Cấu trúc bên trong của thân não, gian não, đoan não, màng não và mạch máu

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus and Tract (SpTN, SpTTr) Medial and Spinal Vestibular Nuclei (MVN, SpVN) Lateral Cuneate Nucleus (LCN). Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (ICP) Medial Longitudinal[r]

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DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY

CẤU TRÚC BÊN TRONG CỦA THÂN NÃO GIAN NÃO, ĐOAN NÃO, MÀNG NÃO VÀ MẠCH MÁU CẤU TRÚC BÊN TRONG CỦA THÂN NÃO GIAN NÃO, ĐOAN NÃO, MÀNG NÃO VÀ MẠCH MÁU

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Rễ trước TK gai

Rễ sau TK gai

Ống trung tâm

Bó thon

Bó chêm

Vách sau trong

Chất xám trung gian Sừng bên

Sừng trước

Mép trắng Chất trung gian trung tâm

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Chất xám trung tâm

Cống não Mảnh sing tư

Phần trần Cầu não Nhân đỏ Chất đen Tháp hành Cuống đại não

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Lồi não trên

Cấu tạo lưới

Chất đen

Bắt chéo của cuống tiểu não trên

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Sợi cầu ngang

Bó vỏ gai

(tháp)

Cuống tiểu não dưới Cuống tiểu não trên

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Bắt chéo tháp Đường dẫn truyền gai tiểu não không bắt chéo

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Vùng cảm giác cơ

thể

Liềm trong

Vành tia

Bao trong

Nhân bèo

Sợi vỏ nhân đến các TK sọ

Liềm gai

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VAGUS NERVE TK X Nhân hoài nghi

Nhân lưng của TK X

Nhân bọt dưới

Nhân gai của dây V

Nhân đơn độc

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GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE

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FACIAL NERVE

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XI

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THE FLOOR OF 4TH VENTRICLE

- Conductor sonorus

- Locus caeruleus

- Fovea superior

- Sulcus limitans

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TRIGEMINAL NERVE

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C1 SPINAL CORD

Identify:

Fasciculus Gracilis (FG)

Fasciculus Cuneatus (FC)

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract (DSCT)

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract (VSCT)

Spinothalamic Tract (STT; also called Anterolateral System)

Corticospinal Tracts (CST for lateral, CSTa for anterior)

Rubrospinal Tract (RST)

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)

Tectospinal Tract (TST)

Reticulo- and Vestibulospinal Tracts (Rt+VST)

Hypothalamic Autonomic Tract (HAT)

Note:

The enlarged Substantia Gelatinosa (SG) of the dorsal horn is a caudal extension of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus (SpTN) The Spinal Trigeminal Tract (SpTTr) is located superficially to the nucleus and is made up of primary trigeminal afferent fibers which entered the brainstem in the Pons and have descended to this level

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SPINAL CORD

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central gray matter med longitudial fas.

med lat vestibulospinal tr.

somas of the paramedian of reti forma.

medullary reticulospinal tr central autonomic path.

SPINOMEDULLARY J.

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PYRAMIDAL DECUSSATION

Identify:

Fasciculus Gracilis (FG) and Nucleus Gracilis (NG)

Fasciculus Cuneatus (FC)& Nucleus Cuneatus (NC)

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus and Tract (SpTN, SpTTr)

Dorsal and Ventral Spinocerebellar Tracts (DSCT, VSCT)

Spinothalamic Tract (STT)

Reticulo- and Vestibulospinal Tracts (Rt+VST)

Hypothalamo-Autonomic Tract (HAT)

Solitary Nucleus (SN)

Note:

The Pyramidal tract fibers arise in cerebral cortex, descend to the lower medulla, and cross here to the contralateral spinal cord where they form the Corticospinal Tract Although the internal features at this level are similar to those in the spinal cord, some changes, particularly in the arrangement of the gray matter, have taken place

As mentioned previously, the Dorsal Horn is now related primarily to the trigeminal nerve and is called the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus This nucleus is a rostral continuation

of the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord; the actual transition occurs at the lower levels of C2-3, below which the substantia gelatinosa becomes much smaller

The medulla retains an oval outline, but notice that the groove of the Posterior

Intermediate Sulcus between the Cuneate and Gracile Fasciculi is now deeper and that the Nucleus Gracilis and Nucleus Cuneatus are now present

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ACCESSORY NERVE

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HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE

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MID MEDULLA OBLONGATA

sensory decussation

gracile tr.

cuneate tr.

cuneate n gracile n.

internal arcuate fiber medial lemniscus

somas of the paramedian of reti forma.

dorsal n.of vagus

MLF

DLF

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UPPER PART OF MEDULLA OBLONGATA

med inf vestibular n

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VESTIBULAR NERVE

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SENSORY DECUSSATION

Identify:

Nucleus Gracilis and Cuneatus (NG, NC)

Lateral Cuneate Nucleus (LCN)

Hypoglossal Nucleus (12) and Nerve Fibers

Dorsal Motor Nucleus (DMN) of the Vagus

Solitary Nucleus (SN)

Dorsal & Ventral Spinocerebellar Tracts (DSCT, VSCT)

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus and Tract (SPTT, SPTN)

Inferior Olivary Complex (PO, MAO, DAO)

Lateral Reticular Nucleus (LRN)

The Solitary Tract and its surrounding pale staining Nucleus (SN) function in the

processing of visceral and sensory information that is carried into the brain by the

Vagus (X), Glossopharyngeal (IX), and Facial (VII) nerves

The neurons of the Inferior Olivary Complex (Principal Olive (PO), Medial Accessory Olive (MAO), and Dorsal Accessory Olive (DAO) give rise to axons which cross the

midline and course to their destination in the contralateral Cerebellum via the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

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Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus & Tract (SpTN, SpTTr)

Principal Olive (PO), Dorsal(DAO), (MAO)

Medial and Spinal Vestibular Nuclei (MVN, SpVN)

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (ICP)

Hypoglossal Nuclei (12)

Dorsal Motor Nucleus (DMN)

Solitary Tract and Nucleus (SN)

Nucleus Ambiguus (NA)

Dorsal and Ventral Spinocerebellar Tracts (DSCT, VSCT)

The Vagus Nerve is associated with four nuclei:

Dorsal Motor Nuclei - GVE

Nucleus Ambiguus - SVE (brachial arch muscles)

Solitary Nucleus - GVE (majority) and SVA (some taste buds)

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus - GSA (portion of external ear)

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VAGUS NERVE 2

Identify:

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus and Tract (SpTN, SpTTr)

Medial and Spinal Vestibular Nuclei (MVN, SpVN)

Lateral Cuneate Nucleus (LCN)

Hypoglossal Nuclei (12)

Dorsal Motor Nucleus (DMN)

Solitary Tract and Nucleus (ST, SN)

Nucleus Ambiguus (NA)

Reticular Formation (RF)

Note:

The Nucleus Ambiguus can be seen as a small cluster of red-stained neurons located

ventrolaterally in the reticular formation (RF) The NA provides SVE innervation to branchial arch derived muscles of the pharynx and larynx, In addition, like the Dorsal Motor Nucleus, it also provides some preganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) innervation

to the heart

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Medial Vestibular Nucleus (MVN)

Spinal Vestibular Nucleus (SpVN)

Spinal Trigeminal Tract and Nucleus (SpTTr, SpTN)

Solitary Tract and Nucleus (SN)

Principal Olive (PO)

Central Tegmental Tract (CTT)

Facial Motor Nucleus (7)

Nucleus Prepositus (NPrep)

Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear Nuclei (DCN, VCN)

Another "misplaced piece" of Pontine Gray is the Arcuate Nucleus Like the Pontine

Gray, it receives projections from the cerebral cortex and sends efferents to the

cerebellum These efferents run vertically up the midline and then course laterally

across the floor of the 4th ventricle as the Striae Medullares of the 4th Ventricle

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THE LOWEST FOUR CRANIAL NERVE

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PONTOMEDULLARY J.

pyramidal tr.

transverse f.

cochlear ner ventral cochlear n

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GENU OF FACIAL NERVE-PONS

Identify:

Basilar Pons and Pontine Gray (PG)

Corticospinal Tract fibers (CST)

Facial Motor Nucleus (7) and Genu of the Facial Nerve

Abducens Nucleus (6) and Abducens Nerve Fibers

Facial Colliculus

Spinal Trigeminal Tract and Nucleus (SpT)

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Tract and Nucleus (MesT)

Superior Vestibular Nucleus (SVN)

synapse in the Superior Olive

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COCHLEAR NERVE

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paramedian of reti form.

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FACIAL NERVE

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GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE

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motor n of V

motor root of V MLF

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TRIGEMINAL NERVE 2-PONS

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) Trigeminal Motor Nucleus (5)

Principal Trigeminal Nucleus (P)

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TRIGEMINAL NERVE 3-PONS

Identify:

Trigeminal Nerve Root

Principal Sensory Trigeminal Nucleus

Motor Trigeminal Nucleus, 5

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

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ISTHMUS 1-PONS

Identify:

Pontine Gray (PG)

Corticospinal Tract fibers (CST)

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (MCP)

Medial Lemniscus (ML)

Lateral Lemniscus (LL)

Hypothalamo-Autonomic Tradt (HAT)

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (SCP)

Raphe nucleus (R, 5HT)

Locus Ceruleus (LC, NA)

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus (MesT)

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF, just below PAG) Decussation of Trochlear Nerve (4DX)

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Lateral Lemniscus (LL)

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (SCP)

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Tract (MesT)

Locus Ceruleus (LC, noradrenergic (NA) neurons)

Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DR)

Superior Central Raphe Nucleus (SCR)

Decussation of the Trochlear Nerves (4DX)

Note:

This is a high power view of the previous slide

The darkly staining, pigmented cells of the Locus Ceruleus (LC) have widespread noradrenergic (NA) projections

The Dorsal Raphe (DR)and Superior Central Raphe (SCR) Nuclei have widespread

serotonergic (5HT) projections

The Trochlear Nuclei lie rostral to the level of the Trochlear Decussation

ISTHMUS 2-PONS

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LOWER MIDBRAIN

cerebral aqueduct PAG

compact part (dopaminergic neurons)

reticular part (GABAergic neurons) substantia nigra

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The Inferior Colliculus is a major element of the auditory system

Note the course of the 4th nerve fibers from the nucleus to where they exit the brainstem

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UPPER MIDBRAIN

PAG

compact part (dopaminergic neurons)

reticular part (GABAergic neurons)

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Edinger-Westphal Nucleus of 3 (EWN)

Note:

The Superior Colliculus is extremely important in controlling eye-head movements in

orienting to a variety of stimuli Its output pathway, the Tectospinal Tract, has been

located on many previous sections

The Brachium of the Inferior Colliculus projects from the Inferior Colliculus to the Medial Geniculate Body of the Thalamus located more rostrally

The Crus Cerebri can be divided into thirds such that the medial 1/3 contains the

frontopontine fibers, the middle 1/3 contains the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers, and the lateral 1/3 contains the parietopontine, occipitopontine, and temporopontine

fibers

The Substantia Nigra (SN) is a component of the Basal Ganglia and provides the

dopaminergic innervation of the Caudate and Putamen that is deficient in Parkinson's Disease

The Superior Cerebellar Peduncles have finished decussating and are continuing on their course to more rostral structures such as the red nucleus and ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamu (VL)

The Cerebral Peduncle includes both the Crus Cerebri and the Substantia Nigra

SUPERIOR COLLICULUS-MIDBRAIN

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Oculomotor Nerve Fibers exiting the brainstem in the Interpeduncular Fossa

Interstitial Nucleus Of Cajal (INC)

Hypothalamo-Autonomic Tract

Note:

The Red Nucleus gives rise to the Rubrospinal Tract and is a major termination region for the Superior Cerebellar Peduncles

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OCULAR MOTOR NERVES

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MIDBRAIN-THALAMIC J.

thalamus pineal gland

medial forebrain bundle

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Collectively, these gray matter areas enclose

the third ventricle

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Diencephalon and Brain Stem

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DIENCEPHALON

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Contains four groups of nuclei - anterior , ventral ,

dorsal, and posterior - project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex

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Thalamus

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DIENCEPHALON

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Thalamus – “gateway” to the cerbral cortex

1.Afferent impulses from all senses converge and synapse in the thalamus

2.Impulses of similar function are sorted out,

“edited”, and relayed as a group to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex or association areas

3.All inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus

4.Plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

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Below the thalamus, it caps the brainstem and

forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle

Mammillary bodies - small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus - relay stations for olfactory pathways

Infundibulum – stalk of the hypothalamus

connecting to the pituitary gland

Main visceral control center of the body, important to overall body homeostasis

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Hypothalamic Nuclei

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DIENCEPHALON

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Hypothalamic Function

1.Regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat ,

size , and many other visceral activities

2.Center for emotional response - involved in perception

of pleasure, fear, rage

3.Regulates body temperature – the body’s “thermostat”

4.Regulates food intake - feelings of hunger and satiety

5.Regulates sleep-wake cycle

Regulates ANS by controlling activity of centers

in brains stem and spinal cord

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Endocrine Functions of the Hypothalamus

1.Releasing hormones control the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary

2.Stimulates ADH release from the posterior pituitary

3.Anti-diuretic hormone- causes kidneys to retain water

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Choroid plexus – a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) [all ventricles have a choroid plexus]

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DIENCEPHALON

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TRANSITION TO DIENCEPHALON

Identify:

Decussation of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncles (SCPDX)

Optic Radiations (OR)

Pulvinar nucleus of thalamus (PUL)

Pineal Gland (PIN)

Stria Terminalis

Note:

The Optic Radiations are projections from the Lateral Geniculate Body of the Thalamus to the Visual Cortex

The Fornix is continuous with the Alveus of the Hippocampus

The Stria Terminalis is a tract connecting the Amygdala in the temporal lobe with the Hypothalamus

The Caudate Nucleus and the Stria terminalis follow the shape of the ventricles from the temporal lobe to the frontal lobe

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Superior Cerebellar Peduncles (SCP)

Central tegmental tract (CTT)

Pineal Gland (PIN)

Lateral Geniculate Body (LG)

Fimbria of the Fornix (Fi)

Choroid Plexus in Temporal Horn of Lateral Ventricle (CPinTH) Body of Lateral Ventricle (LV)

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Optic Tract (OT)

Pulvinar (PUL)

Note:

On the right side the dorsal thalamus is

represented by the Pulvinar On the left side three general thalamic cell groups may be recognized The Pulvinar is still present

dorsally Ventrolaterally, the ventral tier thalamic nuclei are appearing; at this level, these include the Ventral Posterolateral

Nucleus (VPL) and the caudal end of the Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus (VPM)

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VPL-VPM 2

Choroid Plexus in roof of third ventricle (CP)

Posterior Commissure (PC)

Thalamic Reticular Nucleus (R)

Internal Capsule (IC)

Centromedian Nucleus (CM)

Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus of the Thalamus (VPL)

Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus of the Thalamus (VPM)

Optic Tract (OT)

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Habenulointerpeduncular Tract (HIP)

Interpeduncular Nucleus (IN)

Crus Cerebri

Substantia Nigra (SN)

Reticular Nucleus (R)

Internal Capsule (IC)

Zona Incerta (ZI)

Body of Caudate (C)

Stria Terminalis (ST)

Hippocampus

Alveus (Al)

Fimbria of Fornix (Fi)

Choroid Plexus in Temporal Horn of Lateral Ventricle (CPinTH)

Optic Tracts (OT)

Lateral Geniculate (LG)

Medial Lemniscus (ML) and Superior Cerebellar Peduncle fibers (SCP)

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