Phương thức dịch thuật ngữ tiếng anh trong đấu thầu sang tiếng việt

Phương thức dịch thuật ngữ tiếng anh trong đấu thầu sang tiếng việt Phương thức dịch thuật ngữ tiếng anh trong đấu thầu sang tiếng việt Phương thức dịch thuật ngữ tiếng anh trong đấu thầu sang tiếng việt luận văn tốt nghiệp,luận văn thạc sĩ, luận văn cao học, luận văn đại học, luận án tiến sĩ, đồ án tốt nghiệp luận văn tốt nghiệp,luận văn thạc sĩ, luận văn cao học, luận văn đại học, luận án tiến sĩ, đồ án tốt nghiệp

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FALCULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

PHƯƠNG THỨC DỊCH THUẬT NGỮ TIẾNG ANH

TRONG ĐẤU THẦU SANG TIẾNG VIỆT

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: PGS.TS Nguyễn Xuân Thơm Sinh viên: Bùi Thị Như

Khóa: QH2009

Hà Nội, tháng 5 - 201

ACCEPTANCE

I hereby state that I: Bui Thi Nhu, student of QH09E25, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating

to the retention and use of Bachelor‟s Graduation Paper deposited in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Signature

Bui Thi Nhu

Date: 29.04.2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the completion of this paper, I own my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Nguyễn Xuân Thơm for his valuable suggestions, comments, correction and encouragement, without his helps, this research would not has been done

I would like to express my deep thanks to all lecturers of the Division for Translator and Interpreter Training for providing me essential translation theor ies and translation backgrounds which have helped much in my process of completing this paper

Besides, I also want to give my thanks to librarians at the Library and Information Center in Vietnam National University, Ha Noi, for their supports in searching referential materials

Finally, I take this opportunity to convey my special appreciation to my classmates for their help during the development of the study and my family for their enthusiastic and uncourageous support in completing this paper

ABSTRACT

This paper tries to shed some light on English-Vietnamese translation of procurement terminologies in relating documents such as procurement documents, procurement guidelines by Asian Development Bank and Vietnam's Law on procurement issued in 2005 by the Government of Vietnam

The study first gives theoretical background about translation including its definition, translation procedures and definition of terminology The main goal of this study is to find out the common translation procedures applied in translating English procurement terms into Vietnamese and what is the most dominant one Besides, this paper also goes further into definition and character of terminologie s and procurement

to give background knowledge about these ones before having deeper analysis about procurement terminologies Both qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in this study The result points out that there are five translation procedures including borrowing, calque, transposition, equivalence and modulation are applied in Vietnamese-English translation of procurement terminologies and transposition is the most dominant procedure

A detail investigation and analysis about English-Vietnamese translation procedures of procurement terminologies and suggestions for each of translation procedures have been carried out Although there is some limitations remaining in this study, researcher hopes that findings of the study can be helpful for students, translators and others relating to procurement fields

LIST OF TABLES AND FIRGURES

Table 3.1.1 Procurement terms translated by borrowing translation

Table 3.2 Quantity and percentage of translation procedures found

in English-Vietnamese translation of Procurement Terminologies

36

Figure 3.2 Percentage of translation procedures used in

English-Vietnamese translation of Procurement Terminologies

36

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……… i

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION iii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIRURES iv

PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Scope of the study 2

1.3 Expected outcomes and contribution of the study 3

1.4 Significance of the study 3

1.5 Objectives 4

1.6 Research questions 4

1.7 The structure of the study 4

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY 6

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

1.1 Translation theory 6

1.1.1 Definition of translation 6

1.1.2 Translation procedures 7

1.1.2.1 Borrowing 8

1.1.2.2 Calque 9

1.1.2.3 Literal translation 10

1.1.2.4 Transposition or Shift 11

1.1.2.5 Modulation 12

1.1.2.6 Equivalence 13

1.1.2.7 Adaptation 14

1.2 An overview of terminology 14

1.2.1 Definition of terminology 14

1.2.2 The importance of terminology translation 15

1.3 An overview of procurement and procurement terminology 16

1.3.1 Definition of procurement 16

1.3.2 Significant roles of procurement and procurement in Vietnam 16

1.4 Review of the previous studies 18

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20

2.1 Selection of samples 20

2.2 Procedures of data collection 20

2.3 Procedures of data analysis 20

CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISSCUSSIONS 23

3.1 Data analysis 23

3.2 Findings 35

3.3 Discussions 37

3.2.1 Suggestion for borrowing 39

3.2.2 Suggestion for calque 40

3.2.3 Suggestion for transposition 40

3.2.4 Suggestion for equivalence 41

3.2.5 Suggestion for modulation 41

PART 3: CONCLUSION 43

3.1 Brief overview of the study 43

3.2 Limitations of the study 44

3.3 Suggestions for the further studies 45Reference List

Appendices

Up to now, procurement activity has been applied in Vietnam for more than ten years and become more and more popular Therefore, the demand for translation of procurement documents is also greater Not only translators but also other workers in different positions are keen on procurement basic knowledge as well as terminologies used in this field Why are they keen on those terminologies? The simple reason is that many people have a good English ability but not many of them, even students majoring

in translation and interpretation or economics are good at translating them Therefore,

it is difficult for them to deal with procurement documents while the necessity of accuracy and naturalness in translating this kind of document is very important In addition, the quality of translation relates to the huge benefits of clients who ask to translate their works because a decisive factor for bid award is contents of the bid invitation documents When those contents are approved, client‟s opportunity to win in

a bid significantly depends on the accuracy of the translated bidding documents and appropriateness between the source language and the target language Whether they can win or not in a project depends a lot in language style and power of language used

in document, especially the accuracy of all related terminologies in procurement documents

Also, translation is a tough job, which not only requires a general foreign language competency but also requires knowledge in different fields As a student majoring in translation and interpretation, the researcher found out that it is very

important for a translator to have basic knowledge about terminologies used in specific fields After learning about different areas which translation companies or organizations often deal, she drew a point that procurement document translation is one

of the most popular types of document which is essential for the effectiveness of procurement projects and the demand for this kind of document translation is very huge Can a firm award the tender if its partners do not understand or misunderstand the content of the bidding document? The content of procurement document is one of the important things that decide document of one‟s firm to be awarded or not

Those above are the main reasons why “Procedures for translating English procurement terminologies into Vietnamese” is chosen as the researcher‟s graduation paper with a hope that she herself can have a better understanding about this field and

it will be helpful for translators, students and relating readers

The main purpose of this paper is to find out translation procedures used in English-Vietnamese translation of procurement terminologies as well as the most dominant one and give some suggestions in dealing with terminology in procurement document translation

1.2 Scope of the study

Due to time limitation, resources, and the length of this study, the researcher mainly focuses on terms extracted from procurement documents, Vietnam‟s Law on Procurement and ADB Procurement Guidelines Also, the study cannot cover all of terminologies in those sources, so only typical terms with high frequency of existence

in procurement document are selected to find out what translation procedures are used

in them and which is the dominant procedure in translating procurement terms The extracted samples will be classified into different categories for further analysis

1.3 Expected outcomes and contribution of the study

In general, this research, if carried out successfully can be helpful for translators, students as well as workers related to procurement documents

As for students, this paper can help them to get common terms used in procurement easily, even students majoring in economics with limited English ability From that base, they are able to grasp different sources o f procurement knowledge and then build a firm foundation for them before getting access to work after graduation

As for translators, the identified strategies and procedures might facilitate their understanding and translation of English procurement terminologies Therefore, they can have a better translation of procurement documents

1.4 Significance of the study

This study covers both theoretical and practical significances Theoretically, this paper can be useful for students majoring in translation to broaden their knowledge about both translation and procurement Practically, this study can be favorable for translators and those working related to procurement in practicing their translation and increasing their vocabulary about procurement terms

Conducting research on translation of English terminologies into Vietnamese is not a new approach; however, studying on specific field as procurement is rare which can contribute to building a set of terminology for translators as well as others working

in this field In reality, the glossary can be used for translating procurement; however,

it takes time and translators sometimes are not able to use them in a convenient way Therefore, this study aims at finding out translation procedures using in translating those terms and suggesting suitable procedures to deal with terms in translating procurement Basing a fact that procurement translation has been paid undue attention,

it is hoped that this paper can narrow the gaps in previous researches and more helpf ul for not only translators but also students and those working related to studied issue

1.5 Objectives

The aims of analysis in this study are formulated as follow:

1 To find out and analyze kinds of translation procedures found in the Vietnamese translation of procurement terminologies

English-2 To find out the most dominant type of translation procedure found in English-Vietnamese translation of procurement terminologies

3 To give suggestions for using each types of translation procedures by Vinay and Darbelnet which are applied in translation of procurement terminologies

1.6 Research questions

The study is designed to examine:

1 What are common kinds of translation procedures found in the Vietnamese translation of procurement terminologies?

2 What is the most dominant translation procedure found in Vietnamese translation of procurement terminologies?

English-1.7 The structure of the study

The study is divided into three parts as follow:

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

To support the ideas of this paper, the researcher has consulted some references concerned with the topic to support analysis This section gives an overview of general literature on the nature of terminology, as a language for specific purposes here is procurement as well as procurement terms Previous studies on relating issues are illustrated both in strong points and weak points, particularly, what they did and what are paid undue attentions in their researches From those reasons, the researcher can fill those gaps in this study called “Procedures for translating English procurement terminologies into Vietnamese”

1.1.1 Definition of translation

Globalization has increased the speed of international trade and business which makes translation become more and more important in our life When the whole globe has come together thanks to information sharing and technological advance s, it is evident that the constant demand for translation becomes greater and translation plays a more important role in the performance of international companies and governments Various theories and views on translation have been given in the last decades According to Dubois, translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences (1973)

Hartman and Stork considered translation as the replace of a representation of a text in one language by as equivalent text in a second language (1972, p 713)

Often though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the same way that the author intends to the text (Newmark, 1995, p.5)

Nida (1959) regards translation consist of producing in the target language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly with respect of the meaning and secondly with respect to style

1.1.2 Translation procedures

Translation is not merely an interlinguistic process It might be understood as a tool of textual analysis that represents a process of searching for notable semantic and formal relations arising between the original and the target text It is also a way of acting or progressing course of action, especially an established method In Newmark‟s view, the difference between translation method and translation procedures is that while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedur es are used for sentences and the smaller units of language (1988)

In contrast to translation strategies (the translators‟ global approach or plan of action on a given text, according to their intention), translation procedures are used for smaller units of language within that text

According to Delisle, translation procedures are methods applied by translator when they formulate equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT)

Newmark (1988) mentioned the difference between translation methods and translation procedures He writes that, "while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81)

Gallagher (1996, p 31) stated that translation procedures are technical devices used to transfer meaning of a text in one language into a text in another language” that is:

- Adding structural or lexical elements to those presser in SL or subtracting from them

- Eliminating elements that are obligatory in the SL but unnecessary in the TL or with no counterpart in TL

- And where disparity between the two media goes beyond language patterns, adapting the content of the message so that the TL text is as close as possible to the SL text and create a similar impact

In the book namely “Introducing Translation Studies by Jeremy Mumday”, Mumday listed the two general translation strategies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000, p 84) are: direct or literal translation procedure and oblique translation procedure Direct translation procedures are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source languages can be transposed into target language This translation procedure consists of borrowing, calque and literal translation Oblique translations are employed when the structure or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistic elements of the target language It consists of transposi tion, modulation, equivalence and adaptation

Direct translation procedures cover three:

1.1.2.1 Borrowing

The SL word is transferred directly to the TL This procedure is used when the

TL has no equivalent for the SL unit On such occasion, the translator has to use the SL words in the TL For examples:

Haugen (1972, p 74) classifies three types of loans:

1 Pure Loan Words: show morphemic importation without morphemic substitution Any morphemic importation can be further classified according to the degree of its phonemic substitution: non, partial or complete

TV, Taxi, scandal

2 Loan Blends: show morphemic substitution as well as importation A loan blend

is partly imported and partly substituted

Taxi driver => Tài xế taxi

3 Loan Shift: show morphemic substitution without importation These include what are usually called loan translation and semantic shift

TL but remained grammar structural form

Calque is often applied to common collocation, names of organization, and components of compound

Calque is easily found in common collocations as:

Strong point => Điểm mạnh

White meat => Thịt trắng (gà, thỏ, bê lợn)

Names of organizations:

World Trade Organization => Tổ chức thương mại thế giới

Association of South-East Asian Nations => Hi p hội c c nước Đông Nam Á

In Sino-Vietnamese words, the orders of compound words translated from English

to Vietnamese are not changed:

Trading port => Thương khẩu

Total productivity => Tổng sản lượng

„unacceptable‟ because it:

(a) Gives a different meaning

(b) Has no meaning

(c) Is impossible for structural reason;

(d) „does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience

of the TL;

(e) Corresponds to do something at a different level of language

For cases where literal translation is not possible, Vinay and Darbelnet say that the strategy of oblique translation must be used This covers a further four procedures:

1.1.2.4 Transposition or Shift

Transposition means the replacing of one word-class by another without changing the meaning of the message This is a change of one part of the speech to another without changing the sense Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p 94) see transposition as „probably the most common structural change undertaken by translator‟ Translation of a source language expression/text into a target language expression which involve change in grammatical structure or in word class “Shifts” is the term proposed by Catford, whereas “transpositions” by Vinay Darbelnet is the procedure which is applied when the translation involves a change in grammar from SL

to TL There are more than 10 types of transposition as follow:

Single word is transposed into compound word: quicksand => vùng cát lún

Single word is transposed into syntactic group: Outbreaker => người kích động bạo lực Transposition belongs to two principle classes:

The replacement of one grammatical form by another grammatical form which includes:

Class-shift:

Noun => Verb; Noun => Adjective; Noun => Adverb;

Verb => Noun; Verb => Adjective; Noun => Adverb

Adjective => Noun; Adjective => Verb; Adjective => Adverb

Adverb=> Noun; Adverb=> Adj; Adverb => Verb

Unit shift:

Word => Phrase; Word => Clause

Phrase => Word; Phrase=> Clause

Clause => Word; Clause => Phrase

Structure shift:

Dominant => Subordinate

Subordinate => Dominant

Internal Shift:

Active voice => Passive Voice

Transitive verb => Intransitive Verb

Comparative => Superlative

Noun attribute => Verb Attribute

Plural => Singular

1.1.2.5 Modulation

Modulation is a procedure that is justified, in the words of the English edition,

„when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL (2000,

p 89) It is also a change of viewpoint or substantial conceptual concept in the translation, for instance, using the name of a category for a specific member of the category, using a part of the whole (or vice versa), active for passive, changing polarity ect Vinay and Darbelnet (1965) give several types of modulation as follow:

Abstract for concrete: Grand piano= > Piano cánh ; Big bang => Vụ nổ tạo ra vũ trụ Concrete for abstract: dead letter => thư không ai nhận

Horse-trading => sự mặc cả tinh khôn ; Red-letter day: ngày vui, ngày đ ng nhớ vì có nhiều chuy n tốt lành

One part for another: hand-to-mouth: làm ngày nào xào ngày nấy ,

Teething troubles => Nh ng vấn đề nhỏ xảy ra vào c c giai đoạn đầu c a một cuộc kinh doanh

Reversal of terms: mistake => ngộ nhận , sooner or later => chẳng chóng thì chầy

Change of symbols (transpose from one metaphor to another metaphor):

Brainchild => con đẻ c a trí tu

Leg work => công vi c đòi hỏi tới lui nhiều

Practically, Vinay and Darbelnet‟s classification is not totally convincing but the types

of modulation procedure are useful in technical translation

1.1.2.6 Equivalence

Vinay and Darbelnet use this term (2000: 90) to refer to cases where languages described the same situation by different stylistic or structural means Equivalence is particularly useful in translating idiom, proverbs, sayings and the combination of nouns

or adjectives as follow:

Strong language Lời lẽ thô tục

Hot and bothered (idiom) Bồn chồn, lo lắng

Left-handed marriage Cuộc hôn nhân c a người qu tộc với người đàn bà bình dân

1.1.2.7 Adaptation

This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture According to Vinay and Darbelnet, in English culture, it is acceptable for a father to kiss on his daughter‟s mouth, however, it

is unacceptable in French culture Therefore when translating “he kissed his daughter

on the mouth”, the French translator has to make it into ““il serra tendrement sa fille dans ses bra” (“he tenderly embraced his daughter in his arms”: ông ta âu yếm ôm cô

g i con c a mình Another example for adaptation is that “economic tiger” should be translated as “con rồng kinh tế” instead of “ con hổ kinh tế” because “dragon” is the symbol of power in oriental culture Adaptation is often used in the title translation of films, novels or plays such as:

Floating lives: C nh đồng bất tận (film)

The Godfather: Bố già (Novel)

of a particular Also, Thien Giap Nguyen (1986, p 223) defined terminology is a part

of special words of language; it consists of certain words and phrases that are the exact names of a variety of concepts, which belongs to the professional fields

Baker (1998, p 261) indicated that terms differ from words in that they are endowed with a special forms of reference, namely that they refer to discrete

conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations which constitute the knowledge space of a particular subject field

From these above definitions, it can be easily seen that terminology is language for specific purposes with typical features that means before translating terms, translators have to understand its characteristics to find out suitable way to translate them

1.2.2 The importance of terminology translation

General translation is not as easy as many people still think Some says that only

by knowing two languages, he or she can translate well but it is not the case There are many methods and procedures that a translator has to learn to successfully deal with the text, especially specialized documents In order to translate specialized texts, the translator must have background knowledge about that field as well as master its terminologies In Newmark‟s view (1995), although terminologies only account for 5

to 10 percentages of words in text, it is very important to decide the accuracy and naturalness of a translation Besides, if we want to be able to translate specialized texts, the following requirements should be met:

1 We must be aware of the conceptual organization of the area in both languages

2 We should know the terminology used by specialists (in both languages) and understand how it is used in the TL (word order, collocations, specific grammar rule, ect.)

3 We have to be capable of finding solutions for terminology gaps in TL

4 We need to be able to choose the best translation solution when there is mo re than one equivalent available in the TL

5 We must learn to identify good and reliable terminological resources and use them correctly

1.3 An overview of procurement and procurement terminology

1.3.1 Definition of procurement

Procurement is a term which appeared in society a long time ago According to Vietnamese Dictionary (1998), procurement is “directly competing, who undertakes to implement or sell with the best conditions will be assigned to in the form of assigning project or buying goods)” (đọ công khai, ai nhận làm, nhận b n với điều ki n tốt nhất thì được giao cho làm hoặc được b n hàng, một phương thức giao làm công trình hoặc mua hàng) Basing on this definition, the nature of procurement is accepted as a competition to conduct a requirement or work

In Vietnam‟s Law on Procurement (2005), procurement is defined as “the process of selecting a contractor who satisfies the requirements set by the party calling for tenders in order to implement a tender package belonging to a project stimulated in the article of this Law, on the basic of ensuring competitiveness, fairness, transparency and other capital funds manages by the States”

1.3.2 Significant roles of procurement and procurement in Vietnam

Until recently, procurement has taken on greater importance and crept into every aspects of management In international business environment, the ability to purchase goods with the lowest prices and the best quality has become more critical than ever for all kind of organizations, agencies and even countries, including Vietnam

Before mentioning the significant roles of procurement, there are two key terms should be thoroughly understood including: bidding or tendering and procurement According to Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2005), those above terms are defined as follow:

- Bidding is the offering of particular prices for something, especially at an auction

- Tendering is an offer to carry out work, supply goods, or buy land, shares, or another asset at a stated fixed price

- Procurement is the action of obtaining or procuring something

In reality, all of these three terms can be translated into Vietnamese as “đấu thầu” and there is no difference between Law on Procurement and Law on Tendering

as well as bidding documents and procurement documents in recent documents

In Vietnam, there is some inconsistence in the understanding of “bidding” or

“tendering” and “procurement” In term of usage, “tendering” and “procurement” can

be interchanged with the Vietnamese meaning as “đấu thầu” “Procurement” replaces

“tendering” to meet the common use of „procurement” term in many countries and organizations in the world In Vietnamese documents, “đấu thầu” is still remained; however, in English documents, “procurement” is used instead of “bidding” or

“tendering” Vietnam law on Tendering which is issued in 2005 was renamed as Vietnam Law on Procurement The main reason for this change is to accord with present international rules on procurement as in 1994 - UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services, Government Procurement Agreement (Agreement on Government Procurement - GPA) of the World Trade Organization – WTO and Procurement Law (Law on Public Procurement Law or Public Procurement) consists of a series of countries: Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Moldova, Romania, Poland, India, Canada, UK, France, Netherlands, Norway, USA, Hungary, Indonesia, ect

Procurement is defined as the process of acquiring resources from outside suppliers In this sense, procurement activities are very critical to all organization units,

from firms to firms, organizations and government Since the Doi Moi, Vietnam‟s economy has been open and procurement becomes more and more popular Procurement is the business management function that ensures identification, sourcing, access and management of the external resources that an organization needs or may need to fulfill its strategic objectives

Because of the indispensable role of procurement in the deeper and greater integration of Vietnam into the globalization, the requirements of knowledge and experience about procurement are essential for relating people, especially, translator more than ever This can ensure the accuracy and naturalness in translation of procurement documents

In his study namely “On the Stylistic Features of Bidding and Tender Documents” (2011), Chelsea, based on the analysis of typical examples, mentioned there features of procurement documents which are: Accuracy, conventionality and

rigor In his opinion, when translating bidding and tender documents, we should try our

best to make the language as accurate as possible He found out that in bidding and tender documents, pronouns are mostly forbidden; this is for the accuracy and precision and avoidance of any possible ambiguity As pronouns have ambiguous meaning The technical meaning of words in documents has often stabilized, clarified, single and precise However, this study only focus on the stylistic features of bidding documents,

it could not cover specific characteristics of procurement terms as well as how to translate them basing on those features

Another study on procurement terms was conducted by Nguyen Thi Ha (2009)

In her study, she collected procurement terms from bidding documents to find out suitable strategies to deal with terminologies One good point of her study is that she divided procurement terms into various groups and then finds out suitable strategies

applied to translate those terms However, the suggestions given for better translation was not useful in term of practical aims Although she listed out translation methods and equivalence in procurement terms, her suggestions for successful dealing with those terms were not clear She spent her chapter 2 called “some strategies applied to translate procurement terms from English into Vietnamese” but in the chapter of literature review she just mentioned translation methods by Peter Newmark and types

of equivalence without giving any distinguishing between translation procurements and translation methods

Although the previous studies on translation of procurement terms are not many

in Vietnam, it is still hoped that basing on the above gaps in previous studies, this paper will work more on procurement terminologies exacted from different above sources and classified them into different groups basing on the translation procedures applied in translating them From calculation results, researcher can find out what translation procedure is the most dominant in procurement terms and then give some suggestions for translators to deal with them without using any source of glossary of those terms

In a nutshell, this chapter provides basic review on translation theories and procurement background knowledge Particularly, it mentions seven translation procedures by Vinay and Darbelnet (1998) which help for qualitative and quantitative procedure mentioned in the follow part of research methodology

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In the limited sources of data and time, samples are collected from procurement documents including: Vietnam‟s Law on Procurement, Guidelines on Procurement of ADB and procurement documents

To ensure the accuracy and update of Vietnamese meaning of translation sample s, the most updated version of above-mentioned document are used for the process of extracting terminologies for further analysis

In the small scope of this study, the collection of data only bases on the analysis and synthesis of the data Within this narrow scale, the study is only hoped to cover the translation samples of procurement terminologies that appear frequently in procurement documents

The data is collected from three different sources, which are bidding documents, Vietnam‟s Law on Procurement and ADB Procurement Guideline Those terminologies are extracted and classified into different groups basing on qualitative analysis in which those terms belongs to the same translation procedure are collected together for further analysis

Both qualitative method (content analysis) and quantitative method (statistical analysis) are applied in analyzing the data For qualitative method, procurement terms from mentioned sources are examined to find out translation procedures used in translating them before dividing them into specific categories The terminologies applied the same translation procedure are listed into the one group Basing on this

process, the researcher can find out what translation procedures are used in translation

of procurement terminologies Quantitative method is deployed for counting the number of existences of translation procedures used in those terms

Qualitative procedure

Step 1: English procurement terms and their Vietnamese translations are

classified into categories basing on the translation procedures applied in translating them

Step 2: A thorough comparison between sources terms and translated ones are

conducted to find out what translation procedures are used in translating them After listing all necessary terminologies, each term with their Vietnamese equivalent is analyzed to find out what translation procedure is applied in translating them Once each listed terminology is categorized into different translation procedure, the quantitative method is applied

Quantitative procedure

Step 1: Translation procedures discovered in qualitative analysis are categorized

into different categories before being calculated

Step 2: The number of their existence in studied documents are counted basing

on the total number of sample Quantitative method is used to find out the percentage

of the most dominant types of translation procedures, this paper will apply the following formula:

X x 100% = P

T

Where: X = number of data in specified type of translation procedure

T = Total number of data

P = Percentage of each type of translation procedure in the data

The data analysis is presented with statistical features in tables and a pie chart The whole pie chart is 100% and each type of translation procedures is included in the chart The findings of the study can be easily seen basing on the pie chart The translation procedure accounts for the large part in the pie chart will be the most dominant translation procedure used in translation of procurement terms

In short, this chapter presents research methodology including qualitative procedure and quantitative procedure Besides, data presentation by pie chart also is

mentioned in this part for a better data analysis in the session of findings

CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISSCUSSIONS

3.1 Data analysis

The study covers 331 terms in ADB guidelines on Procurement, Vietnam‟s Law

on Procurement and procurement documents in the most updated versions However, only common terms with outstanding features of each type of translation procedure are analyzed in this session Analysis is based on literature review about se ven translation procedures of Vinay and Darbelnet including borrowing, calque, literal, transposition, equivalence, modulation and adaptation; and research methodology

Borrowing

There are 11 terms was translated by this translation procedure and they belong

to Loan blend group (partly imported and partly substituted) and Pure Loan Words group (show morphemic importation without morphemic substitution) Here are some examples:

Table 3.1.1 Procurement terms translated by borrowing translation procedure

equivalents

Analysis

There is a completely phonemic substitution from SL to TL here

ADB-financed

grant

Khoản vi n trợ không hoàn lại do ADB tài trợ

Loan Blend:

Part of the term is native (ADB) and the other part is borrow (financed

grant) but the meaning is fully borrowed

The TL directly borrows word form SL,

no change in form and meaning of the word

BOO/BOT/BOOT

Loan Blend:

BOO/BOT/BOOT stands for build–own–operate /build–operate–transfer/ build–own–operate–transfer In this term, BOO/BOT/BOOT was directly borrow from source language to use

in TL

Calque translation

Data analysis indicates that there were 87 (26.3%) procurement terms translated

by applying calque translation procedure Here are some examples:

Table 3.1.2 Procurement terms translated by calque translation procedures

English

terms

Vietnamese equivalents

Analysis

Coercive

practice

Hành vi cưỡng ép The word or phrase in SL was formed by

word-for-word translation of a word in TL language Coercive is defined as “using force or the threat of force” and “practice” is “a way of doing

something that is the usual or expected way in a particular organization or situation” The meaning

of “coercive” and “practice” are literally translated into TL but the structure of the word is in the order

of TL

Contingency

allowance

Phụ phí r i ro bất ngờ

The target term is adopted from SL by semantic translation of its parts Contingency is an event that may or may not happen and allowance is the amount of something that is allowed in a particular situation SL is translated literally into TL but remained grammar structural form

Contract

price

Giá hợp đồng Two components of the word are literally

translated according to their definition in dictionary but borrow structure of SL It is translated as “gi hợp đồng” instead of “hợp đồng

gi ”

Commercial

Practices

Các thông l thương mại

The plural form and original meaning of SL are preserved when being translated into TL This term was translated by borrowing a word from SL while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language

Merit-point

system

H thống thưởng

Điểm-Merit is defined as the quality of being good and

of deserving praise, reward or admiration and point is a mark or unit on a scale of measurement The original meaning of compound noun, SL is translated literally into TL but remained grammar

structural form However, the meaning of translation is not easy to understand for the one who does work relatedly to procurement area Petty

Contractor

Nhà thầu lặt vặt The expression in SL is transferred in a literal

translation into TL Looking up in the dictionary, petty is defined as “small and unimportant”, contractor is defined as “a person or company that has a contract to do work or provide goods or services for another company”

There are two types of shift here:

Class-shift ( Adjective => Verb)

Analytical (adj) was transposed into verb

“phân tích” in TL

Unit shift (Word => Phrase)

Estimating is a single word was transposed

into phrase “phân tích chi phí”

Class-shift ( Noun => Verb) Class-shift ( Adjective => Verb)

Noun (attachment) transposes into verb “Gắn”

in TL

Responsible, an adjective, was transposed into

a noun in TL which means “tr ch nhi m” Audited

finical

statements

B o c o tài chính đã kiểm toán

Internal Shift (Plural => Singular) Internal Shift: (Active voice => Passive

Voice) Instead of “đã được kiểm to n” which is in passive voice was translated into “đã kiểm toán” which is in active voice in target language

Statements which is in plural form was transposed into singular form as “b o c o” in

TL Bids Hồ sơ dự thầu Unit shift (Word => Phrase)

Single term (bids) to compound noun (hồ sơ

dự thầu) Confidential

ity

Tính bảo mật Class-shift (Noun =>Adjective)

Confidentiality is a noun which means “sự tin

cẩn/sự cẩn mật”, but it was transposed into

“tính bảo mật” which is an adjective in Vietnamese

Procurement

activities

Hoạt động đấu thầu

Internal Shift (Plural => Singular)

“Activities” is in plural form here but it was translated as in singular form Procuremen activites is literally translated as “c c hoạt động đấu thầu” but transposition procedure makes it into “hoạt động đấu thầu”

Uncertainly

about

Requirements

Tình trạng không rõ ràng về các yêu cầu Class-shift: Adverb => Noun

Adverb (Uncertanly) in English transposes into Noun (Tình trạng không rõ ràng) in Vietnamese

Insufficient

Amount of

Security

Bảo đảm dự thầu không đ giá trị theo yêu cầu c a hồ sơ mời thầu

Class-shift: Adjective => Verb; Noun =>

Verb Adjective + Noun + of + Noun (Insufficient amount of security) transposes into verb + adverb + noun (Bảo đảm dự thầu không đ giá trị theo yêu cầu c a hồ sơ mời thầu) Ceilings for

direct

procurement

Hạn mức được chỉ định thầu

There are three shifts in this term

Class-shift: Adjective => Verb Internal Shift: Active voice => Passive Voice

Direct in this phrases is an adjective was

transposed into verb in passive voice in TL as

li u c a các hồ sơ

dự thầu

Class shift (Noun => Verb ; Adjective =>

Adverb) Reading is noun was transposed into a verb and incomplete is an adjective was transposed into an adverb which attribute to

“đọc” (verb) in Vietnamese Bids received is the short form of bids which are received which is in passive voice but it was translated into active voice as “c c hồ sơ dự thầu”

Output-Based

Procurement

Mua sắm trên cơ sở đầu ra

Internal shift (Passive – Active)

Based as its literal translation is “được dựa trên cơ sở” which is in passive voice in Vietnamese However, in this case it was transposed into active voice which means

“trên cơ sở”

Sector Wide

Approaches

Cách tiếp cận toàn ngành

Internal shift (Plural – singular)

“Approaches” was translated into “c ch tiếp cận” instead of “c c c ch tiếp cận”

Settlement

of Disputes

Giải quyết tranh chấp

Class-shift (Noun => Verb)

Internal shift (Plural – singular)