.I.Le-nin da
tung nhan dinh rang hien thdi chu nghia cdng
san (CNCS) ehi cd the thang Igi d phuong
Tay, nhung sau nay vdi sir giiip dd cua cae
nude da tien hanh each mang XHCN, CNCS
se lan sang chau A Vdi nhan quan chinh tri
rdng ldn eiia mdt bac thien tai, tir nhirng nam
20 ciia the ky XX, tnrde khi tien hanh truyen
ba ly luan chii nghia Mac - Le-nin vao Viet
Nam, Hd Chi Minh da dat ra eau hdi CNCS
ed ap dung dugc vao chau A ndi chung va d
Ddng Duong ndi rieng khdng? Ngirdi khang
dinh rang mac dii cd nhieu chii nghia khac
nhau nhung chi cd chu nghia Mae - Le-nin la
chan chinh nhat, cbac chan nhat, each mang
nhat, khoa hpe nhat Hon the nira, Chu tich
Hd Chi Minh edn khang dinh trong bai bao
"Ddng Duong" thang 5-1921: CNCS tham
nhap de dang vao chau A, de dang hon la d
chau Au Ngudi da chi ra eac can cu day tinh
thuyet phuc minh chiing cho khang dinh nay
O nude ta ed day dii nhimg tien de ve tu
tudng, van hda, kinh te, xa hdi bao dam cho
mdt ly thuyet cd ngudn gdc phucmg Tay - ehii
nghia Mac - Le-nin ed the dugc van diing
thanh cdng Mat khac, dii Ngudi khing dinh
chu nghia Mae nhu "cam nang than ky", nhu
"mat trdi soi sang" nhung ngay tir dau Ngirdi
da cd each nhin nhan rat bien chung ve hpe
thuyet nay: CNXH tnrde tien la hudng tdi tim
mdt eon dudng etru nude Chii nghia Mae den
vdi Viet Nam khdng phai la mdt hpe thuyet
nhu cae hpe thuyet khac, ma nhu mdt cdng cu
giai phdng dan tdc, nham giai quyet nhirng
van de thue tien lich su dang dat ra la danh dd
de qudc, phong kien gianh ddc lap, tir do cho
dat nude Mat khac, trong dieu kien dan tri thap kem ciia nude ta nhimg nam dau the ky
XX, vdi hon 90% dan sd la ndng dan ma phan ldn lai mil chir, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh
da cd nhirng each thirc bet sue ddc dao ma hieu qua de the hien nhung quan diem cua minh ve CNXH Quan diem ciia Ngudi ve CNXH rat ngan gpn, don gian, mdc mac, ndm na, de hieu, phd hgp vdi tirng dieu kien, hoan canh, tirng ddi tugng khac nhau Ngirdi ndi bang tieng ndi eiia nhan dan de dien dat mdt trong nhiing ly thuyet day tinh bac hpe
-ly thuyet ve CNXH Ngudi khdng dinh nghia
ve CNXH vdi nhirng tieu chi day du, toan dien, hoan chinh eiia mdt md hinh ly tirdng dugc xay dung san de tir dd bat thue tien phai khudn theo Hoat ddng thuc tien tdi dau thi nhan thuc ly luan eua Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH md rdng ra tdi dd Dii Ngudi khdng
cd mdt tac pham chuyen biet nao ban ve CNXH nhung tu tirdng ve CNXH xuyen suot trong nhieu tac pham eiia Hd Chi Minh Ngudi ed the dua ra dinh nghia ve CNXH xet theo muc tieu cua CNXH hay theo cac linh vuc eii the ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Ngirdi ciing
cd the tiep can XHCN theo muc tieu, eon dudng, each thuc, bien phap, lire lugng xa hpi
td chuc thtre hien de dat tdi muc tieu dd Dii theo each nao, thi tu tirdng Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH bao trdm len tat ca la mdt che dp xa hdi hudng tdi eon ngudi, cho con ngirdi, vi eon ngudi Trong che dp xa hdi nay, con ngirdi vira la muc tieu, vira la ddng lire ma xa hdi dd hudng tdi phtic vu Igi Ich va phat huy sue manh Cd the nhan thay rd tu tirdng bao trum nay qua mdt sd quan niem Ngudi dua ra
de nhan dien che dp XHCN • '• Chii tich Hd Chi Minh khing dinh, CNXH
la "the gidi ciia loai ngudi" de phan biet vdi
the gidi cu, khdng xung dang vdi eon ngudi
46 So 803 (thang 9 nam 2009)
Trang 3Nghien cuu - Trao doi T p p chf C d n g s d n
theo nghia tdt dep, thi gidi uong dd con
ngirdi quan be vdi con ngudd khdng theo le
cdng bang, nhan dao, tham chi, thi gidi cua
nhimg sinh vat cd binh dang gidng con ngirdi
nhung khdng phai eon ngudi Xa hpi thire dan
kieu cu ciia Phap d Viet Nam la mdt diln
hinh ciia the gidi cu dd, nod eon ngudi "bi bit
mdm va bi giam ham, bi lam cai dd de tl dng
than tu ban", nod dd nhimg con ngirdi bi xem
nhu "bay ngudi", hp "khdng bilt suy nghi
niia" va "hoan toan vd dung trong viec cai tao
xa hdi" Ndi chuyen vdi can bd, sinh vien
Viet Nam tai Mat-xco-va ngay 1-2-1959,
Chti tich Hd Chi Minh khing dinh xa hdi
XHCN la: "mdt the gidi xa hdi chii nghia,
cdng san ehii nghia khdng ed ngudi bde lot
ngirdi, mpi ngudi sung sudng, ve vang, tu do,
binh dang, xung dang la the gidi eiia loai
ngudi"(3)
Muc dich cua CNXH la tat ea vi Igi ich
cua ddng dao nhirng ngudi lao ddng Tu
tudng nay dugc Hd Chi Minh nhac di nhac lai
nhieu lan trong nhimg dieu kien, hoan canh
khac nhau, vdi nhirng ddi tugng bet sue khac
nhau Ndi chuyen vdi nhan dan tinh Hai Ninh
ngay 20-2-1960 khi mien Bac dang tien hanh
eude each mang XHCN, Ngudi khang dinh:
"CNXH la lam cho mpi ngudi dan dugc sung
sudng, im no" Vdi Dai hdi Dang bd thanh
phd Ha Ndi ngay 20-6-1960, Ngudi ndi:
"Muc dich eua CNXH la khdng ngimg nang
cao muc sdng cua nhan dan" Trong ldi khai
mac Lien hoan anh hung, chien si thi dua
toan qudc lin thir 3 ngay 4-5-1962, Ngudi
phat bieu: "CNXH la nhim nang cao ddi
sdng vat chat va van hda eua nhan dan" Cu
thd ban, muc dich ciia CNXH la gi? Ndi mpt
each gian don va de hieu la khdng ngimg
nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than etia
nhan dan, trudc hit la nhan dan lao ddng
Nhu vay, du dien dat bang cae ngon tir khac nhau, CNXH theo Ho Chi Minh la mdt xa hdi hudng tdi phuc vu Igi ich vat chat va tinh
than eua dong ddo nhitng ngudi lao dong
Ngudi lao ddng la nhimg ngirdi san xuat ra phan ldn cua cai vat chat va tinh than cho xa hdi, bao dam su tdn tai va phat trien ciia xa hdi, vi vay xet ve Id-gie, hp phai dugc hirdng thu mdt each xiing dang nhiing gia tri ma hp tao ra Dieu gian di va dudng nhu tat yeu dd khdng bao gid xay ra dudi che dp TBCN hay cac che dp xa hdi khac khdng phai la CNXH
O eac che dp xa hdi dd, ngudi lao ddng dugc hirdng phan rat nhd be nhung gia tri xa hdi
ma hp tao ra, con phan ldn rod vao tay nhimg
"dng chu", nhimg ke thdng
tri-"Ddi song vdt chdt" a day dugc Ngudi
dien dat rat mdc mac, binh di, ed khi la "com
an, ao mac", ed khi la "thoat nan ban cung, cd cdng an viec lam, dugc am no", cd khi la "du
an, dii mac, ngay cang sung sudng" O muc
dp cao hon, ddi song vat chat cua con ngirdi
la nhimg loi ich cd nhdn diing dan eua hp
Nam 1958, ban ve dao diix; each mang, Ngudi khang dinh: "Khdng co che dp nao ton trpng con ngudi, ehii y xem xet nhimg Igi ich ea nhan dung dan va bao dam cho n6 dugc thda man bang che dd xa hdi ehii nghia va cong san ehii nghia Trong xa hdi co giai cap hoc lot thdng tri, ehi co Igi ich ea nhan ciia mdt sd rat it ngudi thude giai cap thdng tri la dugc thda man, edn Igi Ich ea nhan eua quan cbiing lao ddng thi bi giay xeo"'"*)
Cung nhu vay, cac cap dp cua ddi song
tinh thdn ngay cang tang len song ciing dugc
the hien rat trire quan, gian di Cd khi la
"dugc hpe hanh, cd van hda cao, cd ddi sdng
(3) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd t 9, tr 324 (4) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd t 9, tr 291
Trang 4tuoi vui, hanh phiic", lue khac dan gia hon,
mdc mac hon: "ai nay dugc di hpe, dm dau co
thude, gia khdng lao ddng dugc thi nghi,
nhirng phong ttic tap quan khdng tdt dan dan
dugc xda bd"'^) Ddi sdng tinh than d muc dp
cao hon la sir cong bang, binh ddng: "Khdng
sg thieu, ehi sg-khdng cdng bang" Nhu cau
tinh than nay hay chinh la each thuc phan phdi
nhirng gia tri dugc tao ra trong CNXH dugc
Ngudi khang dinh trong khi Ua ldi nhirng cau
hdi eiia cir tri Ha Ndi ngay 10-5-1958: CNXH
la cdng bang, hgp ly, lam nhieu hudng nhieu,
lam it hudng it, khdng lam thi khdng dugc
hudng, nhirng ngudd gia yeu hoac tan tat se
dugc nha nude giiip dd cham nom" O muc
dp cao hon nira, thude do gia tri ddi sdng tinb
than la trang thai ddn chii eiia xa hdi dd Che
dp XHCN va CSCN la cbl dp do nhan dan
lao ddng lam chu Day la che dp dan chii
nhan dan, dan chii ciia sd ddng, nd khac biet
eo ban ve chat vdi cac che dp dan ehii ciia sd
it da tiing tdn tai trong lich sir nhu dan chu
ehii nd hay dan chii tu san
Nhu vay, muc dich nang cao ddi sdng eua
ddng dao nhan dan lao ddng ve ea vat chat va
tinh than la tieu ehi tong quat de khang dinh
va kiem nghiem tinb chat XHCN ciia cac ly
luan CNXH va eac ehinb sach thue tien Cd
the thay, nhirng van de ma Chii tich Hd Chi
Minh dat ra tir hang nira the ky tnrde day van
edn nguyen tinh chat thdi sir cho ngay hdm
nay, khi ma tinh canh ngheo doi etia hang
tram trieu ngudi tren the gidi van chua dugc
giai quyet, chua e6 dudng ra Dd la van de
lam sao mang lai hanh phtic cho sd dong
ngudi lao ddng hay lam the nao de khac phuc
tinh trang ngheo ddi, benh tat - nhirng van de
mang tinh chat toan cau
Nhu vay, tu tudng Ho Chi Minli vl CNXH
trudc bet nhin nhan con ngudi nhu la muc
tieu quan trpng nhat ciia che dp xa hdi dd Mat khac, trong tu tirdng Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH, con ngudd ciing dugc nhin nhan nhu
la dong Iuc chinh cm each mang Do d6
"mudn xay dimg chu nghia xa hdi, cdng san chii nghia phai xay dung con ngudi xa hdi chii nghia, con ngudd cdng san ehii nghia Mudn ed eon ngudd xa hdi chti nghia, cdng san chu nghia thi phai xay dung tu tudng xa hdi chti nghia, cdng san ehii nghia Ma muon
cd tu tudng xa hdi ehii nghia, cdng san chii nghia thi phai got sach chu nghia ca nhan Mpi ngudi deu phai ed tu tudng "minh vi mpi ngudi, mpi ngudi vi minh"*^) Ngudi khang dieu nay nam 1959 khi mien Bac dang budc vao thdi ky qua dp len CNXH Con ngudi XHCN phai la con ngudd "vua hdng, vira chuyen", vira ed dire, vira ed tai trong dd dao due phai la gdc re Ngudi tiing ndi: "Cd tai
ma khdng cd due la ngudi vd dung, cd diix;
ma khdng cd tai lam viec gi cdng khd!" Tuy nhien, due, tai khdng phai tu nhien ma cd, n6
la san pham ciia qua trinh trau ddi, ren luyen, hpe hanh phan dau, nd lire eiia timg ea nhan dudi sir hau thuan, trg giup eiia xa hdi Trong
bai ndi ve dao dire each mang dang tren Tap
chi Hqc tap sd 12-1958, Ngudi khang dinh:
Cd gi sung sudng, ve vang hon la trau ddi dao due each mang de gdp phan xiing dang vao
su nghiep xay dtmg CNXH va giai phdng loai ngudi" Ngudi dac biet nhan manh: chudng ngai vat ldn tren con dudng xay dung CNXH ehinb la tu tudng ca nhan chti nghia, thang Igi eua CNXH khdng the tach rdi thang Igi eiia eude dau tranh trir bd chii nghia ca nhan Ngay 31-12-1958, ndi chuyen vdi hpe sinh
va giao vien trudng phd thdng cap 3 Chu Van
An (Ha Ndi), Hd Chi Minh vach rd: Tu tirdng
(5) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd t 10, tr 591 (6) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd t 9 tr 323
4 8 -Sci 803 (thiing 9 nam 2009)
Trang 5Nghien cuu - Trao doi T p p chf C d n g s d n
XHCN Uai han vdi tu tirdng ca nhan ehii
nghia Tuy nhien, Ngudd cung phan biet rit ro
chti nghia ea nhan vdi nhirng Igi Ich ea nhan
diing dan eua con ngudi, "Chdng chti nghia
ea nhan khdng phai la giay xeo len Igi ich ea
nhan" CNXH la mdt che dp xa hdi trong dd
cd su hda quyen mdt each nhuan nhuyen giira
ea nhan va tap the, ca thi va cdng ddng, Igi
ich cdng ddng dugc de cao song khdng lam
mat di va lu md cai tdi ciia mdi ca nhan
Trong che dp XHCN va CSCN, mdi ngudi la
mdt bd phan ciia tap the, giir mdt vi tri nhat
djnh va ddng gdp mdt phan cdng lao trong xa
hdi Cho nen Igi Ich ea nhan nam trong Igi Ich
ciia tap the, la mdt bd phan ciia Igi Ich tap the
Lgi Ich chung eiia tap the dugc bao dam thi
Igi Ich rieng ciia ea nhan mdi cd dieu kien de
dugc thda man CNXH la mdt che dp xa hdi
mang tinh nhan van, nhan ban sau sac, hudng
tdi vi con ngudi, cho eon ngirdi, phat huy sue
manh eiia con ngudd ca nhan cung nhu eon
ngudi cong ddng, d dd cdi toi va cdi chung ta
giao hda vdi nhau
De ed dugc mdt che dp XHCN nhu vay,
phdi tap trung phdt trien kinh te, vdn hda
trong do kinh te phdi duoc uu tien hdng ddu,
kinh te la yeu td quyet dinh sir thang lgi eiia
che dp XHCN so vdi cac che dp xa hdi khac
Ngudi khing dinh tai Hdi nghi dai bieu
nhimg ngudd tich cue trong phong trao van
hda quan chiing ngay 11-02-1960: Mudn tien
len CNXH thi phai phat trien kinh te va van
hda Vi sao khdng ndi phat trien van hda va
kinh tl? Tue ngir ta cd eau: Cd thue mdi vuc
dugc dao, vi thi kinh te phai di trudc Nhan
manh vai trd eiia phat trien kinh te vdi thang
lgi eiia cbl dp XHCN, ndi chuyen vdi nhan
dan Thu dd vl thanh cdng cua Dai hdi lan thu
XXI Dang Cdng san Lien xd tdi 19-02-1959,
Ngudi khing dinh: "Td bao tu san My Cong
hoa mdi viet: "Lien Xd chpn kinh tl lam
chien tnrdng, tren chien trudng iy chti nghia cdng san se thang lgi"*') Nhu vay, nhin nhan kinh te nhu diem mau chot eUa sir thing lgi giira che dp xa hdi nay vdi che dp xa hpi khac, ed the thay quan niem etia ChU tich Hd Chi Minh vl CNXH la chti nghia nhan dao hien thuc, ed tinh kha thi Tuy nhien, dii la phat trien kinh te hay van hda thi ddng lire chinh d day van khdng ed cai gi khac ngoai sue manh eiia quan chung nhan dan Dang, Nha nude chi giir vai trd ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly, djuh hudng chu khdng the lam thay nhan dan: CNXH la do quan chiing nhan dan tir minh xay dimg nen D6 la cong trinh tap die cua quan chiing dudi sir lanh dao eiia Dang Nhirng ndi dung tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve CNXH chinh la kho bau vo gia eiia Dang va nhan dan ta, dinh budng cho sir phat trien eiia dat nude ta trong boi canh the gidi va trong nude cd nhieu bien doi Kien dinh eon dudng XHCN ma Dang va Bac Ho da chpn, hudng tdi muc tieu "dan giau, nude manh, xa bdi cdng bang, dan ehii, van minh", tang cudng cac chinh sach xa hdi nhu xda doi, giam ngheo, nang cao nang lire cho phu nir chinh
la bieu hien sinh dong eUa viec trien khai tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve CNXH trong tinh hinh mdi Du cd bieu hien dudi hinh thai nao, thi diem cdt ldi eiia viec van dting va phat trien
tu tirdng Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH la hudng tdi xay dung mpt xa hpi tat ea vi con ngudi, cho eon ngudd Trong xa hdi dd, eon ngudi vira la miic tieu, vua la dong lire eiia sir phat trien Muc tieu nay vira la dich tdi, vira la thude do tinb chit XHCN etia tit ea eac chu truong, dudng ldi, chinh sach phat trien etia Dang va Nha nude ta •
(7) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd t 9, tr 338