Chinh quyen G. Bush neu bay de xua't mdi nhdm tang eUdng nhUng nd liic eua the gidi cha'm ddt sii phd bie'n WMD. Ngoai ra, nhUng bien phap nay cdn nhdm thu hut nhieu nude tham gia S[r]
Trang 1CHINH TRi - LUAT •no-A
.1-CHINH SflCH CHONG PHO BIEN Va KHI HUY DIET HANG L06T CUfI CHINH QUYEN G W BUSH
• ^ • :
^ ^ ^ r o n g linh vUe quan sU, vd khi
I I buy diet hang loat (Weapons of
^ b J ^ M a s s Destruction - WMD) bao
gdm ba loai ehfnh: vu khf hat nhan,
vii khf hda hoc va vu khf sinh hoc
Trong ma'y thap ky qua, viee dd'i phd
vdi WMD la mot trong nhdng va'n de
ndi bat trong quan be qud'c te noi
chung va trong chfnh sach doi ngoai
cua cae chinh quyen My ndi rieng
Trong hai nhiem ky eua Td'ng thdng
George Walker Bush (2001-2008), van
de WMD tie'p tue ed nhUng dien bie'n
phdc tap va anh hudng den an ninh
cua nUde My Do do, ehinh saeh chd'ng
phd bien WMD la mot trong nhdng
ehfnh sach dd'i ngoai quan trong cua
Chinh quyen My
1 Q u a n d i e m va c h i n h s a c h
Tie'p tuc chinh sach dd'i ngoai cua
chinh quyen tien nhiem, Chinh quyen
G W Bush coi viec chd'ng lai sii phd
bie'n WMD la mdt trong nhdng Uu
tien trong ehUdng trinh nghi sii cua
chinh sach ddi ngoai Dac biet sau sii
kien nUde My bi ta'n edng khung bd'
ngay 11-9-2001 va sau dd bi ta'n edng
bdng loai vi khudn gay benh than,
Chfnh quyen My cang chu trong tdi
van de chd'ng phd bien WMD ndi
chung va ngan ehan kha nang cac lUc
lUdng khung bd' qud'c te sd hUu WMD
ndi rieng de chd'ng lai My Quan diem
" • •' TS N g u y e n Thi Thanh Thuy
.I.',-!.' 'n-L^'i: Khoa Quoc te hoc ,.;:•,,' , Trudng Bgi hoc KHXH & NV ,,, ;,•{- , , Dgi hoc Quoc gia Hd Ngi
eua Chinh quyen G W Bush ve nguy
ed cua eae loai vu khi buy diet hang loat trifdc he't the hien rd trong bai phat bieu cua Tdng thd'ng G W Bush tai Hoe vien Quan sii West Point ngay 1-6-2002 Theo dng Bush, "Nguy ed nghiem trong nha't dd'i vdi tii do ehinh
la md'i lien be day hiem hoa gida ehii nghia ca'p tie'n va cdng righe Khi vu khi hat nhan, hda hoc va sinh hoe cung vdi cdng nghe ten' lUa dan dao dUdc phd bien thi ngay ea nhdng qud'c gia yeu kem va cac nhdm nhd cung cd the ed dUde sdc manh ghe gdm de tan cdng eae nUde ldn Ke thu eua chung
ta (My) da tuyen bd' y dd nay va dang kiem tim nhdng loai vu ^khi nguy hiem dd Chung mud'n ed sdc manh de ham doa chung ta, lam hai ehung ta hoae ban be chung ta - va ehung ta se dd'i phd vdi ehung bdng ta't ea sdg manh eua minh".'
Vdi nhan thdc nhU vay, Chfnh quyen G W.'Bush da chfnh thdc dUa
ra chfnh saeh chd'ng phd bie'n WMD, dUde edng bd' trong ban Chie'n lUdc an ninh qud'c gia thang 9-2002 Trong van kien nay, ehien lUdc tdng the eua Chinh quyen My, chd'ng WMD gdm ba noi dung chinh: 1) "Thiic hien cac nd liic chu ddng chd'ng phd bie'n WMD; 2) Tang cUdng eae nd lUe chd'ng phd bie'n WMD nham ngan ehan cac qud'c gia thu dich va nhdng ke khung bd' tie'p
Trang 2can vdi ngudn nguyen lieu, cdng nghe
va ky thuat san xua't WMD can thie't
de san xua't eae loai vu khi nay; 3) Xd
ly hau qua mot each ed hieu qua
nham dd'i phd vdi nhiing anh hUdng
cua viee sd dung WMD eua liic lUdng
khung bd' va cac qud'c gia thu dich".^
Vdi noi dung thd nha't, tinh "ehu
dong" ed nghia la Chinh quyen G W
Bush se thiie hien cai goi la "danh ddn
phu dau" de ngan ehan trUde nhUng
am mUu ta'n cdng My va eae ddng
minh cua My bdng WMD Vdi noi
dung thd hai, Chinh quyen My se
thUc hien eae bien phap kiem soat eae
hinh thdc phd bie'n WMD bao gdm
xua't khau WMD, nguyen lieu va edng
nghe che tao WMD, ddng thdi thanh
lap cae lien minh de thiic hien cac
bien phap kiem soat WMD Trong noi
dung thd ba, Chinh quyen G W Bush
tim each giam thieu hau qua cua cuoc
ta'n cdng bdng WMD nhdm vao My va
eae ddng minh trong trUdng hdp cuoc
tan cdng xay ra
Sau khi cdng bd' Chie'n lUde an ninh
qud'c gia, thang 12-2002, Chinh quyen
G W Bush dUa ra mot ban ehien lUde
rieng eho viec dd'i phd vdi WMD Van
kien nay ed ten goi "Chie'n lUde qud'c
gia chd'ng vu khi buy diet hang loat"
Ban chie'n lUdc khdng dinh WMD la
md'i de doa vd cung nguy hiem ne'u eae
loai vu khf nay rdi vao tay nhUng ke
thd dich vdi My Ddng thdi, ban chie'n
lUdc the hien quye't tam ciia Chinh
quyen G W Bush trong viec sU dung
moi kha nang ed the cua My de danh
tra bat ky cuoc ta'n cdng nao bdng
WMD nhdm vao My va cac ddng minh
eua My Chie'n lUdc chd'ng WMD gdm
ba tru cot ehinh: 1) Chd'ng viee sU
dung WMD; 2) Cung cd ed che khdng
phd bie'n WMD; 3) Sdn sang dd'i phd
vdi hau qua cua mot cuoc ta'n edng
bdng WMD Theo quan diem cua
Chinh quyen G W Bush, ba tru cdt nay hdp t h a n h mot chien lUdc tdng the chd'ng lai viec sii dung WMD cua cac liic lUdng t h u dich vdi My Day dUde coi la "mot trong nhiing md'i de doa nguy hiem nha't" ma nUde My dang phai dd'i mat.'^ Sau do, trong mot bai phat bieu tai Dai hoc Qud'c phdng
d Washington D.C ngay 11-4-2004, Tdng thd'ng G W Bush neu bay de xua't mdi nhdm tang eUdng nhUng nd liic eua the gidi cha'm ddt sii phd bie'n WMD NhUng de xua't nay bao gdm: 1)
Md rong viec thiie hien Sang kien An ninh chd'ng phd bie'n vu khi buy diet hang loat cua My; 2) Keu goi ta't ea cac qud'c gia tang cUdng luat phap va kiem soat qud'c te ve va'n de chd'ng phd bie'n WMD; 3) Md rong nd lUc ngan ehan vu khf tii thdi Chie'n tranh Lanh
va cac nguyen lieu nguy hiem khae khdng rdi vao tay ke xa'u; 4) Khde phue "ke hd" cua Hiep Udc Khdng phd bie'n vu khi h a t nhan (NPT) bi mot sd nudc ldi dung de phat trien vu khi hat nhan; 5) Chi eho phep nhUng nUde da
ky Nghi dinh t h u Bd sung eua Hiep Udc NPT dUde phep nhap khau thie't
bi cho cac chUdng trinh hat nhan dan Sli cua ho; 6) Thanh lap mot uy ban dac biet thuoc Ban Giam dd'c Cd quan Nang lUdng Nguyen tii Qud'c te (IAEA) va se ehuyen ve cac bien phap bad dam va t h a n h sat; 7) Dinh chi
viee tham gia Ban Giam ddc IAEA dd'i
vdi cac nudc hi dieu tra vi vi pham cac nghia vu khdng phd bie'n hat nhan." Nhu vay, bay bien phap nay vda cu the viia hdp t h a n h mot ed che kha tdng the nhdm kiem soat viec phd bien WMD Ngoai ra, nhUng bien phap nay cdn nhdm thu hut nhieu nude tham gia Sang kien An ninh cho'ng phd bie'n vu khi buy diet hang loat eua My, ddng thdi tranh thu sii ung ho cua eae cd che da phUdng nhU
Trang 3IAEA, Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hiep
qud'c va nhdm G-8 dd'i vdi viec ngan
ehan phd bie'n WMD
Trong nhiem ky hai cua Tdng thd'ng
G W Bush, tinh Mnh qud'c te cd lien
quan de'n WMD van diin bie'n phdc
tap Cac liic lUdng khiing bd qude te
tie'p tuc tim each sd hUu WMD My sa
Idy trong hai eudc khung hoang hat
nhan vdi Iran va Cong hda Dan ehu
Nhan dan Trieu Tien Tren the gidi,
viec kiem soat sii phd bie'n cae loai
nguyen lieu va cdng nghe che tao
WMD chua triet de Trong hoan canh
do, Chfnh quyen G W Bush tie'p tue
de cao chfnh sach chd'ng phd bie'n
WMD, dUdc the hien ro trong ban
Chien lUdc an ninh qud'c gia, cdng bd
thang 3-2006 Trong van kien nay,
chinh saeh cho'ng phd bie'n WMD bao
gdm nhUng noi dung ehfnh la: 1)
Ngan ehan cac nUde ldi dung "ke hd"
cua Hiep Udc NPT de cd dUdc cac
nguyen lieu va che tao vu khi hat
nhan; 2) Thdng qua viec thiic hien cac
ehUdng trinh "Sang kien giam thieu
md'i de doa toan cdu" va "Sang kien
An ninh chd'ng phd bie'n vu khi buy
diet hang loat" eua My de ngan ehan
cac qud'c gia "ba't tri" va nhdng liic
lUdng khung bd' sd hUu nguyen lieu
ehe tao vu khf hat nhan; 3) Nang eao
kha nang phat hien va dng phd vdi
cae cuoc ta'n cdng bdng vu khi sinh
hoc, phd'i hdp vdi cac nUde va cac cd
ehe da phUdng de cung ed' kha nang
canh bao vdi hiem hoa cua vu khi sinh
hoe tren pham vi toan cau; 4) Xae
dinh v^ ngan ehan cac mang ludi
khung bd' tim each sd hutu vu khi hda
hoc, ddng thdi nang cao kha nang cua
quan ddi My va cac liic lUdng phan
ling nhanh eua My dd'i phd vdi cac
cude tan edng bdng vu khi hda hoc; 5)
Thiie hien eae bien phap tien edng va
phdng thii dd'i vdi nhflng qud'c gia va
cac lUe lUdng phi qud'c gia cd y dd thiic hien cac cuoc tan edng bang WMD.' Nhu vay, nhflng noi dung ehinh sach chd'ng phd bie'n WMD cua Chinh quyen G W Bush td ra cdng ran, dac biet quye't tam ngan ehan cac qud'c gia khdng than thien vdi My va nhflng liie lUdng khung bd' qud'c te sd hflu nhflng loai vu khi nguy hiem nay Quyet tam cua Chinh quyen G W Bush khdng nhflng dUde the hien trong mot loat eae van ban^ ma cdn the hien qua viec thiie hien cac chUdng trinh va nhUng bien phap cu the chd'ng phd bien WMD d eae ca'p do khae nhau
2 Viec t h i i c t h i c h i n h s a c h Trong tam eua chinh sach chd'ng phd bien WMD cua Chinh quyen G
W Bush la chd'ng phd bie'n vu khi hat nhan, loai vfl khi phd bie'n nha't thuoc nhdm WMD, thdng qua viec tang cUdng cd ehe giam sat eua Hiep udc NPT Theo quan diem eua Tong thd'ng
G W Bush, Hiep udc NPT da dUa ra nhiing cd sd phap ly de ngan ehan sii phd bie'n cua vu khi hat nhan, gdp phan dam bao an ninh eua the gidi Vi vay My cam ke't thiie hien nhflng bdn phan theo tinh than eua Hiep Udc NPT thdng qua viee thiic hien cac hiep Udc cdt giam vu khi hat nhan vdi Nga.^ Ddng thdi My yeu eau cac nUde thanh vien khae eflng tuan thu Hiep Udc NPT Tdng thd'ng G W Bush eflng canh bao cac nUde khdng dUde ldi dung "ke hd" cua Hiep udc NPT la eho phep phat trien eae ehUdng trinh hat nhan dan sii^ de bf mat ehe tae vfl khf hat nhan Ong Bush cung keu goi IAEA tang cfldng hoat dong giam sat, dac biet la viee thiie hien cac dieu khoan cua Nghi dinh thu bd sung eua Hiep udc NPT.« Cung ehung quan diem vdi Tong thd'ng G W Bush, Jakie Woleott Sanders, Dai dien cua
Trang 4My tai Hdi nghi ve giai trfl vfl khi d
Geneva va Dai dien dac biet cua Tdng
thd'ng ve van de chd'ng phd bien vu
khi hat nhan, da de ra cac bien phap
de tang cUdng hieu qua eua Hiep Udc
NPT Cae bien phap nay bao gdm: 1)
Chap thuan cac ehinh saeh phe phan
viec khdng tuan thu Hiep Udc NPT
trong tUdng lai bad gdm ca viee bai be
hdp tac ve hat nhan; 2) Kiem seat mdt
each cd hieu qua viec tuan thu Hiep
Udc NPT, ngan ehan cac boat dong
phd bie'n hat nhan ba't hdp phap; 3)
ThUc hien Nghi quye't 1540 cua Hdi
ddng Bao an Lien -hiep qud'c (dUde
thdng qua thang 4-2004) ve ngan
ehan sii phd bie'n eua WMD; 4) Tang
cUdng kiem seat cac cdilg nghe che
bie'n va lam giau nguyen lieu hat
nhan; 5) Nghiem ca'm viee ehuyen
giao nguyen lieu va thie't bi hat nhan
ba't hdp phap; 6) Cha'p hanh ddy du
nhflng quy dinh cua Hiep Udc NPT va
Nghi dinh thU bd sung eua van kien
nay; 7) Day manh sii hdp tac sU dung
nang lUdng hat nhan vi mue dich hda
binh tren cd sd cua Hiep Udc NPT.^
Nhu vay, Chinh quyen G W Bush de
cao vai trd cua Hiep udc NPT trong
viec ngan ehan phd bien vfl khi hat
nhan, coi dd la mot edng eu phap ly
quan trong de ngan ehan eae qud'c gia
"ba't tri" va cae liie lUdng khung bd' sd
hflu vfl khi hat nhan
Ket hdp vdi viee sU dung cd sd phap
ly eua Hiep Ude NPT, ve mat quan sii,
Chinh quyen Bush chu trUdng xay
dung mot he thd'ng phdng thu ten lUa
(missile defense - MD) Muc tieu ciia
MD la bao ve eae liic lUdng quan sii va
lanh thd cua My va eua cae ddng minh
ciia My trUde cac cuoc ta'n cdng hat
nhan bdng ten lua dan dao.'° Giai
thich ve MD, trong mot phat bieu tai
Dai hoe Qud'c phdng ngay 1-5-2001
Tdng thd'ng G W Bush ndi: "Phdng
thu trong nUde va phdng t h u ten liia
la mot bo phan eua nen an ninh vflng manh hdn va day la nhflng Uu tien can ban cua Hoa Ky"." Tren thiic te, cac chUdng trinh ve MD da dUdc cac chinh quyen My trien khai tfl may thap ky trUdc d nhflng ca'p dd kbac nhau Trong nhiem ky eua Tdng thd'ng G W Bush, do nhflng bie'n chuyen ldn trong tinh hinh qude te va
do nhflng n h a n thfle mdi ve md'i de doa eua cac eudc ta'n edng bdng vfl khi hat nhan, dac biet la cac cuoc ta'n edng tfl eae Iflc lUdng khiing bd' qud'c
te, Chfnh quyen G W Bush cang de cao viec trien khai he thd'ng MD Quye't dinh quan trqng dau tien la ngay 15-12-2001 Chinh quyen Bush ddn phUdng rut khdi Hiep Udc chd'ng ten lua dan dao (ABM).'^ Quye't dinh nay dUde dUa ra sau khi nUde My bi ta'n edng khiing bd' ngay 11-9-2001, tao dieu kien cho My md rdng he thd'ng MD Trong he thdng MD, Chinh quyen My xay diing tram rada va lap
dat eae ten Ida danh ehan b bang
Alaska va California tren lanh thd
My Ngoai ra, eae ten liia danh ehan cdn dUdc phdng di tfl cac tau chie'n cua hai quan va may bay Boeing YAL-1 eua My Kinh phi ehi cho he thd'ng
MD nam 2003 la 8 ty USD, nam 2004 tang len 9 ty USD va tdng ehi phi de'n nam 2010 dfl tinh 50 ty USD Tuy nhien, theo tinh toan eua eae chuyen gia de he thd'ng MD dUde trien khai day du va di vao boat ddng d giai doan dau vao nam 2020, Chinh phu My phai chi tdi 200 ty U S D ' '
Mot dieu dang luu y la viec Chinh quyen G W Bush rut khdi Hiep Udc ABM tao dieu kien cho My xay diing mot he tho'ng MD cd the bao ve nhieu muc tieu ca d trong va ngoai nUde My Hdn nfla, Chinh quyen G W Bush trien khai he thd'ng MD trong hoan
Trang 5canh My can dii vao eudc khung
hoang hat nhan vdi CHDCND Trieu
Tien tfl nam 1993 va vdi Iran tfl nam
2002 Do dd, ngoai viec trien khai he
thd'ng MD trong nUde My, Chfnh
quyen G W Bush cdn trien khai he
thd'ng MD d nude ngoai Ngay
17-12-2002, My de nghi Anh va Dan Maeh
eho phep sU dung cae can cfl d
Fylingdales, Thule va Greenland d hai
nude nay de ldp dat cae thiet bi nbU la
mot phan eua he thd'ng MD Cdng thdi
gian nay My bdt dau de nghi mot sd
nude chau Au khae tham gia be thd'ng
MD Nam 2007, My chinh thfle dam
pban vdi Ba Lan va Cong hda See ve
viee lap dat mot tram rada va eae ten
Ida danh ehan thudc be thd'ng MD d
hai nude nay, nham muc tieu bao ve
My va eae nUdc ddng minh chau Au tfl
cac cuoc ta'n edng bdng ten lUa dan dao
tfl Trung Ddng Ket qua la tbang 7 va
8-2008, Cbinh pbu Sec va Ba Lan da
ky thda thuan cho phep My trien khai
mot phdn eua he thd'ng MD d hai nUde
nay, bat chap sii pban dd'i cua nhan
dan See va Ba Lan va sU phan dd'i
manh me eua Nga
Theo quan diem eua Nga, sU trien
khai he tbdng MD cua My d Sec va Ba
Lan se lam hai den an ninh cua Nga
va thue day chay dua vfl trang d chau
Au.'' Nga da ed mot loat nhflng phan
flng quye't liet ddi vdi hanh ddng cua
My d Sec va Ba Lan Mot trong nhflng
phan flng dd la ngay 13-7-2007 Nga
chinh thfle rut khdi Hiep Udc ve cac
lUc lifdng vfl trang thdng thudng tai
chau Au va cac hiep Udc qud'c te lien
quan tdi van kien nay Nga cung de
doa se chia ten Ida ve cac muc tieu d
chau Au neu My cfl tie'p tuc ke hoaeh
MD Nhflng ba't ddng gifla My va Nga
ve he thd'ng MD d chau Au khien
quan he hai nfldc di de'n mflc cang
thdng nha't ke tfl sau Chie'n tranh
Lanh Nhflng pban dd'i sfl trien khai
he thd'ng MD cdn xua't hien ea d My, trdng do cd sfl tham gia cua nhieu luat sU, ehuyen gia phan tich chie'n lUdc, cac chuyen gia ve hoach dinh ehinh sach, cac hoe gia va cac nhdm da'u tranh vi hda binh Sii phan dd'i eua ngUdi dan My diia tren ba cd sd: 1) Cdng nghe sfl dung trong he thd'ng
MD cdn ehUa hoan chfnh, the hien qua nhflng vu thii nghiem that bai; 2) Ngay ca khi he tho'ng MD dfldc hoan thien, nd cung khdng giup dUdc nUde
My bi tan cdng ngay tfl ben trong lanh thd My nhu kieu vu ngay 11-9-2001; 3) Chinb quyen My can tinh den sii phan flng tieu cflc cua eae nUde tren the gidi khi My la qud'c gia vfla cd kho
vu khi hat nhan vfla cd be thd'ng ehdng lai eae cuoc ta'n edng hat nhan bdng ten lUa dan dao.''' Nhu vay, sU phan dd'i eua ngUdi My vdi he thd'ng
MD la cd ed sd vi tren thiic te muc tieu eua Chinh quyen My trong viee xay dung he thd'ng MD nhdm tao Uu the eho My ve WMD ndi chung va vd khi hat nhan ndi rieng
Mot nd liic khae eua Chinh quyen
G W Bush trong mue tieu chd'ng phd bien WMD la viec khdi xUdng chUdng trinh Sang kien An ninh chd'ng phd bien vfl khi buy diet hang loat (Proliferation Security Initiative -PSI) bat ddu tfl ngay 31-5-2003 Muc tieu lau dai cua PSI nhdm "xay dflng mot mang ludi eae dd'i tae chd'ng phd bie'n WMD va ky thuat ten Ida" Cac nudc tham gia PSI dUde yeu cdu thiic hien cae nhiem vu: 1) Thiet lap cd sd phap ly eua qud'c gia minh trong viee ngan ehan WMD; 2) Kiem soat cac tau mang cd eua nUdc minh bi ngbi ngd van ehuyen ba't hdp phap WMD; 3) Pho'i hdp vdi cae nUde thanh vien PSI trong boat dong kiem soat WMD; 4) Tham gia cac cude dien tap chd'ng
Trang 6phd bie'n WMD.'' Khi mdi ra ddi, PSI
c6 11 nude thanh vien (Australia,
Phap, Dfle, Italy, Nhat Ban, Ha Lan,
Ba Lan, Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha,
Anh va My) Tinh de'n thang 2-2008
ed 86 nudc tham gia va de'n thang
5-2009, so' thanh vien PSI la 9 5 ' ' Sfl
tham gia ddng dao ciia cac nUdc vao
chUdng trinh PSI cua My cho thay
mflc do quan tam Idn ciia nhieu nUdc
dd'i vdi va'n de chd'ng phd bie'n WMD.'®
Phat bieu ve chUdng trinh PSI, Tong
thu ky Lien hiep qud'c Ban Ki Moon
thfla nhan tam quan trong cua PSI va
coi dd la mot bien phap de "lap
khoang trd'ng ve phdng thii" ciia cong
ddng qud'c te.'^ Vao dip ky niem 5 nam
thiic hien chUdng trinh PSI thang
5-2008 tai Washington D.C, 88 nUdc
thanh vien PSI da dUa ra mot tuyen
bd' chung khang dinh quye't tam hdp
tac ngan ehan moi hinh thfle phd bie'n
WMD, dac biet khdng de cho WMD rdi
vao tay "nhflng ke nguy hiem".^° Cho
de'n thdi diem nay, chfldng trinh PSI
da td chflc hdn 30 cuoc dien tap chd'ng
pho bien WMD vdi sfl tham gia cua
hdn 70 nfldc trong cac cuoc diin tap
Danh gia hoat ddng ciia chfldng trinh
PSI trong 5 nam qua, Tong thd'ng G
W Bush cho rdng "PSI la mot cdng cu
ngay cang ed hieu qua trong viee ngan
cam cac boat dong cd lien quan den
WMD, tfl viec ddng cvfa cac cdng ty
cho de'n ngan ehan cac mang Ifldi tai
chfnh, truy to' nhflng ke phd bie'n
WMD va ngan ehan viec van chuyen
cac nguyen lieu nhay cam den cac dia
diem chuyen chd".^' Tuy nhien, cung
tai le ky niem 5 nam ngay thfle hien
chfldng trinh PSI, mot so' nfldc la
quan sat vien ciia PSI trong dd cd
Trung Qud'c, An Do va Pakistan cho
rdng PSI khdng cd du cd sd phap ly
dd'i vdi viec kiem scat cac tau thuyen
bi nghi ngd chuyen chd WMD hoae
nguyen lieu che tao WMD, vi the viec kiem soat nay de vi p h a m luat phap quoc te
Ddng thdi vdi viec thfle hien chfldng trinh PSI, Chinh quyen G ' w Bush
de xfldng va thfle hien mot so' chfldng trinh khae Dang chu y trong so' nay
la chfldng trinh "Hdp tac giam thieu md'i de doa" (Cooperative Threat Reduction - CTR) dfldc de xfldng va thfle hien bdi cac chinh quyen tien nhiem tfl t h a n g 12-1991, do Bo Qud'c phdng My dam nhiem Muc tieu ciia CTR nhdm dd'i phd vdi moi de doa cua WMD tfl cac nfldc thuoc Lien Xo trflde day, chii ye'u la Nga, Ukraine, Belarus
va Kazakhstan Day la nhflng nfldc thfla ke kho WMD cua Lien Xo Tfl khi cd hieu Iflc, CTR dfldc phan bd ngan sach hdn 9 ty USD cho cac dfl an dam bao an toan va pha hiiy WMD, ddng thdi ngan ehan sfl phd bie'n nguyen lieu, edng nghe va cd sd che tao WMD tfl cac nfldc nay Trong nam tai chinh 2005 va 2006, Chfnh quyen
G W Bush de nghi bd sung cho ngan saeh cua chfldng trinh CTR mdi nam them 1 ty USD Nam 2008, CTR da dfldc md rong de ap dung vdi nhflng nfldc khae ngoai p h a m vi Xo Viet trflde day Thang 5-2004, Cd quan An ninh qud'c gia ve h a t n h a n ciia My thanh lap chfldng trinh Sang kien giam thieu md'i de dqa toan cau (Global Threat Reduction Initiative -GTRI) va giao cho Bo Nang Ifldng My trfle tie'p dam nhiem Mue tieu cua GTRI n h a m xae dinh va loai bd nguy
cd de doa ciia cac loai nguyen lieu hat nhan va chat phdng xa tren toan eau dfldc cho la "de doa tdi an ninh cua
My va cong ddng qud'c te*' Dd'i tac hdp tac chinh cua chfldng trinh GTRI la nflde Nga Theo bao cao cua Chfnh quyen My, tinh de'n cud'i nam 2008, chfldng t r i n h GTRI da thu dfldc
Trang 7nhflng ke't qua kha quan: 1) Leaf trfl
dfldc khd'i Ifldng chat uranium dfldc
lam giau cd the che tao hdn 40 bom
hat nhan; 2) Dam bao an toan eho hdn
750 ed sd hat nhan tren toan the gidi
vdi khoang 20 trieu curi chat phdng
xa cd the ehe tao hang nghin bom ban;
3) Chuyen ddi hang chue Id phan flng
hat nhan cua nhieu nUde tfl sd dung
chat uranium cd ham lUdng cao sang
sfl dung uranium ed ham lUdng tha'p;
4) Ddng eiia mot sd Id phan flng hat
nhan nghien eflu cha't uranium cd
ham lUdng eao (d Dfle, Phap, Trung
Qud'c); 5) Kiem soat viec ehuyen chd
cac nguyen lieu phdng xa mdi va
nguyen lieu da qua sd dung tfl mot sd
nude chau Au den Nga.^^ Nhu vay
thdng qua ehUdng trinh GTRI, Chinh
quyen G W Bush d mflc do nha't dinh
da thfle bien viec kiem soat dd'i vdi
nguyen lieu hat nhan va cha't phdng
xa d cap do toan edu
Nhflng cbUdng trinh cbdng phd
bie'n WMD do My de xUdng difdc Lien
hiep quo'c ung ho Thang 4-2004, Hdi
ddng Bao an Lien hiep qude tbdng qua
Nghi quyet 1540 vdi ndi dung kha
tUdng tu nbu chiidng trinh PSI cua
My Nghi quyet 1540 yeu eau eae nUde
kiem ehe trong viee dng hd cac liic
lUdng phi qud'c gia tim each phat
trien, sd hUu, cbe tao ehuyen giao eae
loai WMD va nhUng phUdng tien sU
dung cac loai vu khi nky Ban nghi
quyet eung yeu can eae nUde thiet lap
cac cd sd phap ly va bien phap cd hieu
qua d nifdc minh de kiem soat sii phd
bien eua WMD."' Nhdm G8 eung tfch
ciie hdp tac vdi My chd'ng phd bie'n
WMD Thang 6-2002, tai Hoi nghi
thUdng dinh G8 d Kananaskis
(Canada), cac nUde nhdm G8 nha't tri
tham gia chUdng trinh Ddi tac Toan
eau chd'ng phd' bie'n WMD va nguyen
lieu de che tao WMD Ban dau,
chUdng trinh Dd'i tac Toan eau tap trung vao khu viic cae nUde thuoc Lien Xd trUdc day Thang 2-2004, theo
de nghi eua Tdng thd'ng G W Bush, ehUdng trinh nay md rong ra toan the gidi va ed them 13 nUde kbac tham gia ChUdng trinh Dd'i tac Toan edu lap mot ngan quy tri gia 20 ty USD trong dd My ddng gdp 10 ty USD Cac boat ddng chfnh eua ehUdng trinh Dd'i tae Toan cau bao gdm: 1) Pha buy eae loai vu khi hda hoc va phUdng tien sU dung loai vfl khi nay; 2) Giam thieu
va loai bd nguy ed that thoat cae nguyen lieu cd the che tao vfl khf hat nhan; 3) Dam bao an toan dd'i vdi cac loai hda cha't chfla vi khuan gay benh; 4) Phat trien cac chfldng trinh thay the de sii dung cac nha khoa hoc trong linh vflc che tao WMD.^" Tai cae-hoi nghi thfldng dinh eua G8 trong nhflng nam tie'p theo, cac nUde G8 tid'p tue cam ke't thiie hien ebUdng trinh Dd'i tac Toan eau, khu viic dia ly trong tam van la nUde Nga va cac nUdc thuoc Lien Xd trUdc day Theo bao eao cua Hoi nghi thUdng dinh G8 d Hokkaido (Nhat Ban) thang 7-2008, cae nude G8 dat dUde mot so' tien bo trong viec thiie hien chUdng trinh nay, dae biet da tieu huy mot khd'i lUdng ldn (40.000 ta'n) vu khi hda hoc eua Nga Mae dfl vdn cdn nhflng diem bat ddng nhung ve ed ban My va cac nude G8 tiep tuc cam ke't thiic hien chUdng trinh Ddi tac Toan cau va da cd nhUng ket qua ra't dang khfch le.^''
Dieu dang luu y la trong khi Chinh quyen G W Bush tich ciic chd'ng sU phd bie'n WMD, ehinh quyen nay cd nhflng viec lam td ra mau thudn vdi nhflng chinh saeh va chfldng trinh
chdng phd bie'n WMD Thd nhd't, My
vdn chfla phe ehuan Hiep Udc Ca'm thd vfl khi hat nhan toan dien (CTBT) Theo quan diem eua cac
Trang 8ehuyen gia My, viec Chinh quyen My
khdng phe chuan Hiep Ude CTBT cd
nhflng tae dong tieu ciic dd'i vdi va'n de
chd'ng phd bie'n WMD Nhflng tae dong
nay bao gdm: 1) Khdng khuye'n khich
cae nude kbac tich ciic tham gia Hiep
Udc CTBT; 2) Khdng ngan can dUdc cac
vu thii hat nhan mdi; 3) Vi My khdng
tham gia Hiep Udc CTBT nen khdng
phai ddng gdp vao quy thie't lap mang
ludi giam sat va kiem tra cua Hiep Udc
CTBT Dieu nay se gay khd khan cho
viec thanh lap mot mang lUdi nhu vay
trong khi mang ludi nay lai ra't quan
trong do'i vdi My Chfnh vi vay cac
chuy§n gia khuye'n nghi Chinh quyen
My sdm phe chuan Hiep Ude CTBT.^'
Thd hai, tai Hoi ngM ve xem xet lai
Hiep Udc NPT nam 2005, Chinh quyen
G W Bush tfl ehd'i thao luan ve nhflng
va'n de lien quan de'n giai trfl vfl khi
hat nhan ma nhieu nUde mud'n neu ra
vdi My Trong khi dd My nha't miic ddi
ban ve viee khdng tuan thu Hiep Ude
NPT cua mot vai nude nhU trUdng hdp
eua Iran Theo danh gia cua cac
chuyen gia My, chinh thai do eflng rdn
cua Cbinh quyen Bush tai hoi nghi
nay da lam cho hoi nghi khdng dat
dUde bien phap mdi nao de tang cUdng
tfnh hieu liic cua Hiep Udc NPT."
Nhin chung, chinh saeh chd'ng phd
bie'n WMD eua Chinh quyen G W
Bush da thu dUde nhflng ke't qua nha't
dinh Tuy nhien, nhflng danh gia cua
cae ehuyen gia My eho thay sU khong
nha't quan trong ehinh sach chd'ng phd
bie'n WMD eua Chinh quyen G W
Bush Trong khi ehinh saeh nay nhdm
mue tieu ngan ehan sii phd bien WMD
d cae nudc tren the gidi thi My vdn la
sieu CUdng sd mot trong linh viic sd
hflu va kha nang ehe tao WMD Thfle
te nay se ban ehe tinh hieu qua cua
chinh saeh chd'ng phd bie'n WMD •
Chit thich:
l ) W e a p o n s of M a s s Destruction: A New Strategic F r a m e w o r k , e J o u r n a l USA, July
2002, t a i dia chi: usinfo.state,gov/journals/itps/0702/ijpe/ijpe07
02,htm 2)The N a t i o n a l Security S t r a t e g y of the United
S t a t e s of America, The White House, March
2006, t a i dia chi: www, whitehouse,gov/nsc/nssintro.html
3)The N a t i o n a l S t r a t e g y to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, The White House, 11 December 2002, tai dia chi: www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/
WMDStrategy.pdf 4)President A n n o u n c e s New M e a s u r e s to Counter t h e T h r e a t of WMD, Fort Lesley J, McNair - N a t i o n a l Defense University,
W a s h m g t o n , D.C F e b r u a r y 11, 2004
5)The N a t i o n a l Security S t r a t e g y of the United
S t a t e s of America, The White House, March
2006, tai dia chi: www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssintro.htm
6)Ngoai cac b a n chie'n luoc cho'ng WMD, chinh
q u y i n G W B u s h con b a n h a n h nhiJng van kien rieng neu ro muc tieu va bien phap cho'ng cac loai vii khi buy diet h a n g loat khae
n h a u , c h a n g h a n van kien "Biodefense for the 21st Century", T h a m k h a o United States Comhiating Weapons of M a s s Destruction, tai dia chi: www,america,gov/st/washfile-english/2005/January/200501131903201CJsa mohTO.4230005,html
7)Hiep Udc START-I duoc ky ngay 31-7-1991 va bet b a n ngay 5-12-2009, Hiep u6c SORT dtldc
ky ngay 24-5-2002 va het h a n ngav
31-12-2012, 8)George W, Bush, U,S Firmly Committed to NPT, e J o u r n a l USA, M a r c h 2005, tai dia chi:
usinfo,state.gov/journals/itps/0305/ijpe/ijpe03 05,htm
9)Jackie Woleott S a n d e r s , How to Strengthen
t h e NPT, e J o u r n a l USA, M a r c h 2005, tai dia ehi:
usinfo,state,gov/journals/itps/0305/ijpe/ijpe03 05,htm
10)Weapons of M a s s Destruction: The New Strategic F r a m e w o r k , tldd
l l ) W e a p o n s of M a s s Destruction: The New Strategic F r a m e w o r k , tldd
12)My Hiep Ucic ABM ky voi Lien Xo n a m 1972, cho phep moi nudc chi dUdc xay dung mot he thong chong t e n Itia d a n dao de bao ve mot muc tieu duy n h a t t r e n l a n h tho moi nUdc, Hiep U6c ABM van con hieu luc sau khi Nga
t h a y t h e Lien Xo t r o n g viec tie'p tuc thUc bien hiep u6c nay
Trang 913)Steven W, Hook, U,S Foreign Policy: The
Paradox of World Power, CQ Press, A
Division of Congressional Quarterly Inc.,
Washington, D.C 2005, tr 316
14)Nga len an My, cat dOft quan he vdi NATO,
tai dia chi:
vietnamnet.vn/thegioi/2008/08/799850
15)U.S, Foreign Policy: The Paradox of World
Power, sdd, tr, 316,
16)Mary Beth Nikitin, CRS Report for
Congress: Proliferation Security Initiative
(PSI), Order Code RL34327, WMD
Nonproliferation, Foreign Affairs, Defense,
and Trade Division, US Congress, Updated
February 4, 2008,
17)Hien nay co 95 nifdc t b a n h vien PSI la:
Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Angola,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria,
Azerbaijan, The B a h a m a s , Bahrain, Belarus,
Belgium, Belize, Bosnia, Brunei Darussalam,
Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,
El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France,
Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See,
Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, J a p a n , J o r d a n , Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia , Libya,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Macedonia, Malta, Marshall Islands,
Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco,
The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Oman, P a n a m a , P a p u a New Guinea,
Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Qatar, Romania, Russia, Samoa, Saudi
Arabia, San Marino, Serbia, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan,
Tunisia, Turkey, T u r k m e n i s t a n , Ukraine,
United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom,
United States, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, va
Yemen, Dan theo Deidra Avendasora, Global
Initiative for Halting Weapons Shipments
Gains New Member, tai dia chi:
www.america,gov/st/peacesec-english/2009/May/20090527160355DDarosad
nevAO,3227503,html
18)TrUdng hdp t h a m gia PSI ciia H a n Quoc kha
dac biet Ntldc nay la mot dofig minh ciia My
nbUng chi mdi t h a m gia PSI ngay sau khi
CHDCND Trieu Tien thii ten lUa ngay 25 va
26-5-2009 Theo quan diem cua Han Quo'c, khi
chUa t h a m gia PSI vi H a n Quo'c khong muo'n
kich dong van de b a t n h a n doi vdi CHDCND
Trieu Tien, Han Quoc t b a m gia PSI the hien
tinh t h a n kien quyet cho'ng WMD vi coi h a n h
dong thii ten liia ciia Trieu Tien la "moi de
doa t n i c tie'p n h a m vao hoa binh va on dinh trong khu vUc ciing n b u toan the gidi", Ngoai triidng H a n Quoc Yu Myung-hwan n h a n manh, viec nUdc nay trd t h a n h t h a n h vien day dii cua PSI la dieu khong t r a n h khoi n h i m giup kiem soat hoat dong p h a t trien cac loai thie't bi nguy hiem cua Trieu Tien, NbU vay, van de via khi h a t n h a n cua Trieu Tien va sii
t h a m gia PSI ciia H a n Qud'c day hai nUdc vao tinb t r a n g tie'p tuc do'i dau cang thang, Tham khao The gidi len an Trieu Tien tbu h a t nhan, tai dia chi: www,vietnamnet,vn/thegioi/2009/05/849548
Trieu Tien doa t r a diia H a n Quo'c, tai dia chi:
www,vietnamnet.vn/thegioi/2009/05/849969 19) United States Initiatives to Prevent Proliferation, D e p a r t m e n t of State Publication Number 11254 • Released by the Bureaus of Nonproliferation and Public Affairs, United States D e p a r t m e n t of State
Printed in Washington DC, A/RPS/MMS • 2005-02760 [electronic distribution)
20)Jacquelyn S, Forth, Nations Endorse Strengthened Effort on Containing Weapons' Spread, tai dia chi:
www.america.gov/st/peacesec-enghsb/2008/May/20080529150623sjhtrop0,5 417292,html
21)David McKeeby, Weapons P a r t n e r s h i p Has Solid Record of Success, Says Bush, tai dia chi: www, america.gov/st/peacesec-engUsh/2008/May/20080528160013idybeekcm 0,4490167,html
22)GTRI: Reducing Nuclear T h r e a t s , tai dia chi:
www.nnsa.energy,gov/news/2330.htm 23)United States Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction, tai dia chi:
www,america.gov/st/washfile-enghsb/2005/January/20050113190320lCJsa mohT0,4230005.html
24)United States Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction, tldd
25)Stephen Bunnell, G-8 Nonprohferation Effort to Shift Focus, tai dia chi: ;, www,armscontrol,org/act/2008_09/G8
26)Correcting the Record: Arms Experts Respond to Secretary Rice's Claims about Bush Administration Nuclear Control Accomplishments, tai dia cbi:
www.armscontrol,org/node/3346 27)Correcting the Record: Arms Experts Respond to Secretary Rice's Claims about Bush Administration Nuclear Control Accomplishments, tldd