Local residents attidudes and participation in tourism development in ba be national park vietnam

ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations of Organizations and Projects - 3PAD: Pro-Poor Partnerships for Agro-forestry Development - IFAD: Fund for Agriculture Development - IUCN: The Internationa

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS i

LIST OF TABLES iv

ABBREVIATIONS vi

ABSTRACT vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1 Research Motivation 1

2 Research Question 2

3 Research Purpose 2

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 3

1 Ba Be National Park 3

2 Personal Benefit from Tourism Development 8

3 Community Attachment 9

4 Tourism Impacts 10

5HVLGHQWV¶$WWLWXGHWRZDUG7RXULVP'HYHORSPHQW 13

1) Social Exchange Theory 13

 5HVLGHQWV¶$WWLWXGHWRZDUG7RXULVP'HYHORSPHQW 15

6 Participation in Tourism 18

7 Stakeholders 19

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 22

1 Measurement Variables 22

2 Research Model 25

3 Research Hypotheses 28

1) Relationship between Personal Benefit and Perception of Tourism Impacts 28

2) Relationship between Community Attachment and Perception of Tourism

Impacts 28

3) Relationship between Perception of Tourism Impacts and Support for Additional Tourism Development 29

4) Relationship between Perception of Tourism Impacts and Participation in Tourism 30

5) Relationship between Support for Additional Tourism Development and Participation in Tourism 30

6) Differences among Variable Groups of Tourism Experience and Tourism Related Job Status 31

4 Site Selection 32

5 Sampling and Data Collection 32

6 Methods of Analysis 33

CHAPTER IV RESULTS 34

1 Descriptive Analysis about Local Residents 34

2 Factor Analysis 44

3 Correlation Analysis 55

4 Regression Analysis 57

1) Regression Analysis of Tourism Impacts Perception 57

2) Regression Analysis for Support and Participation in Tourism Development 58

5 Independent Samples T-test 60

6 Results of analysis 63

CHAPTER V DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 68

1 Discussions 68

2 Implications 73

1) Theoretical Implications 73

2) Managerial Implications 74

3 Limitations and Future Research 75

REFERENCES 77

APPENDIX 1 85

APPENDIX 2 86

APPENDIX 3 88

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Factors Affecting WR5HVLGHQWV¶$WWLWXGHWRZDUG7RXULVP'HYHORSPHQW

were Tested 16

Table 3.1: List of Items 22

Table 4.1: Description of Survey Respondents 35

Table 4.2: Characteristics of Local Residents in Tourism Participation 37

7DEOH/RFDO5HVLGHQWV¶6XJJHVWLRQVZKHQ,QYROYHGLQ7RXULVP3ODQQLQJ 38

Table 4.4: Frequencies for Tourism Attitude and Perception 41

Table 4.5: Factor Analysis of Positive Tourism Impacts Perception 45

Table 4.6: Factor Analysis of Negative Tourism Impacts Perception 48

Table 4.7: Factor Analysis of Support for Additional Tourism Development 49

Table 4.8: Factor Analysis of Participation in Tourism 50

Table 4.9: Correlation Analysis for Variables 56

Table 4.10: Regression Analysis for Tourism Impacts Perception 58

Table 4.11: Regression Analysis for Support and Participation in Tourism Development 60

Table 4.12: Results of T-test for Tourism Experience 61

Table 4.13: Results of T-WHVWIRU5HVLGHQWV¶-RE6WDWXV 62

Table 4.14: Results of Testing Hypotheses by Multiple Regression Analysis 64

Table 4.15: Results of Testing Hypotheses by T- test Analysis 66

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Map of Ba Be National Park 5 Figure 1.2: Map of Villages in and around Ba Be National Park 7 )LJXUH5HVHDUFK0RGHORI5HVLGHQWV¶$WWLWXGHDQG3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ7RXULVP

Development 27

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations of Organizations and Projects

- 3PAD: Pro-Poor Partnerships for Agro-forestry Development

- IFAD: Fund for Agriculture Development

- IUCN: The International Union for conservation of Nature

- NGOs: Non-Government Organizations

- UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme

Abbreviations of the Factors in the Model

- CA: Community Attachment

- LB: Local Benefit

- NEI: Negative Economic Impacts

- NSEI: Negative Social and Environmental Impacts

- PART: Participation in Tourism

- PB: Personal Benefit

- PEB: Personal Economic Benefit

- SEB: Social and Environmental Benefit

- SUP: Support for Additional Tourism Development

ABSTRACT

/RFDO5HVLGHQWV¶$WWLWXGHVDQG3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ7RXULVP'HYHORSPHQWLQ

Ba Be National Park, Vietnam

Pham Minh Huong

Department of Tourism Development Graduate School, Daegu University Gyeongbuk, Korea Supervised by Professor Lee, Ju-Hee

Although participation in tourism is studied many times, it has rarely been examined in a research model The main purpose of this study was to test the model of local UHVLGHQWV¶DWWLWXGHs and participation in tourism to explore the factors which affect to UHVLGHQWV¶support and participation in tourism in Ba Be National Park, Vietnam From the findings, the author suggested the strategies to LPSURYH ORFDO SHRSOH¶V VXSSRUW for additional tourism activities and their participation in tourism The raw data of the study was collected from 267 questionnaires among three hamlets insides Ba Be National Park (Pac Ngoi, Bo Lu, and Coc Toc) Noticeably, the results of factor analyses of tourism impacts generated five new factors: Social and Environmental Benefit (SEB), Personal Economic Benefit (PEB), Local Benefit (LB), Negative Social and Environmental Impacts (NSEI), and Negative economic Impacts (NEI) Hypotheses testing revealed that,

in a rural area where the community depends on natural resources, community attachment

of local residents significantly affects their perception of positive tourism impacts In addition, social and environmental impacts from tourism are considered very important IDFWRUVLQIOXHQFLQJORFDOUHVLGHQWV¶VXSSRUW and participation in tourism

Keywords: 5HVLGHQWV¶ Dttitudes, Participation, Tourism impacts, Ba Be National Park, Vietnam

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1 Research Motivation

In the developing countries, tourism can be a viable opportunity to improve the UXUDO UHVLGHQWV¶ quality of life by promoting peace and stability through providing jobs, generating income, diversifying the economy, protecting the environment, and promoting cross-cultural awareness (Honey & Raymond, 2009) Although many rural communities contain appealing tourism resources like natural beauty, interesting and unique culture, or clean untouched environments, etc., infrastructure, transportation system, and FRPPXQLW\¶V knowledge of tourism are often limitations That may obstruct tourism development in the rural communities Therefore, governments and national and international organizations are often needed to help local inhabitants to develop effective and sustainable tourism activities Previous research in the area of sustainable tourism indicated that tourism can develop lasting benefits to local communities when local people support and participate in tourism activities For the reason, research on FRPPXQLWLHV¶ attitudes toward support for tourism development and participation in tourism are interesting, necessary and attractive

ResidentV¶ attitude toward tourism is one of the most well-studied areas of tourism and has been the subject of study for more than 30 years (McGehee & Andereck, 2004) Previous studies on this subject typically seek WKH OHYHO RIUHVLGHQWV¶VXSSRUW for additional or restrictions of in tourism development in one or more regions and the factors influencing the attitudes (Ko & Stewart, 2002; Látková & Vogt, 2012; McGehee & Andereck, 2004; Perdue et al., 1990; Vargas-Sánchez et al., 2009) The subject of UHVLGHQWV¶ participation in tourism, also been explored many times in earlier tourism studies (Eshliki & Kaboudi, 2012; Garrod, 2003; Goodwin, 2002; Key & Pillai, 2006; McGehee & Andereck, 2004) In several studies of participation in tourism, community involvement in tourism planning or decision-making was often put in the research model

in order to explore the factors affecting them However, tourism planning or

decision-making is not entire of participation in tourism development which was rarely examined

in research models RI UHVLGHQWV¶ DWWLWXGHV Especially in Vietnam, research on rural resideQWV¶SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWRXULVPdevelopment has been studied even less

Because of the necessity to effectively and sustainably develop tourism in Ba Be National Park and improve local UHVLGHQWV¶ support and participation in tourism development, this study intends to analyze interaction DPRQJ ORFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ DWWLWXGH toward support for additional tourism activities and participation in tourism with some familiar factors: tourism impacts, personal benefit and community attachment in Ba Be National Park, Vietnam

2 Research Question

development in Ba Be National Park?

- Which factors affect locDOUHVLGHQWV¶DWWLWXGH toward and participation in tourism development in Ba Be National Park?

- What kind of strategies should be suggested so local residents gain more benefit from participating more intently strongly in tourism development?

3 Research Purpose

- To identify what influences the residents' perception of tourism impacts

- To explore what affects the residents' support for additional tourism development

- To find out what influences the residents' willingness to participate in tourism

- To be applicable to Ba Be National Park and similar areas in Vietnam

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

Ba Be National Park was established in 1992 and is located in Bac Kan, mountainous province in the Vietnam northeast The area of national park is about 10.048 hectares The distance from Bac Kan Town to the park is an estimated 50 kilometers, and

250 kilometers from the capital of Hanoi This national park is considered as a model ecosystem for a forest on limestone mountains both within Vietnam and for the world (Project: Sustainable Tourism Development in the Greater Mekong Subregion, 2011) In

2004, Ba Be National Park was recognized aVRQHRI$VLD¶V natural heritages Further, Ba

Be is an appealing place of ecotourism place with high biodiversity (Ba Be Community Based Tourism Guide Book, 2012) There are 1.268 vascular plants (Tracheophyta), many of which are precious and listed in the Red Lists1 of Vietnam and the world, like nghien (Burretiodendron hsienmu), dinh (Markhamia stipulate), lim (Erythrophloeum

1

The list of threatened species with extinction

fordii), climbing bamboo (Ampelocalamus), etc Especially, climbing bamboo is an endemic flora which grows on the mountain sides of Ba Be National Park With 182 orchid species, the national park is looked upon as a diversified and high endemic area of orchids for Vietnam and South East Asia In the national park, there are also 81 species of mammal, 27 species of retile, 17 species of amphibian, 332 species of bird, 106 species of fish, and 553 species of insect and spider (Ba Be Community Based Tourism Guide Book, 2012) Of these species, Trachypithecus francoisi, Hemigalus owston, Lutra lutra, Pardofelis temminckii, Miniopterus schreibrsii, Belomys pearsonii, Gorsachius magnificus, Buceros bicornis, Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus, Python molurus, etc are listed

in the International Red List (Project: Sustainable Tourism Development in the Greater Mekong Subregion, 2011)

In the center of Ba Be National Park is Ba Be Lake The Tay ethnic group refers WRWKHODNHDV³Slam Pé´ which means ³the place is fed by three rivers´ named Pé Nam,

Pé Lu, and Pé Leng in Tay language Ba or Slam mean three, and Be or Pé implies lake

Ba Be Lake was formed about two hundred million years ago and is the largest natural fresh water lake in Vietnam The water area is 500 hectares, spreading over 8 kilometers (whc.unesco.org) The lake has an average depth of 20 to 25 meters The deepest point is acknowledged at 35 meters The average altitude of the lake is about 150 meters above sea level and the lake has never dried In the World Fresh Water Lake Conference in the United State of America in 1995, Ba Be Lake was recognized as one of the twenty fresh water lakes in the world that needed to be protected The characteristic of the lake is karst landscape with limestone cliffs around The water color is always blue, though the lake is influenced by the three rivers (Pe Nam, Pe Lu, and Pe Leng) Ba Be Lake has a special feature compared to other karst lakes in the world: typically karst lakes only have water in one-season, while Ba Be Lake is permanently full of water (whc.unesco.org)

Around Ba Be Lake, there are limestone cliffs with a lot of underground springs and caves Tourists can move about and contemplate the landscapes of the lake by boats Some fascinating destinations on Ba Be Lake like Fairy Pond, Dau Dang Waterfall,

Puong Cave, Hua Ma Cave, An Ma Island, Ba Goa Island which are of particular interest

to visitors (Project: Sustainable Tourism Development in the Greater Mekong Subregion, 2011)

Figure 1.1: Map of Ba Be National Park

Source: http://www.babelaketravel.com/ba_be_lake_vietnam.html

Ba Be National Park is beautiful and attractive by not only thick and interminable forests and mountains, but also it holds an interesting and unique culture The National Park is a place of more than three thousand residents from main ethnic groups: Tay, Nung, Dao, and Kinh Of them, the Tay people occupy the majority and were the earliest residents of about two thousand years ago The Nung and Dao people have resided there for about one hundred years, and Kinh is the most recent ethnic groups to live in Ba Be National Park Normally, the Tay people settle in low locations which are near rivers and

springs while the Dao people live halfway up the mountain (Ba Be Community Based Tourism Guide Book, 2012)

The tourists who go to Ba Be National Park will have opportunities to experience unique local culture by living in 7D\ SHRSOH¶s stilt houses and engaging in the ³/RQJ7RQJ´Festival (going to the fields) This is one of the special activities carried out right beside Ba Be Lake on the 10th of January of the lunar calendar This is an event to thank and beg the Agriculture God for his support Tourists can also enjoy traditional foods of

Ba Be people: ³&RP ODP´ %DPERR-tube rice), grilled fish, sour shrimp, grilled maize, maize wine, etc (Ba Be Community Based Tourism Guide Book, 2012)

Because Ba Be is the national park which was founded to preserve the ecosystem and restrict environment devastation, there are not modern hotels As of December 2012, there are 44 guesthouses in the national park area: Pac Ngoi Hamlet has 15; Po Lu Ham let has 19; Na Mam has 9; and Coc Toc has one Travelers who visit Ba Be National Park can use the common forms of transportation means like ³;HRP´PRWRUELNHWD[LGULYHU and boat 7RDVVLVWWRXULVW¶VH[SHULHQFHDQGDSSUHFLDWLRQRI%D%H1DWLRQDO3DUNWKHUHDUHlocal tour-guides who have a profound knowledge of local culture, terrain, beauty spots, and issues of safety (Ba Be Community Based Tourism Guide Book, 2012)

Although Ba Be National Park has a lot of appealing tourism resources to attract tourist and develop tourism, tourism activities has not developed here because there are lack of investment, knowledge of tourism business, and infrastructure, etc In 2011, the tourist arrivals in Ba Be National Park were estimated at about 24,538 people Of them, 4,468 people or about 18.2% were international tourists (www.backan.gov.vn) Revenue from tourism in the same year was more than one billion Vietnam dong (VND) In 2012, the number of tourist rose to almost 26,000 visitors and foreigners representing 25% of the total Although the number of visitor increased about 6% in 2012, there was no significant increase in revenue (Statistics of Ba Be Tourism Centre) Of the communities

in the Ba Be national Park, the 3iF 1JzL Hamlet attracts more than five thousand international visitors every year

2 Personal Benefit from Tourism Development

Before the 1990s, there were a few of research which directly tested the influence of personal benefits on the perception of tourism impacts (Perdue et al., 1990) Nevertheless, in the recent years, studies on this subject have increased swiftly The relationship between personal benefit and perception of tourism impacts; and personal benefit from tourism and support for additional tourism development have been examined

in the research of Perdue et al (1990), Ko and Stewart (2002), McGehee and Andereck (2004), Wang and Pfister (2008), Vargas-Sánchez et al (2009), Látková and Vogt (2012), etc

However, it is very difficult to exactly define WKH WHUP ³SHUVRQDO EHQHILW´ McGehee and Andereck (2004) stated that ³personal benefit´ LV³YDULDEOHLVQRWGHILQHGwithin the questionnaire and is a somewhat obscure concept that may be interpreted GLIIHUHQWO\E\HDFKUHVSRQGHQW´ Personal benefit can be understood as economic values, such as tax revenues, employment, personal income, consumer spending, level of economic dependency, etc (Wang & Pfister, 2008) or noneconomic values like relaxation, the education benefit, the understanding of other people and culture, environment conservation, etc (McIntosh, 2002) Commonly, an economic indicator has focused UHVHDUFKHUV¶ DWWHQWLRQ, but Wang and Pfister (2008) supported the relationship between UHVLGHQWV¶DWWLWXGHWRZDUGtourism development and noneconomic benefit

Personal benefit was recognized to directly affect perceptions of tourism impact

in the research models of Perdue et al (1990), and McGehee and Andereck (2004) The results of the preceding research implicated that if local people got personal benefit from tourism, they would perceive positive impacts, but when tourism did not bring benefit to them, negative tourism impacts will be perceived (Perdue et al., 1990) Moreover, when individuals or their family members work in the tourism industry, the economic value domains are often conceived clearly and are identifiable (Jurowski et al., 1997; Wang & Pfister, 2008) Nevertheless, Ko and Stewart (2002) suggested that personal benefit from tourism positively impact on perception of positive tourism impacts, and did not

significantly affect perception of negative tourism effects These findings may be due to the place in which the research was conducted, Jeju Island has a long history of tourism being an integral part of its economy (Ko & Stewart, 2002) Although the findings were opposed on the suggestions of Perdue et al (1990), and McGehee and Andereck (2004), it

is consistent with Andereck et al (2005) and Gursoy et al (2002)

There are varying opinions about the relationship between perceived personal EHQHILW IURP WRXULVP GHYHORSPHQW DQG UHVLGHQWV¶ DWWLWXGH WRZDUG WRXULsm development Perdue et al (1990) and McGehee and Andereck (2004) showed that this relationship is significant However, Vargas-Sánchez et al (2009) found the opposite result Their research indicated that personal benefit did not impact noticeably on ORFDOV¶VXSSRUWIRUtourism development

3 Community Attachment

McCool and Martin (1994) defined community attachment DV ³the extent and pattern of social and participation and integration into the community, and sentiment or affect toward the FRPPXQLW\´ They also showed that community attachment was measured by several different methods, such as length of residency (McCool & Martin 1994: requoted in Goudy, 1982; Kasarda & Janowitz, 1974; Sampson, 1988) or emotional attachment (feeling if moving away) (McCool & Martin, 1994) In other recent studies, the attachment to the community was measured by ORFDOUHVLGHQWV¶IHHOLQJ, sentiment, or knowledge about their land Gursoy HWDO¶V study (2002) XVHGORFDOUHVLGHQWV¶VDWLVIDFWLRQwith community, feeling at home in the community, positive or negative desire to move away from the community to measure community attachment The length of the residence

in the community, which was categorized into newcomers and old-timers, was also used

to measure community attachment by McCool and Martin (1994) Examples of their Likert scale items are ³,I,KDYHWRPRYHIURPP\FRPPXQLW\I would be very sorry to OHDYH´DQG³,¶GUDWKHUOLYHLQWKe town where I live now than anywhere else.´to measure attachment Jurowski et al (1997) utilized a contrary scale, negative and positive feelings

to measure the attachment

Some studies indicated that local people highly attach to their community will view the benefit of tourism more positively than less attached people (McCool & Martin, 1994) Jurowski et al (1997) and Gursoy et al (2004) were consistent with this result Gursoy et al (2004) suggested that the residents that have high community attachment have intention to view the state of the local economy more favorably than residents who were not being highly attached

Nevertheless, community attachment did not significantly influence UHVLGHQWV¶perceptions of economic impact, social impact, and environmental impact (Jurowski et al., 1997) In addition, perception of negative tourism impacts did not have a significant association with community attachment in a /iWNRYi DQG 9RJW¶V UHVHDUFK (2012) An interesting result was found by McCool and Martin (1994) They discovered that newcomers that had a high level of attachment to the community may use the local physical environment as a frame of reference rather than interpersonal relationships, that helped form the context of the old-WLPHUV¶UHVSRQVHs (McCool & Martin, 1994)

4 Tourism Impacts

In the recent years, there is more concern for tourism development in developing countries and how that development occurs Planners and governments believe that tourism development in rural communities will bring opportunities for improving local UHVLGHQWV¶quality of life by increasing incomes, employment, infrastructure, the quality of education, etc However, tourism development does not only bring positive impacts, but also negative impacts to host communities

Typically, tourism impacts are categorized into three components which are: economic impacts, socio-cultural impacts, and environmental impacts (Aref, 2010; Ko & Stewart, 2002; Oviedo-Garcia et al., 2008; Pham, 2012; Pham & Kayat, 2011; Vargas-Sánchez et al., 2009)

- Economic Impacts of Tourism

Economic impacts of tourism development is considered the most important factor of tourism impacts, and is a main reasons for developing tourism activities in communities Jurowski et al (1997) also showed that if local residents recognize economic impacts, their attitude toward nature-based tourism will be positive Tourism provides employment opportunities, increases incomes, develops local infrastructures, etc

It also helps governments obtain tax revenues, foreign currencies, and diversifies the economy On the other hand, tourism may cause inflation or unbalanced economic development (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2003)

- Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism

The United Nations Environment Programme ZURWH³The socio-cultural impacts

of tourism described here are the effects on host communities of direct and indirect relations with tourists, and of interaction with the tourism industry´ (www.unep.org) Social impacts bring changes in community structure, family relationships, traditional life styles, ceremonies, and morality (www.unep.org) Socio-cultural impacts of tourism include positive and negative aspects The negative social and cultural impacts of tourism can occur to the host communities such as increasing crime, prostitution, and gambling; commercializing culture, religion, and the arts; creating misunderstanding between local people and tourists; contributing to disease and transportation problems; or threatening family structure (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2003) However, tourism development can create a lot of social and cultural benefit It helps to broaden education, cultural horizons and improve feelings of self-worth; reinforce preservation of heritage and tradition; provide recreational facilities that may be used by local people; break down language barriers, socio-cultural barriers, class barriers, racial barriers, political barriers, and religious barriers Tourism also promotes international understanding and peace (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2003) Although Jurowski et al (1997) suggested that economic impacts of tourism did not have a relationship with support for nature-based tourism, they implicated

UHVLGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQ RI social impacts significantly affects support for nature-based tourism

- Environmental Impacts of Tourism

Both natural environment and man-made environment is an essential resource to develop tourism (www.unep.org) Therefore, tourism activities impact to local communities¶ HQYLURQPHQW Beside positive environment impacts like contributing environment protection and conversation, tourism development can cause negative impacts like degradation to soil, water, and air pollution, forest devastation, etc Because UHVLGHQWV¶OLYHVare affected by their surrounding environment, researching environmental impacts of tourism is important when studying tourism development Surprisingly, in spite of the gravity at environmental impacts of tourism, perceived environmental impacts did not significantly influence support for nature-based tourism (Jurowski et al., 1997)

According to a little of literature on general tourism impacts, some scholars stated that perceived positive impacts and perceived negative impacts of tourism significantly affect to UHVLGHQWV¶DWWLWXGHWRZDUGtourism development (Látková & Vogt, 2012; Perdue

et al., 1990) Local people will support tourism if they believe tourism brings positive impacts On the contrary, residents will not support tourism development when negative impacts from tourism are perceived (Ko & Stewart, 2002; Látková & Vogt, 2012; McGehee & Andereck, 2004; Vargas-Sánchez et al., 2009)

In Katutura, Nammibia, the main issues which influence the perception tourism impacts, are anticipated income and benefits from tourism activities (Saarinen, 2010) However, though economic impacts are very important, it is not always the most important Pham and Kayat (2011) suggested that the inhabitants in Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam valued socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism higher than its economic impacts, and they support tourism development, not merely for economic benefits

Perception of tourism impacts affects not only the attitudes toward tourism development, but also tourism planning McGehee and Andereck (2004) showed that perceived negative tourism impacts of locals significantly influence tourism planning However, the perceived positive tourism impacts did not significantly influence tourism planning (McGehee & Andereck, 2004)

Though tourism impacts are often divided into three factors (economic, cultural, and environmental impacts), those are not the only way to evaluate tourism impacts In WKH VWXG\ ³5HVLGHQWV¶ 3HUFHSWLRQV RI &RPPXQLW\ 7RXULVP ,PSDFWV´, Andereck et al (2005) analyzed five factors of tourism impacts: community environment, community problems, community life, community image, community services, and community economy This implies that division of tourism impact perception depends on UHVLGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWWRXULVPDVSHFWV

socio-55HVLGHQWV¶$WWLWXGHWoward Tourism Development

1) Social Exchange Theory

Social exchange theory is used to H[SODLQUHVLGHQWV¶DWWLWXGH personal benefit, and tourism impacts (Perdue et al., 1990) Moreover, it has been used as a suitable theoretical IUDPHZRUNIRUWHVWLQJUHVLGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGWRXULVPGHYHORSPHQW(Látková & Vogt, 2012) What is social exchange theory? Homans (1961) defined social exchange as ³7he exchange of activity, tangibly or intangible, and more or less rewarding

or costly, between at least two persons´ In this definition, the author stressed the comparison between reward and cost an individual get when exchange of activities is made between at least two people Although in John Ap¶VGHILQLWLRQ (1992), benefit and cost was not identified clearly, the definition UDLVHGWZRPDLQSRLQWVZKLFKDUH³H[FKDQJHRIUHVRXUFHV´DQG³LQWHUDFWLRQ´EHWZHHQan individual and groups

³$ JHQHUDO VRFLRORJLFDO WKHRU\ FRQFHUQHG ZLWK XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH H[FKDQJH RI UHVRXUFHVEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOVDQGJURXSVLQDQLQWHUDFWLRQVLWXDWLRQ´(Ap, 1992)

,Q WKH VWXG\ RI UHVLGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQ DQG DWWLWXGH local residents play an important role Especially in tourism, they can influence the success or failure of the local tourism industry (Ap, 1992) Social exchange theory also explained why support for tourism is dependent on residentV¶ SHUFHSWLRQV RI WRXULVP¶V LPSDFWV (Jurowski et al., 1997) However, when tourism activities are developed, some people get benefit, while some others are negatively affected from tourism (McGehee & Andereck, 2004) Local residents who perceive themselves as benefiting from tourism are likely to view it positively, while residents who perceive themselves as incurring costs are likely to view tourism negatively (Jurowski et al., 1997; McGehee & Andereck, 2004; Perdue et al., 1990; Wang & Pfister, 2008) Moreover, residents who perceive tourism to be personally valuable and believe that the costs associated with tourism do not exceed the benefits are likely to support tourism development (Ap, 1992; Látková & Vogt, 2012)

However, complete independence and dependence are not impossible An individual who has a strong exchange theory may be more accepting of tourism than others who have a lower exchange tendency (Cropanzano & Mitchell, 2005)

To develop tourism sustainably in a community, certain exchanges must occur Participation by a community (residents, civic leaders, and entrepreneurs) in developing and attracting tourists to their area is generally driven by some members of the community (Ap, 1992) Individuals will engage in exchanges if: (1) the resulting rewards are valued, (2) the exchange is likely to produce valued rewards, and (3) perceived costs

do not exceed perceived rewards (Skinmore, 1975) Support for tourism development may be considered as a willingness to enter into an exchange with tourists (Jurowski et al., 1997) Látková and Vogt (2012) also agreed that individuals are likely to participate in an exchange if they believe costs will not exceed benefits

To develop tourism sustainably in a community, the participation of local people

is not enough The best balance of benefit and cost for residents and other stakeholder is needed to be taken into consideration (Ap, 1992) Ap (1992) showed that host resident actors participate in tourism development in order to satisfy their need of economy, society, and psychology and to improve their FRPPXQLW\¶VZHOO-being

2) 5HVLGHQWV¶$WWLWXGHWRZDUG7RXULVP'evelopment

ResidentV¶ attitude toward tourism is one of the most well-studied areas of tourism and has been investigated many times for more than 30 years (McGehee & Andereck, 2004) However, before ILQGLQJ WKH FRQWHQWV RI UHVLGHQWV¶ DWWLWXGH WRward tourism, it is necessary to understand what attitude is Kotler et al (2010) wrote in the ERRN ³0DUNHWLQJ IRU +RVSLWDOLW\ DQG 7RXULVP´ ³AQ DWWLWXGH GHVFULEHV D SHUVRQ¶Vrelatively consistent evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an object or an idea Attitudes put people into a frame of mind for liking or disliking things and moving toward or away from them´ They stated that attitudes are very difficult to change (Kotler

et al., 2010) Specifically, once negative attitudes are developed in someone, it is hard to change the attitudes (Kotler et al., 2010)

In the research of Perdue et al (1990) and Látková and Vogt (2012)UHVLGHQWV¶DWWLWXGHWRZDUGWRXULVPGHYHORSPHQWZDVFDWHJRUL]HGLQWR³6XSSRUWIRUDGGLWLRQDOWRXULVPGHYHORSPHQW´DQG³6XSSRUWIRUUHVWULFWLRQRQWRXULVPGHYHORSPHQW´ In the other studies, the authors examined the attitudes toward tourism development as a dependent factor in the relationship with dissimilar independent factors (Table 2.1)

Table 2.1: Factors Affecting to RHVLGHQWV¶ Attitude toward Tourism Development were Tested

- Perceived positive impacts of tourism

- perceived negative impacts of tourism,

- personal benefits from tourism development

Látková and Vogt (2012); McGehee and Andereck (2004); and Perdue et al (1990)

- Perceived economic impact

- Perceived social impact

- Perceived environmental impact

- Perception of the positive effects

- Perception of the negative effects

- Satisfaction with their community

- Perception of the personal benefit

Vargas-Sánchez et al (2009)

- Perceived positive impacts of tourism

- Perceived negative impacts of tourism,

- Overall community satisfaction

- Personal benefit from tourism development

- Perception of tourism impacts

- Overall evaluation of tourism impacts

In the previous studies, it can be seen that the factors of perception of tourism impacts were examined many times and the studies suggested some significant results McGehee and Andereck (2004) found that residents who depend on tourism development are likely to have a higher level of positive perceived tourism impacts and often support tourism more In addition, Wang and Pfister (2008) recognized that resident attitudes toward tourism are not only an LQGLFDWLRQRIUHVLGHQWV¶NQRZOHGJHDERXWWRXULVPLPSDFWVbut also are influenced by reVLGHQWV¶YDOXHVDQGRWKHU characteristics

Some authors suggested that the level of tourism development is a component affecting attitudes (Long et al., 1990) It means that residents in communities which have

a different level of tourism development have differing attitudes toward tourism development /iWNRYi and Vogt (2012) also said that when there is a positive attitude toward tourism development there will be a high level of tourism development Others implicated that the attitude toward tourism may become more negative when there are higher levels of tourism (Long et al., 1990)

However, Allen et al (1993) suggested that the level of tourism development in a community has QRUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKUHVSRQGHQWV¶DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGUHFUHDWLRQDQGWRXULVPdevelopment (Allen et al., 1993) The attitudes also depend on the level of development

of a FRPPXQLW\¶V HFRQRP\ 5HVLGHQWV¶ DWWLWXGH WRZDUG WRXULVP GHYHORSPHQW LQcommunities with high economic and tourism development is more positive than the residents living in the communities having high economy and undeveloped tourism or low economy and developed tourism (Allen et al., 1993) Allen and his colleagues also believed that economic activities relate to attitudes toward sufficiency of recreation programs and satisfaction with recreation programs In detail, the residents from rural communities with high economic activity and high tourism development have realized some tourism benefits They have more favorable attitudes toward tourism development Communities with high economic activity and low tourism development do not see the need for tourism development Whilst communities with the state of low economy and high tourism development are discouraged because they have not realized the economic benefits from tourism development, especially, in the communities with low economic

activity and low tourism development have high hopes and/or expectations for future tourism development (Allen et al., 1993) McGehee and Andereck (2004) further emphasized economic role (economic benefits and economic impacts) to attitudes toward tourism development

6 Participation in Tourism

Public participation is one important factors of a successful search of sustainability in tourism industry (Sherpa, 2011), but ³it is very difficult to establish a universal valid definition of FRPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ´ (Tosun, 2005) There is no agreement among scholars with what the term means and each researcher should define and explain the community¶V participation in tourism development process to fulfill their specific goals (Tosun, 2005)

Timothy (1999) believed that public participation in tourism can be viewed from

at least two perspectives: in the decision-making process and in the benefits of tourism development Cohen and Uphoff (1977) suggested a public participation process including the activities: decision-making, implementation, benefits, and evaluations (Pakdeepinit, 2007) Therefore, in order for public participation to occur effectively tourism in, stakeholders should be considered from onset of planning to the end (Ariunaa, 2012) Community involvement and ownership from the onset of a development helps to ensure its long-term success (Fallon & Kriwoken 2003: requoted in Lewis, 2001; Mitchell, 2001) Members of community should participate in every step of the process (Pakdeepinit, 2007)

Participation in tourism includes different components, and planning is only one part of it Scholars have argued that community involvement in tourism planning and development can lead to a shared vision B\IRFXVLQJRQWKHFRPPXQLW\¶VKHULWDJHDQGculture in the development of the tourism product, distinctiveness of the destination can

be created (Fallon & Kriwoken, 2003; requoted in Murphy, 1985)

5HVLGHQWV¶LQYROYHPHQWLVHVVHQWLDODQGLWSOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQDFKLHYLQJWKHoverall goals of tourism development (Ariunaa, 2012) Taylor (1995) suggested that

communities should be involved in decision making in order to make residents recognize the social capital so that it ³EHFRPHVDSDUWRIWKHVRFLDOFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ´ Moreover, if residents concur with tourism goals and objectives set for their region, they will be equally happy with the outcomes and this helps to achieve sustainable tourism (Fallon & Kriwoken, 2003: requoted in Simpson, 2001) Besides, Tosun (2005) stated that community participation in the decision making process and in the benefit of tourism development will help to gradually empower host communities, and local residents will take control over tourism development, in particular, and in other local matters in general

Research shows that support for tourism development significantly influence UHVLGHQWV¶ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WRXULVP development (McGehee & Andereck, 2004) The apparent way of involving community members in the benefits of tourism development is

in the increase of incomes, employment, and education of the locals (Timothy, 1999) In addition, tourism planners should stress that tourism is one component of a much broader economic development package for community, which often consist of high-technology business and local entrepreneurship However, the most important aspect of that should

be introduced into a community are the new benefits and impacts that will be experienced

by residents and policy makers alike (Harrill, 2004)

7 Stakeholders

According to Freeman (1984) in ³Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach´, VWDNHKROGHU ZDV GHILQHG DV ³$ny group or individual who can affect or is DIIHFWHGE\WKHDFKLHYHPHQWRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVREMHFWLYHV´,ILQ )UHHPHQ¶VGHILQLWLRQstakeholders were categorized into two groups: (1) those who can affect decisions and (2) those who are effected by the decisions taken (Haukelanda, 2011) Adapted by Jamal and Stronza (2009)WKHWHUP³6WDNHKROGHU´LVXVHGWRUHIHU to ³$n actor with an interest or stake in a common problem or issue and include all individuals, groups or organizations GLUHFWO\LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHDFWLRQVRWKHUVWDNHWRVROYHDSUREOHP´

Stakeholders have an important role in developing successfully tourism To implement this objective, it is necessary to involve local people (communities), the

government (through its legislative control and policies) and the business group (Boora, 2005) International development agencies also have an important role to play in tourism development because their finance, and conservation of biological diversity projects relating to tourism (UNEP)

- Local Communities

There are about three thousand local people living in the core of Ba Be National Park with many of them from minority ethnic groups, such as: Tay, Nung, Mong, Dao, etc Currently, local communities participate in tourism activities by conducting homestay services, motor-boat services or other small tourism services However, there is considerable unequal distribution of tourism development happening among the villages

in Ba Be National Park Of the villages, Pac Ngoi and Bo Lu have the most tourism development However, most all of WKH UHVLGHQWV¶ total incomes still come from agriculture activities Unfortunately, many of the local people are destroying the ecological environment in order to survive They rely on hunting wild animals for food purposes, cutting trees and other activities that are polluting Ba Be Lake, etc There are many poor people and they live by using the national park resources

- Business Groups

Although Ba Be National Park has a great potential to develop community-based tourism There are many business groups in the area that limited provide tourism services both in quantity and quality Nevertheless, they are obtaining some economic benefits

from tourism This is promising fact for tourism development in the future In order to conduct tourism effectively, it is necessary to help businessmen increase their awareness about tourism

- International Organizations

Ba Be National Park has been helped by many international organizations in developing sustainable tourism, nature conservation, and improving residentV¶ lives conditions

In 2011, Australia Embassy provided funding for the program which helps protect the environment and developing ecotourism This program has been conducted by mainly women and children via local schools Education activities were implemented to improve knowledge of the negative impacts of waste and the tourism development opportunities In addition, the plan provides infrastructure for collecting and disposing waste safely for the environment

This program has been managed by Pro-Poor Partnerships for Agro-forestry Development (3PAD) plan The plan will be executed for six years (2009-2015) The SODQ¶V main financial resource is from the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) However, other funding is received from international organizations like the Australia Embassy and United Kingdom Government Some of the most important objectives of community-based tourism development are training and providing careers for women, educatiQJ ORFDO UHVLGHQWV DQG YLVLWRUV¶ DZDUHQHVV DERXWenvironment conservation

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

1 Measurement Variables

A 59 item survey was designed which based on the research of Perdue et al (1990), Gursoy et al (2002), McGehee and Andereck (2004), Vargas-Sánchez et al (2009), Pham and Kayat (2011), Látková and Vogt (2012), and Sirivongs and Tsuchiya (2012) Of the 59 items, 11 items were utilized to obtain local residentV¶demographics; only one item was an open-ended question which asked residents to give their suggestions for developing tourism in Ba Be National Park The 47 remaining items were distributed into six sections: (2 items) personal benefit from tourism, (5 items) community attachment, (17 items) positive tourism impacts perception, (11 items) negative tourism impacts perception, (6 items) support for additional tourism development, and (6 items) participation in tourism In order to measure variables of perceptions and attitudes towards tourism development, a 5-point Likert rating scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree/not at all) to 5 (strongly agree/very much) was utilized Detailed contents of items are illustrated in table 3.1

Table 3.1: List of Items

Personal benefit from tourism development (2 items)

The amount benefit personally from tourism in your

community

Benefit from more tourism development in the community

in the future

McGehee and Andereck (2004), and Perdue et al (1990)

Community attachment (5 items)

Are you responsible for your community as a community

member?

How much do you feel at home in this community?

'R \RX DJUHH RU GLVDJUHH ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW ³, NQRZ

what are going in this FRPPXQLW\´"

How sorry would you be if you move away?

How do you satisfy with the community?

Gursoy et al (2002), and Gursoy and Rutherford (2004)

Perceived positive impacts of tourism (17 items)

Improvement of investment, more development and better

infrastructures

Increase of opportunities for employment

Contribution to improving incomes and living standards

General improvement incomes of the locality, thanks to

taxes relating tourism

Tourism is one of the principle sources of income in the

economy of the locality

The money invested by the local authority to attract more

tourists to the locality is a good investment

Increase in opportunities for education

Improvement of quality of life

Greater availability of recreational activities

Greater knowledge of other cultures/communities

Increased demand for cultural and leisure activities

It strengthens the provision of cultural and leisure activities

Improving quality of police and fire protection

Greater protection of the natural environment

Improvement of infrastructures (water supply, electricity,

telephone, etc.)

Improvement of roads in and around its boundary

More support for the restoration and maintenance of

historic buildings

Vargas-Sánchez

et al (2009), and Sirivongs and Tsuchiya (2012),

Perceived negative impacts of tourism (11 items)

Tourism development in Ba Be National Park interferes

ZLWKUHVLGHQWV¶GDLO\HFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHV

Increase in the price of products and services because of

tourism

Economic benefits only for a small number of residents

The benefits generated by the tourism activity end up with

companies and people from outside the locality

Increase in thefts and vandalism

Increase in alcoholism, prostitution

Change/loss of traditional culture

Problems of conflicts between residents and tourists

Loss of tranquility in the zone

Damage to the natural surrounding and to the countryside

Unpleasant overcrowding of tourists and share of leisure

spaces

Vargas-Sánchez

et al (2009), Pham and Kayat (2011), and Látková and Vogt (2012)

Support for additional tourism development (6 items)

I would like to see more tourists in Ba Be National Park

The government should increase its efforts to provide

infrastructure to support tourism development in Ba Be

National Park

The government should control tourism development in

Ba Be National Park in order to maximize the benefits

and minimize the cost of development

I support for additional tourism activities in my

community

I support tourism having a vital role in this community

Benefit from tourism should be widely shared by local

people

Pham and Kayat (2011), and McGehee and Andereck (2004)

Participation in tourism development (6 items)

I will have responsibility to protect the local natural

environment

I would like to participate in jobs related to tourism

I have right to participate in decision-making on the

development of tourism

If there is opportunity, I would like to attend any training

courses related tourism (learning careers, foreigner

language, knowledge of tourism, etc.)

If appropriate operation and administration, I would like

to participate as a volunteer

I would like to tell other local residents about benefits of

tourism

Sirivongs and Tsuchiya (2012)

Socio-demographic (11 items)

Gender, Age, Ethnic group, Education, Marital status,

Number of family members, Monthly average

household income, Job status, Residence status, Length

of residence

Pham and Kayat (2011), and Ariunaa (2012)

&KDUDFWHULVWLFV´ ³3HUVRQDO %HQHILWV IURP 7RXULVP 'HYHORSPHQW´ ³3HUFHLYHG 3RVLWLYH,PSDFWV RI 7RXULVP´ ³3HUFHLYHG 1HJDWLYH ,PSDFWV IURP 7RXULVP´ ³6XSSRUW for Additional Tourism DevelRSPHQW´ ³3HUFHLYHG )XWXUH RI &RPPXQLW\´ ³6XSSRUW IRU

5HVWULFWLRQV RQ 7RXULVP 'HYHORSPHQW´ DQG ³6XSSRUW IRU 6SHFLDO 7RXULVP 7D[HV´ To explore new results, the scholars changed the research model of Perdue, Long, and Allen

by adding, diminishing some factors, or giving new hypotheses

%HFDXVH %D %H 1DWLRQDO 3DUN LV DQ DUHD RI HFRORJLFDO SUHVHUYDWLRQ UHVLGHQWV¶community attachment and their participation in tourism development are very noticeable and important The research model in this study (Figure 3.1) added more two factor

³&RPPXQLW\$WWDFKPHQW´DQG³3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ7RXULVP´ZLWKWKHSXUSRVH is to test the UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ ORFDOUHVLGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQs, attitudes toward support for additional tourism and participation in tourism development $OWKRXJK WKH IDFWRU ³&RPPXQLW\

$WWDFKPHQW´was utilized in models of tourism many times (Gursoy & Rutherford, 2004; Jurowski et al., 1997; Látková & Vogt, 2012; McGehee & Andereck, 2004), the factor

³3DUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ 7RXULVP´ has been rarely examined :LWK LQYROYLQJ ³3DUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ7RXULVP´ (an important factor in developing community-based tourism) in the model, this study was hoped that the IDFWRUV HIIHFWLQJ WR ORFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WRXULVPwould be found

3 Research Hypotheses

1) Relationship between Personal Benefit and Perception of Tourism Impacts

There are arguments of the relationship between personal benefit and perception

of tourism impacts Perdue et al (1990), and McGehee and Andereck (2004) supposed that personal benefit from tourism directly effects on UHVLGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQ RI WRXULVPimpacts However, Ko and Stewart (2002) implied that perception of ORFDO SHRSOH¶Vpersonal benefit from tourism just positively impacts on their perception of positive tourism impacts, but does not significantly effect on perception of negative tourism impacts This study gave hypotheses that ORFDOUHVLGHQWV¶ personal benefit from tourism development will influence both the perception of positive tourism impacts and perception of negative impacts

+ /RFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ SHUVRQDO EHQHILW IURP WRXULVP GHYHORSPent will positively influence the perception of positive tourism impacts

+/RFDOUHVLGHQWV¶SHUVRQDOEHQHILWIURPWRXULVPGHYHORSPHnt will negatively influence the perception of negative tourism impacts

2) Relationship between Community Attachment and Perception of Tourism Impacts

Previous studies showed residents highly attach to their community will perceive

in positive impacts of tourism than less attached people (McCool & Martin, 1994) Gursoy et al (2004) also affirmed this result Nevertheless, Jurowski et al (1997) suggested community attachment did not significantly influence UHVLGHQWV¶perception of tourism impacts Látková and Vogt (2012) implicated that perception of negative tourism impacts had not a significant asociation with community attachment This study hypothesizes that there are close relationships between community attachment and perception of tourism impacts

+ /RFDO UHVLGHQW¶V FRPPXQLW\ DWWDFKPent will positively influence the perception of positive tourism impacts

+ /RFDO UHVLGHQW¶V FRPPXQLW\ DWWDFKPent will negatively influence the perception of negative tourism impacts

3) Relationship between Perception of Tourism Impacts and Support for Additional Tourism Development

Although, lRFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ attitudes toward tourism development involve many contents like: support for additional tourism development, support for restrictions on tourism development, support for special tourism taxes, perceived future of community, support for tourism planning (Ko & Stewart, 2002; Látková & Vogt, 2012; McGehee & Andereck, 2004; Perdue et al., 1990) UHVLGHQWV¶ attitudes in this study are support for additional tourism and participation in tourism

Many researchers suggested that perceived tourism impacts significantly LQIOXHQFHORFDOSHRSOH¶VDWWLWXGHWRZDUGsupport for tourism development Local residents will support for tourism activities when they perceive tourism bring benefit On the other hand, residents will not support for developing tourism when negative impacts from tourism are believed (Ko & Stewart, 2002; Látková & Vogt, 2012; McGehee & Andereck, 2004; Perdue et al., 1990; Vargas-Sánchez et al., 2009) This study gives the hypotheses that if local residents perceive positive tourism impacts, they will support tourism development By contrast, if residents believe that tourism brings negative impacts, they will not support tourism development

+ /RFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQ RI SRVLWLYH WRXULVP LPSDcts will positively influence the support for additional tourism development

H6: Local UHVLGHQWV¶ perception of negative tourism impacts will negatively influence the support for additional tourism development

4) Relationship between Perception of Tourism Impacts and Participation in Tourism

/RFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ involvement in tourism activities plays an important role in sustainably developing tourism at rural destinations Although researched many times, it has been rarely tested in a research model of tourism Participation in tourism consists of different components and tourism planning is considered as one component of it McGehee and Andereck (2004) implicated that perception of negative tourism impacts negatively effect significantly on tourism planning, but perception of positive tourism impacts do not have a close relationship with tourism planning However, this research hypothesizes that local residents who perceive positive tourism impacts will participate in tourism activities, and the local people who perceive negative tourism impacts will not participate in tourism

+ /RFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQ RI SRVLWLYH WRXULsm impacts will positively influence the participation in tourism

+ /RFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQ RI QHJDWLYH WRXULVP LPSDcts will negatively influence the participation in tourism

5) Relationship between Support for Additional Tourism Development and Participation in Tourism

The close UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ORFDO UHVLGHQWV¶ VXSSRUW IRU DGGLWLRQDO WRXULVPdevelopment and their participation in tourism was affirmed by McGehee and Andereck (2004) The finding implied that to appeal local people to participate in tourism activities, their attitude toward support for tourism development is very important Therefore, this study hypothesizes:

+/RFDOUHVLGHQWV¶VXSSRUW for additional tourism will positively influence the participation in tourism

Ba Be National Park is beautiful and attractive by not only thick and interminable forests and mountains, but also it holds an interesting and. ..

development in Ba Be National Park?

- Which factors affect locDOUHVLGHQWV¶DWWLWXGH toward and participation in tourism development in Ba Be National Park?

- What kind of... to effectively and sustainably develop tourism in Ba Be National Park and improve local UHVLGHQWV¶ support and participation in tourism development, this study intends to analyze interaction DPRQJ