English Vocabulary Organiser with Key_The natural world

83 The natural world 1 Natural features Match the words and pictures below: lake river island waterfall valley cliffs mountains rocks cave forest ì À ¬ A stream is smal

83 The natural world

1 Natural features

Match the words and pictures below:

lake

river island waterfall valley cliffs mountains rocks cave forest

ì

À

¬

A stream is smaller than a river Hills are lower than mountains The Andes, the Himalayas and the Alps are mountain ranges Forests and woods are sometimes very similar, but use forest if it is very large For example: the tropical rainforests; much of Sweden is covered by forest

2 Collocations

Match these adjectives and nouns:

1 thick or dense a path

2 fertile or arid b hill

3 winding or mountain c land

4 steep or gentle d shore

5 sandy or rocky e forest

Put two of the following adjectives with opposite

meanings in front of each of the nouns:

flat deep high low hilly © shallow

6 eee eee pee ee eee countryside

Ồ pee eee river

Now use some of the adjectives from 1-8 above to

complete these sentences:

9,.Át tide you can walk across the

sand to that island

10 Cycling into work is OK, but cycling home isn’t easy There’s a really hill!

We should be able to get across the river here — it’s quite

Be careful if you go swimming here The

water’s quite

The land in this part of the country is very

Leen eee We can grow anything here

The Netherlands is incredibly There are hardly any hills at all

Mushrooms grow best on the floor of

damp forests

The countryside round here is very

so not many people use a bike

11

12

13

14

1S

ey

16

The shore is where the land meets the sea, or the side of a lake

At high tide we say the tide’s in At low tide we say the tide’s out

3 Describing the natural world

In the following texts one of the words or phrases

in green is wrong Delete it

1 My favourite part of England is Cornwall

There’s some absolutely beautiful nature /

countryside / scenery there There’s a pretty

little fishing village by the sea / on the coast /

on the beach called Clovelly There’s a path

that follows / leads / goes out of the village to

a beautiful 14th-century church

2 Bath is one of my favourite places The river

runs / flows / leads right through the centre

of the city It’s a very relaxing place and at

the weekend people sit and picnic by the

side / on the bank / on the shore of the river

3 Costa Rica is one of the most beautiful places

I have ever visited Wherever you go, you can

see the tops / peaks / ends of volcanoes, some

of which are still active / alive Almost as

soon as you leave town, you find yourself

deep in the wood / jungle / rainforest

Landscape is a very difficult word to use

correctly in English It is usually better to use

countryside or scenery

4 Trees and flowers 1

Match the words with the pictures:

blossom roots trunk branch leaf fruit

5 Trees and flowers 2

Use your dictionary to translate the following Mark

each of them (T) trees or (F) flowers:

l.oak 7 willow 2.rose 8 lily 3.tulip 9 daffodil

4 birch 10 chestnut

5 olive 11 carnation

6 fir a 12 chrysanthemum Blossom is the flowers of a tree (cherry blossom, orange blossom) Buds are flowers before they open Once they are open all the petals spread out All trees and plants produce seeds which fall

to the ground in autumn You plant seeds in soil

The plural of leaf is leaves

6 Famous places

Match the words on the left with a word on the right

to make the name of a famous place:

1 The Pacific a Canyon

2 The Dead b Falls

3 The Sahara c Garda

4 The Great Barrier d Rock

5 Grand e Ocean

6 Mount f Reef

7 Niagara g Ness

8 Ayers h Sea

9 Lake i Everest

10 Loch j Desert

7 Revision

Which is bigger?

a forest or a wood?

a stream or a river?

a lake or a sea?

a sea or an ocean?

a mountain or a hill?

a tree or a bush?

English Vocabulary Organiser Our world

1 Basic vocabulary

Translate these nouns into your own language:

1 scientist 7.discovery

2 experiment 8 observation

3 research 9.results

4.test 10 statistics

$.theOry 11.sample

6 conclusion 12 evidence

2 Collocations Delete the verb which does not collocate well in the following groups: 1 do, carry out, take, perform an experiment 2 do, make, carry out, conduct research 3 do, carry out, conduct, put some tests Now delete one noun from each line which does not make a strong collocation with the verb: 4, analyse information, results, statistics, somebody’s eyes, a blood sample 5 test nuclear weapons, a new engine, drugs on animals, somebody’s eyes, the evidence 6 examine the results, drugs on animals, a blood sample, somebody’s eyes, the research 7 develop an idea, a theory, a conclusion, a new engine, a new drug 4 Scientific fields 3 The scientific method Use these words to complete the text: recorded discarded performed controlled accepted formulated replicated modified ignored tested Advances in scientific knowledge depend on all scientists following a strict procedure Firstly, a theory is (1) in such a way that it can be empirically (2)

Experiments are (3) under carefully (4) conditions which can be (5) by other scientists The results must be precisely observed and accurately (6)

If the results contradict the theory in any way, the theory must be (7) or

at least (8) to take account of the results

In no circumstances can the results be (9) Experimental evidence may support a theory but many advances are made when observations disprove current theory In science, something is a fact or a law if it conforms to all the results we have

at any time, but history shows us that what

is (10) as fact or as a law in one generation may not be so by the next

Complete the table below You may need a dictionary to discover the name of the people

botany physics astronomy

SUBJECT

¬

space, stars, planets etc living things

eae een ewe

plants

eo ere ene

inherited characteristics

ee ee wee

chemistry

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF:

fundamental forces, light, heat etc how elements combine and react

the habits and classification of animals

zoology genetics biology

SCIENTIST

er eee nee

eee ee wee

ee eee eee

5 Causes and links

Use these words and phrases to complete the

patterns below:

what causes the cause — a cure

find for AIDS

find = of death

discover of reducing heart disease

discover between smoking and

heart disease find out malaria is spreading

discover the plane crashed

find out infertility

discover a plant species to die out

6 How people feel about science

Are the following statements for (F) or against (A)

experiments in genetic engineering?

I think it’s all wrong

[can’t see anything wrong with it

I don’t see why we shouldn’t do it

I can’t see any harm in it

We could upset the balance of nature

It’s totally unethical

The advantages outweigh the dangers

We shouldn’t interfere with nature SNAARwWY

w hat ke tt

half Cy:

7 Science and society

Use these words to complete the texts:

robots breed

1 Scientists can grow crops that are not affected

by disease and animals that

produce more meat They can

plants and animals, by taking a cell and developing it artificially

2 Since the first was born in 1978, modern science has helped thousands of couples who could not have children naturally to become parents

3 Using the latest doctors can perform operations on parts of the body too small to see with the human eye In the future patients will not have to worry about

operations leaving scars as they will be performed with

4 Life in the twenty-first century will be much easier for most people More and more dangerous jobs will be done by

lasers clone

microsurgery test-tube baby

Now match each of the following headings with

one of the texts above:

automation fertility treatment

genetic engineering

medical science

&

TNS POLTER |

English Vocabulary Organiser Our world

1 What’s it made of?

Use the following words in the sentences below:

metal wood glass rubber

plastic leather wax cardboard

1 The characters in Madame Tussaud’s are made of

2 Most wine bottles are made of green, brown or clear

3 Car tyres are made of

4 A few cars are made of fibre glass, but most are made of

5 Shampoo bottles and washing-up liquid both come in bottles 6 Today most yachts are made of fibre glass, but they used to be made of

7 Most people wear shoes with uppers, but plastic soles The most expensive shoes also have soles,

8 Cornflakes and other breakfast cereals comein boxes

Divide the 8 words above into two groups and add the following words to the groups:

oil paper fibre glass nylon

cotton chalk wool petrol

Se we me we ee ee ee we we ee te ee we eee ew wee ee eee ee

eR ee ee ee ee ew we hw we me ew ew ee ee eee eee ee ee Oe Oe Ome OD

Be eee ee ee ee ee ee ww ee eee ee ewe ee eee ee ee ee eee eee wee ane

ee ee we ee heme we ee me we ew we ee ee we eee eee ee me OO wee we eee eee

2 Metal, wood and precious stones What are each of the following made of? Use

words from the lists opposite:

1 The blade of a kitchen knife

Put the following words into the correct list:

mk Bold diamond steel 2 The medal if you win an Olympic event

sa rver emera un 3 The medals if you come second or third pine copper platinum ruby 4 A trumpet or trombone

lead walnut mahogany bamboo 5 Railway tracks

brass beech aluminium bronze 6 A coke can

precious stones precious metals Now answer the following questions, using the

cc 8 Which type of wood is the most expensive?

other metals types of wood 9 Which metal has the symbol Pb?

10 Which metals are alloys?

Metals and other minerals are mined from the

earth by miners working in diamond, gold, tin,

or coal mines

eee ee ee ee el tw

eee ee ee ee lll le tw

ee eee ee ee he

see ee ew eee ee

Lecce eeeee) 0 xxx xxx xa Many semi-precious stones, and pearls, which

Tu ng Ty xxx x2 are found in oysters, are used to make jewellery

"ma British English aluminium = American English See eee aluminum

3 Fabrics

Are the following fabrics natural (N) or synthetic

(S)?

1 cotton 4 polyester

2 nylon 5 denim

3 wool 6 silk

Now match the groups of adjectives with the most

likely noun:

7 cotton, woollen, woolly

8 leather, denim, sheepskin

9 leather, plastic, snakeskin c jumper

Suede is very soft leather with a rough finish,

used to make shoes, handbags, jackets and coats

a handbag

b stockings

4 Word pairs

Match the materials with the objects:

2 a diamond b jacket

Do the same with these more unusual materials:

10 a crystal j bracelet

Which one of the following collocations is wrong?

pure gold

pure leather

pure silver

pure silk

pure wool

Do you know the correct way to say it?

5 Materials idioms Types of material are often used in idiomatic expressions Use these words to complete the

dialogues:

silver lead

1 ’m hoping to go and see the men’s tennis final at Wimbledon this year

> You'll be lucky! Tickets are like dust

2 I thought Jane would be nervous giving thar lecture There were more than two hundred people there

> No, not Jane She’s got nerves of

3 How long have you been driving now?

> Ten years and I’ve never had an accident Touch !

4, [hear you’ve lost your job

> Yes, it seemed like really bad news, but every cloud hasa lining - I’ve got a new job at double the salary!

5, What’s your boss like? I hear he’s a bit

of a dictator

> He rules with an fist If anybody disagrees with him, they’re out!

6 ’ve been offered a job in New York, but I’m not sure about going to live abroad

> You really should think about it It sounds likea opportunity to me

7 We need to go to the supermarket

> Yes, and I need some cash Let’s go to Asda

— they’ve got a cash machine there We can

kill two birds with one

8 Did you have a good day at work?

> Not exactly! When I told my boss I needed

a couple of days off, it went down like a Lees balloon She was not a happy woman!

Now go back and underline the complete idioms How many of them are the same in your language?

wood golden

stone

iron

gold steel

English Vocabulary Organiser Our world

86 History

1 Basic vocabulary 1

Use these words to complete the sentences:

ancient event

ancestors

date

empire primitive

1 In the future, historians may well think that

man landing on the moon was the most

important of the 20th century

2.Our invented writing nearly

10,000 years ago

3 humans lived in caves and hunted

animals for food,

4.Many civilisations, for example,

the Mayan and Roman, were very advanced

and in many ways surprisingly modern

5 The Romans built a huge which

stretched from Britain to parts of Asia

6 The tools found on this site

from around 250,000 BC

Prehistoric refers to the time before anything

was written down Ancient is mostly used in the

expressions: ancient Greece, Egypt, or Rome

3 Verbs to talk about historical events

2 Basic vocabulary 2

Use the following words to complete these

paragraphs:

records artefacts origins archaeologists History is the study of the main events, people

and periods of the past Experts who wish to

know about our very earliest (1)

need to rely on evidence such as buildings and (2) uncovered by (3) as we have no written (4) from the earliest times

accounts sources documents periods Those who study later (5) often have access to written records, but to give a balanced and accurate account of a historical event,

historians also look at literature, art and, if they

are lucky, study eye-witness (6) of the events These may be found in private letters or other (7) Good historical research depends on the use of a wide range of original

(8)

If you write about history, you need lots of verbs which describe changes Choose the correct ending for

each of these sentences:

1 Television was

2 Many parts of Africa were

3 Britain was

4 Electricity was

5 John Kennedy was

6 Slavery was

7, Mussolini was

8 The Treaty of Versailles was

9 The European Union was first

10 Irish emigration to the United States was

11 The Health Service in the UK was

invaded by the Romans 2,000 years ago discovered by Michael Faraday

signed in June 1919

abolished in the United States in 1865

reunited after the collapse of Communism caused by potato famine in the 1840’s

invented in 1926

assassinated in 1963

deposed in 1943, formed over forty years ago

colonised in the eighteenth century

introduced shortly after the Second World

Form nouns from some of the verbs above to complete these phrases:

13 The of Britain by the Romans

14 The of electricity

15 The of Africa

16 The of slavery

17 The of television

18 The of John Kennedy

4 Historical events

Match the periods and events with the dates:

The Second World War ended

The Egyptians built the pyramids

Cavemen made the first tools from stone

The Russian Revolution took place

The Space Age started

Dinosaurs lived on Earth

The First World War lasted

The Cold War lasted

The slave trade lasted

approximately 75 million years ago

around 50,000 BC

around 3,000 BC

from 1914 to 1918

in late 1917

until the middle of the 19th century

from 1945 to the end of the 1980’s

in 1945, when the Russians launched the Sputnik

A historical event is anything that happens in history, but a historic event is an important event So you can say, for example, “Today is a historic day for our country as we vote for a new President.” Notice that we refer to decades as the twenties, the sixties etc

5 Periods in history

Put the following historical periods in the correct

order Number them 1 - 10, with 1 the earliest

the Roman Empire

the French Revolution

the end of the last century

the early nineteenth century

the Great Depression

the Stone Age the Reformation the Ice Age the Middle Ages the Renaissance

6 Historical figures

Cover the right hand column and try to describe

each of the historical figures in the list Then match

the names and descriptions:

1 Tutankhamun

2 Cleopatra

3 Plato

4 Julius Caesar

a.a Roman emperor b.a Nazi dictator

c a king of England d.a Greek philosopher 5.King Henry VIII e an Egyptian queen

6 Genghis Khan f an Indian spiritual leader

7 Mahatma Gandhi g an Egyptian pharaoh

8 Adolf Hitler

9 Leon Trotsky

h.a Russian revolutionary

i a Mongol warrior

7 Time phrases

Translate the phrases in green into your own language

In ancient times people believed the Earth was the centre of the universe More recently, Galileo showed that the Earth moved round the

sun

Early in the 20th century, Einstein proposed his theory of relativity Until then, most scientists believed Newton’s laws were a perfect

description of our universe Subsequently, quantum theory and, later still, chaos theory have changed our understanding again In our own times, new discoveries are being made which will mean further changes to our understanding

iN ancient times more recently until then subsequently later still in our own umes

English Vocabulary Organiser Our world

1 Parts of the world

Match these parts of the world with the numbers 1 - 16 on the map:

Africa the Mediterranean South America the Middle East the Arctic South East Asia Central America Scandinavia

Antarctica the British Isles the Far East + North America

Asia North Africa the Caribbean Central Europe

2 Countries

Do you know how to pronounce these countries? Check and mark the stress in any you may need The first one has been done for you

Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada _— Chile China Colombia Denmark Egypt Ethiopia Finland Germany Hungary India Indonesia

Mexico Morocco Norway Pakistan Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovenia Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Tibet Tunisia Turkey Vietnam Zimbabwe There are four common suffixes used to make the nationality adjective:

-ish_ (Spanish) -()an (Albanian) -ese (Portuguese) -1 (Saudi)

Use your dictionary if necessary to complete the lists You may need to change the spelling

1 -ish

2 -(ijan

ee we ee ee te eh ee ee ee wee ee ee we ee wee eee Om OE HERO eee me eo

i .

3 Exceptions

The following adjectives do not follow any of the

four patterns in exercise 2 What are the countries?

French

Greek

Icelandic

Welsh

Thai

Swiss

Cypriot

Dutch

Ce ee)

eee wwe em ee eee wes

4 People

Complete the sentences with the name of the

people from the country given:

1 People often say that the aren’t as

warm and friendly as other Europeans

(Britain)

2 We do quite a lot of business with the

ran (Japan)

3 The and the have

always been at the centre of the drive for

European integration (France, Germany)

4 Many people think the invented

the sauna, but actually it was the

(Sweden, Finland)

5.Some speak French, while

others speak German or Italian (Switzerland)

6 Lots of came to Britain before the

Second World War (Poland)

5 Major cities

Do you know how to pronounce the English names

of these major cities? Mark the stress

Athens

Berlin

Dublin

London

Nairobi

Rejkavik

Amsterdam Bangkok Beijing

Brussels Cairo

Edinburgh

Madrid

Naples

Stockholm

Copenhagen Helsinki Lisbon

New York Paris

6 Languages

The word for a language is often the same as the adjective:

Germans speak German

Remember, however, there are many languages which are not the name of countries, particularly those spoken in regions of a country For many people the language they speak is a politically sensitive matter Here are some expressions to help you talk about languages:

He speaks Swiss-German

There’s a Swedish-speaking minority in Finland, Her first language is Catalan

Her mother tongue is Irish Gaelic

Some very important languages are the main or

official language in certain parts of the world Match the languages below with the places Two of the languages are spoken in one of the countries

1 Hebrew a China

2 Mandarin b Iran

3 Cantonese c Israel

4 Hindi d Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Egypt

5 Arabic e India

6 Farsi

7 \t’s somewhere in Africa

Complete the sentences with in or on:

1 It’s somewhere Central America

2 It’s the west coast of Africa

3 I think it’s the Balkans

4 It’s right the equator

5 It’s the other side of the world

6 It’s the border of Argentina and Chile

7 It’s the Far East, isn’t it?

8 It’s right the middle of Russia

9 It’s the Arctic