Linguistic features of artillery terms in english and vietnamese

The findings of the study are concerned with the similarities and differences between artillery terms in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic features as well as su

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

M.A THESIS

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ARTILLERY TERMS IN ENGLISH AND

-VIETNAMESE (Đặc điểm của thuật ngữ chuyên ngành Pháo

binh trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt)

VŨ THU HIỀN Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01

HANOI - 2020

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

M.A THESIS

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ARTILLERY TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (Đặc điểm của thuật ngữ chuyên ngành Pháo binh

trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt)

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ARTILLERY TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master in English Linguistics Except where the reference is indicated, no other

person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr Đặng

Nguyên Giang, Ph.D, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported

me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher

A special word of thanks goes to all the lecturers at Faculty of Post-graduate Studies under Hanoi Open University and many others, without whose support and encouragement it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished

Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family, my husband, my daughter, for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work

ABSTRACT

An investigation of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic features is carried out in the present study Description and contrastive analysis are regarded as the main methods used in the thesis The findings of the study are concerned with the similarities and differences between artillery terms in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic features as well as suggesting some possible implications for teaching them to the leaners as well as my cadets at The colleage of artillery oficers‘ training who study English as a foreign language Therefore, an initial investigation into structural and semantic features of the artillery terms in English and Vietnamese would provide valuable experience to further studies of linguistics

In the study, the data are collected from different sources such as teaching materials of artillery specialty, the bilingual dictionaries on artillery specialty The study uses a number of methods such as the descriptive, comparative, contrastive, analytical and synthetic methods to find out the similarities and differences between the artillery terms in English and Vietnamese in terms of the structural and semantic features The findings address the research questions through the data gathered and analyzed

Finally, the researcher expects all the readers and cadets to enrich their knowledge about vocabulary interference as well as artillery terms in both languages The author also suggests implication and some points for further research in my reasearch

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

iv viii

1.5 Scope of the study

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Structure of the study

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of the previous studies

2.1.1 Previous research works carried out in foreign countries

2.1.2 Previous research works carried out in Vietnam

2.2 Theoretical background

2.2.1 Definitions of terms

2.2.2 Features of terms

2.2.3 Term formation

2.2.4 Terms versus terminology

2.3 An over view of artillery terms

3.2.1 Major methods vs.supporting methods

3.2.2 Data collection techniques

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3.2.3.Data analysis techniques

3.3 Chapter summary

Chapter 4: STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF

ARTILLERY TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

4.1 Structural features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese

4.1.1 Structural features of artillery terms in English

4.1.1.1 Artillery terms as single words

4.1.1.2 Artillery terms as derivatives

4.1.1.3 Artillery terms as compound words

4.1.1.4 Artillery terms as phrases

4.1.2 Structural features of artillery terms in Vietnamese

4.1.2.1 Artillery terms as single words

4.1.2.2 Artillery terms as compound words

4.1.2.3 Artillery terms as phrases

4.1.3 A comparison between artillery terms in English and those in Vietnamese in terms of structural features

4.1.3.1 Structural features found in both languages

4.1.3.2 Structural features unique to English

4.1.3.3 Structural features unique to Vietnamese

4.2 Semantic features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese 4.2.1 Semantic features of artillery terms in English

4.2.1.1 Artillery terms related to order

4.2.1.2 Artillery terms related to tactics

4.2.1.3 Artillery terms related to tactical mission tasks

4.2.1.4 Artillery terms related to weapons

4.2.1.5 Artillery terms related to inner of artillery

4.2.1.6 Artillery terms related to outer of artillery

4.2.1.7 Artillery terms related to units in the artillery arm

4.2.2 Semantic features of artillery terms in Vietnamese

4.2.2.1 Artillery terms related to order

4.2.2.2 Artillery terms related to tactics

4.2.2.3 Artillery terms related to tactical mission tasks

4.2.2.4 Artillery terms related to weapons

4.2.2.5 Artillery terms related to inner of artillery

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4.2.2.6 Artillery terms related to outer of artillery

4.2.2.7 Artillery terms related to units in the artillery arm

4.2.3 A comparison between artillery terms in English and those in Vietnamese in terms of semantic features

4.2.3.1 Semantic features found in both languages

4.2.3.2 Semantic features unique to English

4.2.3.3 Semantic features unique to Vietnamese

5.3 Limitations of the research

5.4 Suggestions for further research

5.4.1 For teaching artillery terms

5.4.2 For learning artillery terms

APPENDIX 2: English artillery terms classified

APPENDIX 3: List of Vietnamese artillery terms

APPENDIX 4: Vietnamese artillery terms classified

65

77

81

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 4.1.1.1 Artillery terms as single words in English 24

Table 4.1.1.2 Artillery terms as derivatives in English 27

Table 4.1.1.3 Artillery terms as compound words in English 29

Table 4.1.1.4 Artillery terms as phrases in English 30

Table 4.1.1.5 Noun phrase in artillery terms in English 30

Table 4.1.1.6 Structural characteristics of English artillery terms 33

Table 4.1.2.1 Artillery terms as single words in Vietnamese 34

Table 4.1.2.2 Artillery terms as compound words in Vietnamese 34

Table 4.1.2.3 Artillery terms as phrases in Vietnamese 36

Table4.1.2.4 Structural characteristics of English artillery terms 39

Table 4.2.3.3 The number of terms specified in English and Vietnamese 49

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale

English is needed for every field such as economics, education, medicine, trading, teaching, etc English is also used as a criterion to evaluate the ability of learners in the exams and at work People need English for developing their study and career Especially in the Army University, learning English are the main tasks and the mission of cadets

Since the ancient times, various plans and detailed preparations have been implemented by commanders to change the flow of the war and become the ultimate winner In this fight, artillery has always been an irreplaceable element after its invention Today's national defense war has developed in many ways; Artillery plays a big role in defending the Fatherland, the combat objects of the Artillery Squadron are enemies with modern weapons, equipment and techniques… Therefore, training and retraining of officers‘ of the Units should focus on renewing military thinking, raising the theoretical level of artillery organization and use, attaching importance to lifting measures High effectiveness of artillery combat in conditions of enemy using high-tech weapons

On the other hand, the research on artillery term - a field of certain influence to the scientific and technical development of the military is still limited In fact, the construction of Artillery terms systems often relies on foreign terminology systems

In artillery terms, it is generally based on the terms in English and Vietnamese

In addition, as a teacher of English at The College of Artillery Officers training, I found that my cadets have faced many problems when they use artillery terms in English and Vietnamese They often feel confused to choose the right term and make errors in using them Therefore, I have to carry out a study to find out how to use these terms accurately from the analysis of the artillery terms in English and Vietnamese

Luckily, a chance came to me when I was assigned working at The College of Artillery Officers Training I approached artillery terms naturally and I actually don´t know from when I was ―in love‖ with it This motivates me to do something

to bring artillery terms closer to everyone especially the cadets at The College of Artillery Officers training and anyone who wants to try something new For this

reason, I decided to carry a study entitled: “Linguistic features of artillery terms in

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English and Vietnamese” for my MA thesis with an attempt to support learning

and teaching for the teachers and the cadets

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study

The aim of the study is clarifying the features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese to help the cadets to study and use these terms corectly and effectively

In order to achieve the aim, the study is expected to reach the following objectives:

(i) Identifying the structural and semantic features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese;

(ii) Investigating the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of artillery terms from structural and semantic features;

(iii) Suggesting some possible implications for teaching and learning English

artillery terms

1.3 Research questions

In order to gain the aims of the study, the following research questions are posed:

1 What are the structural and semantic features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese?

2 What are the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese artillery terms in terms of structural and semantic features?

3 What are the possible implications of the study for teaching and learning English artillery terms?

1.4 Research methods

Due to the main aims and objectives of the study, description and contrastive exploitation would be mainly carried out throughout the process Also, the thesis makes use of the English language as the target and the Vietnamese one as the source language (the base language)

Descriptive method is used to describe in details the structural and semantic features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese

Contrastive analysis will be used to identify the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms artillery terms from structural and semantic features

1.5 Scope of the study

The study focuses on studying the structural and semantic features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese so as to make crucial contributions to the field of

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linguistics and improve the efficiency of teaching English terms for the cadets at The College of Artillery Officers‘ Training The findings hopefully would bring out various suggestions for the teachers and researchers to conduct further studies related to English and Vietnamese terms as well as advance teaching effectiveness

of these terms

The applications of this work will, hopefully, contribute greatly to find out appropriate methods to teaching English terms in Vietnam and make changes how Vietnamese learners of English not only in their study at school as a compulsory subject but also in their daily use of English as a foreign language in Vietnamese Army University As mentioned previously, regarding English lexical terms, students often learn English words‘ definitions separately with their actual uses In fact, teachers and cadets often make their own examples without collecting and analyzing examples of terminologies indicating how native speakers combine some words with each other while others are not used frequently

The data are collected from different sources such as dictionaries, namely, Từ

điển Anh – Việt Quân Sự, Từ điển Pháo Binh, Từ điển Pháo Binh Anh – Việt; some

grammar books We categorize them into two main aspects: structural and semantic ones with 506 terms including 286 English terms and 220 Vietnamese terms

1.6 Significance of the study

Theoretically, the study will provide a comprehensive and overall knowledge about the syntactic and semantic features of the artillery terms in English and Vietnamese Moreover, the similarities and differences between these terms in English and in Vietnamese are very helpful in contrasting two languages

Practically, the research results of the study can be used as a reference in teaching English for artillery in particular Therefore, this study could help the cadets at The College of Artillery Officers‘ Training learn artillery terms in English and Vietnamese better Moreover, the study could also help learners of English and Vietnamese as a foreign language have a deeper insight into both English and Vietnamese terms, and reduce the risk of committing errors when using these terms

1.7 Structure of the study

In addition to the introduction, this thesis is organized into five chapters:

Chapter 1 – Introduction – gives a brief overview of the research with the

rationale for choosing the topic of the research, aims, objectives, scope, significance

of the thesis and structural organization of the thesis

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Chapter 2 – Literature review – presents the previous studies relating to the

research area and theoretical background and theoretical framework employed for conducting the thesis

Chapter 3 – Methodology – describes in detail all research-governing

orientations and research methods

Chapter 4 - Structural and Semantic features off artillery terms in English and

Vietnamese: shows the findings which address the research questions through the data gathered and analyzed This section also discusses the results obtained in

relation to the research questions and some previous studies The research

implications for teaching and learning English as a foreign language can be found as

the last part of this chapter

Chapter 5 – Conclusion – makes a brief summary of the whole thesis, points

out some limitations and give recommendation as well as suggestions for a further study References come at the end of the study

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Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of the previous studies

2.1.1 Previous research works carried out in foreign countries

Terminology as a scientific discipline is a separate branch of linguistics It emerged in the first half of the 20th century, when scientists recognized the need to systemize different approaches to a term analysis and define the relevant principles characteristic of modern terminology creation and use, which can help process the variety of terms The features of terminology are clearly discussed in the works of English scholars such as Dubuc (1997), Felber (1984), Sager (1990), Cabré (1991) and Kageura (2002)

The status of this scientific discipline remained undefined for a long time The scientists such as Dubuc (1997) and Sager (1990) believed that terminology was nothing new but just a different perspective of lexicology and lexicography adapted

to the needs-of the Language for Special Purposes (LSP) In their opinion, terminology cannot be considered an independent scientific discipline as it has the same theoretical basis as lexicology Sager (1990, p.9) argues that there is nosubstantial body of literature which could support the proclamation of terminology as a separate discipline and there is not likely to be

Felber (1984, p.5) provides an overview of world-wide terminological activities, the general theory of terminology relating to other fields and places special emphasis on the principles and methods of terminology

Cabré (1991, p.4) contributed to dealing with terminology and its central role

in society, which was the theme of the international conference terminology and society; the impact of terminology on everyday life

Kageura (2002, p.43) provided the theoretical background of his procedure and gave working definitions of term, terminology, lexical unit, vocabulary, concept, conceptual structure, and characteristic He also assessed the traditional theory of terminology in which he shares To a certain degree, the attitude of Rita, Temmerman (2000, p.17) made an important stipulation in the part the theoretical framework for the study of the dynamics of terminology which implied that term as empirical objects and functional variants of words from the angle of epistemological conditions constitute a category Moreover, he dealt with conceptual patterns of term formation and aimed at the quantitative patterns of terminological growth by introducing mathematical and statistical methods

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Regardless of disagreements among researchers as to whether or not terminology is an autonomous academic field (Cabré, 1999, p.35) or rather a set of methodological tools for processing terminological data (Sager, 2000, p.76), (Dubuc,

1997, p.9), its interdisciplinary characteristic is recognized by all Not only because terminology is the intersection of have had various fields of knowledge, but mainly becabse.it borrowed the fundamental instruments and concepts of several different disciplines (e.g logic, ontology, linguistics, information science, and others)

Consequently, the theory of terminology is defined with relation to three different dimensions (Sager, 1990, p.13):

1 The cognitive dimension, which examines the concept relations and thereby how the concepts constitute structured sets of knowledge units or concept systems

in every area of human knowledge, as well as the representation of concepts by definitions and terms;

2 The linguistic dimension, which examines existing linguistic forms as well

as potential linguistic forms that can be created in order to name new concepts;

3 The communicative dimension, which examines the use of terms as a means

of transferring knowledge to different categories of recipients in a variety of communicative situations and covers the activities of compilation, processing and dissemination of terminological data in the form of specialized dictionaries glossaries or terminological databases, etc

From these points of view, there are various authors who research terminology such as: Angela, Niederbaumer (2000), Kirsten, Packeiser (2009), Shchu, Eda (2015) Angela, Niederbaumer (2000) has the research on German terminology of banking with linguistic methods of description and implementation of a program for term extraction She explored the methods and principles of terminology to investigate the characteristics of terms in respect to non-terms, and to implement a method for automatic terminology retrieval

Kirsten, Packeiser (2009) presents the general theory of terminology, the nature of concepts, conceptual relations, the relationship between terms and concepts, and the designation of terms to concepts The sphere of concepts is seen

as independent from the sphere of terms

Shehu Eda (2015) researches on semantic features in the Albanian lexicon, and

in particular the aspects of poly- semantics and homosemantics in relation to many other phenomena such as: the root of the meaning, synonymy She also gives two

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phenomena which are closely interrelated is both of theoretical and practical value

2.1.2 Previous research works carried out in Vietnam

In Vietnamese, there are many authors who researched about terminology in many particular fields: Nguyễn Thị Bích Hà (2000), Nguyễn Thị Bắc (2003), Hoàng Thị Bảy (2005), Nguyễn Thị Kim Thanh (2005), Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh (2011), Mai Thị Loan (2015), etc

Nguyễn Thị Bích Hà (2000) investigates the similarities and differences of structure between economic and commercial terms in modern Japanese and Vietnamese

In the work of Nguyễn Thị Bắc (2003) she studies on the English- Vietnamese translation of terminology in the materials for electronics and electrical engineering Hoàng Thị Bảy (2005) investigates the English - Vietnamese translation of economic terminology in the textbook Business Law The study provides the noticeable change in the logical order of the elements of the compound terms from English into Vietnamese or vice versa

Nguyễn Thị Kim Thanh (2005) studies on structural and semantic features of Vietnamese terms in information technology and telecommunications

Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh (2011) studies on the morphological and cultural characteristic of financial, accounting, and banking English He also distinguishes the difference between British English and American English in the area of finance, accounting, and banking

Furthermore, Mai Thị Loan (2015) investigates the morphological and semantic features of intellectual property law terms in English She also presents the comparison to Vietnamese terms in intellectual property law and other fields

Besides that, there are many other papers which study on terms relating to education, medicine, insurance, finance, economics and other fields with the various aspects of terms have been carried out by Vietnamese researchers

In general, all the researchers collect and analyze semantic, morphological, historical characteristics of terminology in many different fields except in artillery Therefore, the study of linguistic features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese is necessary That is why this topic has been taken into consideration in

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word or phrase which is used as the name of something and connected with a particular type of language Similarly, according to Longman Dictionary of

Contemporary English (1991), term is “a word or expression that has a particular

meaning or is used in particular activity, job, profession, etc."

Besides that, Dubuc (1997, p.09) stated that a term or a terminology unit is the name or designation of a concept in a particular subject field In specialized languages, a term is made of a single word or word combination and is usually associated with the same conventional definition used by speakers of a given specialized language A terminological unit can be a word, an expression, a symbol,

a chemical or mathematical formula, a scientific name in Latin or an acronym According to Lưu Vân Lăng, Như Ý (1997, p.44) and Đái Xuân Ninh Nguyễn Đức Đản, Nguyễn Quang and Vương Toàn (1986, p.64) agree that term is a word which denotes a specific concept relating a certain specialized science area

In short, although there are many definitions from many other linguists at different periods of time, they tend to share a common view that terms deliberately denote specific concepts within a particular subject of human beings

In this study, basing on the viewpoints of the above linguists, the author

collects the most important characteristics of terms to analyze: accuracy,

systematicality and intenationalily

• Accuracy

A concept representing a term must be clear and exact In addition, an accurate term should not make the reader misunderstand the concept which it expresses with another Actually, the accuracy of terminology is well recognized in both its meaning and form

With respect to the lexical meaning of words, normal word often bears the characteristics of polysemy and synonym, whereas terminology must keep away

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from this The semantics of ordinary words may change in different usage and contexts while that of terminology is fixed in specialized fields it is employed in For example, a normal and simple noun like ―school‖ in general language has up

to eight shades of meanings when used in different circumstances However, the terminology ―pneumonia‖ in medicine is taken for one single meaning ―a serious illness affecting one or both lungs that makes breathing difficult.‖

As regards the accuracy or terminology in terms of form, terminology has no other form or outer cover other than its original one We can hardly add any factors like prefix, suffix, etc , to a terminology to refer to the plural form, antonyms, or any change in word meaning For example, the above- mentioned word ―pneumonia‖ does not allow any transformation to its form However,

considering systematicality (that will be further discussed in the next part), the

form of a terminology could be changed, but in a special way

In fact, the accuracy of terminology has, to some extent, changed along

periods of history For instance the term ―consult‖ in Roman time means ―Quan

chấp chính”, however, it is understood in recent modern time as ―tổng đài‖ and in

modern time as ―Lãnh sự‖ Besides, the accuracy of terminology does not require

one- to –one relationship in translation This means a term in source language

(English) may be equivalent in two (or more) terms in the target language (Vietnamese) For instance, the term ―tongue‖ in English could be translated as

―lưỡi‖ or ―tiếng‖ in Vietnamese Thus, it is importance for translators to be

cautioned about the accuracy of terms when doing translating or interpreting job,

especially in tourism field They should closely observe the principle “each term

represents one concept and vice versa” Undeniably, homophones and synonyms

may exist in the terminology of various fields; however, they do not degrade the accuracy of terminology itself

A system of terms not only meets general requirements but also satisfy

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particular ones posed by certain specialized it reflects As a matter of fact, each field

of science has its own systems of solid and finite concept expressed by it own terms The semantic value of a term is determined by its relation to others in the same field Therefore, once isolated, the term may have no or ambiguous meaning However, there exist homophones and synonyms among term systems of different fields The systematicality also requires a term itself to be systematic in its own meaning To this end, terms are usually short in form

In sum, systematicality makes terms the insiders of a particular field and helps

US understand concepts that terms express

• Internationality

Internationality is one of three most important characteristics of terms This characteristic seems to be contradictory, but in fact it is very logical The vocabulary system of each language brings the typical features of a nation which uses that language but science is the common fortune of human beings Theories or concepts of mathematics, physics, and biology, etc are universally used It is impossible that theories on biology in Vietnam are different from that in England, Japan, etc As it is stated by Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1999, p.275), if the content of terminology is noticed, it is agreed that international characteristic of terminology is important; it distinguishes terminology with other parts of vocabulary Terminology

is a special part of vocabulary which denotes common scientific concepts for all people speaking different languages Therefore, the unification of terminology among languages is necessary and useful This makes terminology bear international characteristic

In addition, terminology has other features particularly mono-meaning Terms should be fixed words or phrases which have only one meaning Terminology should not denote more than one concept simultaneously Many linguists such as

Đỗ Hữu Châu (1981), Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1998) agree that there should not be more than one term which denotes one scientific concept

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diachronic change, especially in regard to their productivity

Language is a complex, heterogeneous system made up of interrelated subsystems, each of which can be described at the phonological, morphological, lexical and discourse levels Terminology subjects to the same rules for word formation processes as general linguistics Therefore term formation in terminology

is technically based mainly on lexicology and common patterns of word-formation processes, such as new syntactic connections, combination of lexicological units, their contractions, changes in morphology, etc

Lexical units become terms when they are clearly defined and undergo a process of standardization They have to carry the attributes and satisfy the criteria described above Apart from that, they should also be reused in professional texts and get into the awareness of terminologists and scientific experts Their official assignation by terminology institutes is the final stage of the term formation process Sager (1997, p.78) defines term formation as the process of naming the concept required by a particular domain He adds that term formation differs from general word formation by its awareness, models, social responsibility and the transmission of knowledge By means of the repeated act of creating new terms and

of regulating existing terminology, a certain consistency of designation is achieved Terms are on the whole less arbitrary and more consciously motivated and transparent than general words These reflections make evident that the wide-spread opinion that special vocabulary is mostly constituted by Latin, Greek, and nowadays English based terms is misleading New terminology is not only created by importing foreign vocabulary, but new terms are also formed by employing other methods

The motivational processes of term formation can be viewed in terms of the need to express emerging knowledge, both to assist understanding and to ensure effective specialized communication This has inspired many terminology researchers to try to prescribe rules for term formation Such recommendations have been drawn up by both national and international standards bodies, and are proposed in numerous terminology manuals (e.g Felber (1984, p.179); Pitch and Draskau (1985, p.113); Rondeau (1984, p.134); Sager (1990, p.88)

According to Dubuc (1997, p.131), he claims that term can be changed into semantic and morphological rules The theory of terms and the practice of terminology lead to different positions

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Sager (1990, p.80) differentiates between primary and secondary term formation Primary term formation is a monolingual activity, the process of designating a new concept, while secondary term formation starts from an already existing term and is either mono- or multilingual Accordingly, it may have two

aims: the revision of an existing term within one linguistic community (a

monolingual activity) or the transfer of an existing term into another linguistic

community (an inter-lingual activity) This latter process, the transfer of terms into

other linguistic communities, is generally referred to as translation

Starting with the primary creation of terms, it is important to note that it may not only be mono- but multilingual as well In that case, terminology is created in a parallel way, excluding the need for translation In other words, multilingual primary term-creation is not about translation, but a simultaneous, multilingual activity aiming

at the designation of one concept in several languages In countries and institutions with more official languages, multilingual term-creation would be the ideal way of creating terms In this case, from a conceptual point of view, primary term-creation is carried out within one conceptual system, but in more languages However, for most languages, multilingual primary term-creation generally makes up a two-step process

in practice: (1) primary term-creation in some languages followed by (2) secondary

term-creation (translation) into the other languages

According to Feber (1984, p.89), turning to secondary term-creation, i.e the translation of an existing term, an additional dimension is suggested for consideration, namely, the existence of one or more conceptual systems

From this conceptual point of view, we may differentiate two cases in the translation of terms: term-transfer into another language within the same conceptual system (intra-conceptual term-transfer) and term-transfer between different conceptual systems (inter-conceptual term-transfer) In the first case, although terms have to be translated, the process is carried out within the same conceptual system This is characteristic of step (2) in multilingual term-creation in practice, as discussed in the previous paragraph In the second case, the difference between conceptual systems plays a significant role Here, the process of translation ideally takes an onomasiological approach, comparing first the two conceptual systems and then finding or creating the equivalent target term for a source term The difference between conceptual systems and the problem of equivalence is especially relevant

in social sciences (different legal, economic systems) but plays a role in natural

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sciences as well (Muráth, 2002; Arntz, 1994; Schmitt, 1994)

The process of primary and secondary term formation is carried out by three different methods (arranged in this way by Sager (1990, pp.71-80) and 1997, pp.28-40):

• The use of existing resources (secondary term formation)

• The modification of existing resources (secondary term formation)

• The creation of new linguistic entities (primary term formation)

From these points of view and depending on the motivation for term formation, it can be distinguished between primary and secondary term formation, which are exposed to different influences Primary term formation occurs when a newly created concept has to be named Primary creation accompanies the formation of a concept and is monolingual Primary term formation results from the appearance of concepts in various disciplines and is influenced by existing patterns

of term formation in the relevant discipline In primary term formation, there is no linguistic precedent, although rules for forming terms usually exist in the given language In secondary term formation, there is always a precedent of an existing term in another language

2.2.4 Terms versus terminology

Terminology as a scientific discipline is a separate branch of linguistics It emerged in the first half of the 20th century, when scientists recognized the need to systemize different approaches to a term analysis and define the relevant characteristic of modern terminology creation and use, which can help process the variety of terms

Up to now there are various definitions of terminology by many linguists According to Temmerman (2000, p.2) terminology as an autonomous scientific discipline is first defined, perceived Wilster (1959, p.6) considered terminology to be a branch of applied linguistics and the general scientific study of terminology is largely influenced by its relationship to applied linguistics, of which it is a branch Felber (1984, p.3 l) stated that terminology was one of the first scientists to claim a separate status for the science of terminology Cabré (1999, p.29) suggests that terminology is applied views of linguistics as a heterogeneous system of dialects and functional varieties, and allows US to place terminology as one of its branches since it is a part of one of the functional subsystems determined by subject specialization

Other senior Vietnamese linguists have also proposed other definition of terminology as follows:

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• Terminology is a word or a word-group used in science, technology, politics, diplomacy, art, etc., which exactly indicates a concept or a title of a particular

(Nguyễn Văn Tư, 1960, p.176)

• Terminology is a part of special words of language It consists of certain words and phrases that are the exact names of a variety of concepts and objects, which belongs to the professional field

(Nguyễn Thiện Giáp, 1986, p.223)

In general, although the definitions of terminology are not the same, the linguists share three similar aspects With respect to structure, terminology often manifests itself in word and phrasal form In terms of semantics, it is a special linguistic unit that denotes certain unique concept With reference to usage, terminology is utilized in a certain specialized field There is a fact that terminology

as a scientific discipline is based on other related linguistic branches makes the process of representing a special meaning a social practice Consequently, next to other fields such as lexicography, language teaching and computational linguistics, terminology is placed as one of the branches of applied linguistics Thus, for a start, the theoretical principled of linguistics and the application structures of applied linguistics matter and cannot be ignored by terminology

Likewise, there are many opinions about the definition of terms by many linguists and terminologists such as: Akhmanova (1996); Felber 1984; Sager 1990/1998, Cabre (1999); Kageura 2002; Temmerman (2000), etc There is still no unified approach to what a term is, and there exist a variety of definitions They can

be universal or defined for the purposes of the particular research

According to Akhmanova (1996) a term is a word or expression of special (scientific, technical, etc.) language, which has been coined (accepted, formed, borrowed, etc.) in order to express special notion and designate special subject Cabre (1999, p.35) defines a term by comparing it with the notion of a word She states that a word is described by a set of systematic linguistic characteristic and has the property of referring to an element in reality The similar approach has been adopted by Sager (1990, p.123), who suggests that terms are different from general vocabulary and declare concepts in technical communities

Bowker (2009, pp.9-286) states that terms are linguistic designations assigned

to concepts and lexical units consisting of one or more than one word which represents a concept inside a domain

to the representation of terms as language units

It is of common knowledge that most of the layers of vocabularies have their own features and are used in certain situations by particular groups of people That

is also applied to terminology Lotte (1978), Culêbakin and Colimovitxki (1970), Reformatxki (1978) focus on accuracy, brevity, systematically and simplicity of terms While Vietnamese linguists such as Đỗ Hữu Châu (1981), Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1998), Nguyễn Đức Tồn (2010) focus on accuracy, systematicality, intemationality, nationality, popularity, simplicity of terms

2.3 An over view of artillery terms

(i) The definition of artillery

Artillery refers to large-caliber guns — guns with big barrels — which can be moved from one place to another for land battles The artillery is also the name for the army unit that uses these big guns

If you're a military commander and you say, "Bring in the heavy artillery," you're ordering the artillery to move into place and get ready for action But if you're talking to fellow members of your debate team and you say, ―Bring in the heavy artillery,‖ you mean "bring in our best debaters, our heaviest hitters." Artillery can refer to one weapon or 100 — the singular and plural are the same

According to Bellamy, Christopher (2004), Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons built to launch munitions far beyond the range and power

of infantry firearms Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and led to heavy, fairly

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immobile siege engines As technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery cannons developed for battlefield use This development continues today; modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower

Originally, the word "artillery" referred to any group of soldiers primarily

armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armor Since the introduction

of gunpowder and cannon, "artillery" has largely meant cannons, and in

contemporary usage, usually refers to shell-firing guns, howitzers, mortars, and rocket artillery In common speech, the word "artillery" is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings, although these assemblages are more properly called "equipment" However, there is no generally recognized generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth: the United States

uses "artillery piece", but most English-speaking armies use "gun" and "mortar" The projectiles fired are typically either "shot" (if solid) or "shell" (if not solid)

Historically, variants of solid shot including canister, chain shot and grapeshot were

also used "Shell" is a widely used generic term for a projectile, which is a

component of munitions

By association, artillery may also refer to the arm of service that customarily operates such engines In some armies, the artillery arm has operated field, coastal, anti-aircraft, and anti-tank artillery; in others these have been separate arms, with some nations coastal has been a naval or marine responsibility

(ii) The concept of artillery term

From the terminology concept mentioned above, applied to the field of artillery, I give the concept of artillery terminology as follows:

The artillery term is a large caliber, crew served firearms (cannon), launching projectiles (usually explosive) against distant targets Typical field artillery weapons include howitzers (short barreled), guns (long barreled), and mortars (high angle firing)

In the 20th century, technology-based target acquisition devices (such as radar) and systems (such as sound ranging and flash spotting) emerged to acquire targets, primarily for artillery These are usually operated by one or more of the artillery arms The widespread adoption of indirect fire in the early 20th century introduced the need for specialist data for field artillery, notably survey and

However, in this thesis, we only study artillery terminology and can be considered as typical terminologies located in the central area of the artillery terminology system

2.4 Chapter summary

In this chapter, the literature review includes a review of theoretical background and the previous studies An overview of some theoretical background dealing with the main points of theory contain: the concept of term and standards of term, criteria for identifying term and units that make up the term and distinguish it from some related concepts Word classification is presented for background of analyzing the structural and semantic features of the artillery terms in English and Vietnamese In terms of previous research works, the studies by oversea and Vietnamese authors are given to briefly review what has been found and discussed

to find out the gap of the study

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Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research - governing orientations

3.1.1 Research approach

In this research, we have used the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods The aim of qualitative research, which is used in early steps of research project, is to provide a complete, detailed description of features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese Quantitative research focuses more on counting and classifying features and constructing statistical models and figures to explain what

is observed

3.1.2 Research setting

With the experience of having taught English for three years at the College of artillery officers‘ training, the author realizes that cadets often make mistakes when they use artillery term in English Therefore, the author intends to carry out my research from different sources such as dictionaries, namely, Từ điển Anh – Việt Quân Sự, Từ điển Pháo Binh, từ điển Pháo Binh Anh – Việt; some grammar books

to help my students at the College of artillery officers‘ training to identify more clearly about structural and semantic features of the English artillery term with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents in order to help cadets at university identify more clearly about the differences in structure as well as in semantics between these terms in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

3.1.3 Data collection and data analysis

The survey results of 286 artillery terms in English and 220 terms in Vietnamese show the number of artillery terms

All of terms are collected from" Dictionary of artillery, Từ điển Anh – Việt Quân Sự, Từ điển Pháo Binh, từ điển Pháo Binh Anh – Việt Theory of term and terminology, morpheme and semantics are collected from the sources written by prestigious authors or used in many institutions

3.2 Research Methods

Due to the main aims and objectives of the study, description and contrastive exploitation would be mainly carried out throughout the process Also, the thesis makes use of the English language as the target and the Vietnamese one as the source language (the base language)

Descriptive method is used to describe in details the structural and semantic features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese

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Contrastive analysis will be used to identify the similarities and differences between artillery terms in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic features

3.2.1 Major methods vs.supporting methods

With the aim of achieving the set goal, the descriptive method is the most frequently used in the study because the main act of this study is describing the features of terms in English and Vietnamese

First of all, the descriptive method is used in order to give complete and evident descriptions based on aggregated statistics of both structural and semantic features of the artillery termss in English and Vietnamese Secondly, the comparative and contrastive methods are applied to identify similarities and differences between artillery terms in English and Vietnamese in terms of the structural and semantic features Moreover, some other methods such as analytical and synthetic methods have been used as supporting methods to identify different structural patterns of artillery terminology in English and Vietnamese Why analyses are vital to analyzing collected data, grouping results into divisions is crucial to give a comprehensive view of what has been concluded Last but not least, devoted commentaries and guidance from the author‘s supervisor are very useful to the author Without these valuable and major contributions, the author could not have done this research

In short, with the combination of the descriptive and contrastive methods, structural and semantic similarities as well as differences of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese could be discovered

3.2.2 Data collection techniques

The data collection is the most important step in any research This procedure consists of two main stages Firstly, a large number of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese was collected in order to make the corpus of this thesis Secondly, the collection of materials were done to hold up the Chapter Books on structure and semantics used for the need to set the theoretical basic for this thesis to be carried out The data are collected from different sources such as dictionaries, " Dictionary

of artillery, Từ điển Anh – Việt Quân Sự, Từ điển Pháo Binh, từ điển Pháo Binh Anh – Việt Theory of term and terminology, morpheme and semantics are collected from the sources written by prestigious authors or used in many institutions Moreover, these sources are found to provide the most fertile examples

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for the lexical items understudy

The bilingual dictionaries and Vietnamese teaching materials of artillery specialty, encyclopedia, the grammar books written by English and Vietnamese linguists and the Internet webpages on artillery specialization are used for this study because they are well known and are confirmed by reliable publishers

After identifying different senses of the artillery terms in English together their Vietnamese equivalents, these senses are brought into consideration The following part represents the data analysis techniques used

3.2.3 Data analysis techniques

Data collection techniques: collected from artillery dictionaries, we categorize them into two main aspects: structural and semantic one with 506 terms including

286 English terms and 220 Vietnamses terms

Data collected will be mainly analyzed on the basis of the following points: Semantic features: the classification is carried out on the basis of typical semantic features of artillery terms in both languages

Structural features: the classification of the data is mainly based on the different structural categories, namely: derivative word, compound noun, compound verb, compound adjective, noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjective phrases; compare them between English and Vietnamese

We will apply a select range of theories to the investigation of the structural and semantic features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese: the theory of contrastive analysis and the theory of structural and semantics

- Theory of contrastive analysis

According to Gass & Larry (2001, p.72), "contrastive analysis is a way of comparing languages in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learnt and what does not need to be learnt in a SLL

situation" They discuss the two positions of CA, which they call "predictive" and

"explanatory", and "strong" and "weak" version, respectively James (2005) discusses

the differences between the strong and the weak versions of CA He explains that the strong version claims to be able to pre-dict errors, whilst the weak one claims to be able to diagnose the errors after they have been made However, he does not believe

in the two versions, but states that CA is always predictive, whereas the job of diagnosing errors after they have been made belongs to Er-ror Analysis (EA) So, it could be understood that CA must be done prior to EA, in order to avoid problems

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with error-identification and to know what errors to attribute to negative transfer James (1998) also explains the differences between theoretical CA and applied CA, and claims that theoretical CA is static, whilst applied CA is unidirectional Briefly,

CA assumes that L2 learners' errors are the result of negative interference from the

NL Ac-cordingly, CA predicts errors before they happen and it tries to eliminate them by focusing the instruction on the areas of differences

König and Gast (2008) suppose that contrastive linguistics is a branch of comparative linguistics that is concerned with pairs of languages which are ‗socio-culturally linked‘ According to these authors, two languages can be said to be socio-culturally linked when (i) they are used by a considerable number of bi- or multilingual speakers, and/or (ii) a substantial amount of ‗linguistic output‘ (text, discourse) is translated from one language into the other English and Vietnamese are socio-cultural linked because they satisfy both criteria given above

Contrastive linguistics invariably requires a socio-cultural link between the languages investigated, but that it is not restricted to pair wise language comparison Contrastive linguistics thus aims to arrive at results that carry the potential of being used for practical purposes, e.g in foreign language teaching and translation As it provides the descriptive basis for such applications, its research programme can also

be summarized as ‗comparison with a purpose‟ „Comparison‟ in the present study

is understood as the identification of similarities and differences between two or more categories along a specific (set of) dimension(s) (König and Gast 2008) We mean that the categories compared must be of the same type, i.e there has to be a set of properties that they have in common in both languages

In order to carry out a contrastive study, Chaturvedi (1973) suggests some guiding principles as follows:

(i) to analyse the mother tongue and the target language independently and completely; (ii) to compare the two languages item-wise-item at all levels of their structure; (iii) to arrive at the categories of a) similar features, b) partially similar features, c) dissimilar features - for the target language; and (iv) to arrive at principles of text preparation, test framing and target language teaching in general The contrastive analysis emphasizes the influence of the mother tongue in learning a second language and translation This type of study will provide an objective and scientific base for second language teaching as well as translation For knowing the significantly similar structural and semantic properties in both

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languages, the first step to be adopted is that both languages should be analyzed independently After the independent analysis, to sort out the different features of the two languages, comparison of the two languages is necessary From this analysis it is easy to make out that at different levels of structural and semantic properties of these two languages there are some features quite similar and some quite dissimilar

- Theory of “immediate constituent analysis”

In Linguistic, Immediate Constituent Analysis, known as IC analysis, is a method of sentence analysis first explicitly introduced by an American linguist, Leonard Bloomfield, in his book Language published in1933 It is a major fature of Bloomfeldian structural linguistics

In IC analysis, a sentence is divided up into major divisions or immediate constituents, and these constituents are in turn divided into further immediate constituents, and these process continues until irreducible constituents are reached i.e until each constituents consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word The end result of IC analysis is often presented in a visual diagrammatic forms that reveals the hierarchical immediate constituents structure of a sentence For sentences whose structure is unusual, this diagramming may become excessively complex; in such cases verbal description is used

Immediate Constituent Analysis is a technique in analysing units or

constituents which form a language unit, i.e word cluster, phrase unit, clause unit or sentence unit Each language unit assumed as units consist of two or more constituents directly form the units

For example : the boy is smart This sentence can be divided into immediate

constituents “ the boy” and “is smart” These in turn can be analyzed into immediate constituents (the+girl) and (is+smart) Bloomfield does not give any

special technique to detect immediate constituents, rather appeals to native speaker‘s intuition

IC Analysis is an important metodological tool for syntactically analysis based on Structural Linguistics theory By applying this analysis technique, a sentence must be analyzed into two immediate constituents If one or two immediate constituents consist of construction, then those immediate constituents must be further analyzed into its immediate constituents until ultimate constituents

is reached i.e single word

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La Palombara (1976, p.173) gave a definition of constituent as a syntactically unit combined with other syntactically unit to form a construction Moreover, La Palombara mentioned that each constituent can be classified based on two criteria in relation with its arrangement of internal constituent itself in relation with the grammatical function, as a unit in a bigger syntactically environment i.e syntactically related with other constituent

Other definition is given by Crystal ( 1980, p.83) He stated that constituent is

a linguistically unit that is a component of a bigger construction Kridalaksana (1982, p.91) also mentioned about constituent that is a language unit which is part

of bigger units or part of construction So, constituent is a part or component of a construction

Purpose and advantage of Immediate Constituent

The purpose of analysing immediate constituent is to avoid multiple interpretation on a phrase, clause or sentence Eventhough, IC analysis has some weakness, but this kind of analysis give enough advantage in understanding language units, benefits in avoiding ambiguity because of language units bound with its discourse context which can be understandable with those analysis

There are some traditional tests which are used to indicate constituency: the ability to stand alone, the substitution test, and the movement test by using a tree diagram, bracketing, or underlining

3.3 Chapter summary

In summary, this chapter gives information about data collection, research methods and underlying theoretical frameworks for the thesis Regarding the data collection, although there are many sources for collecting data as well as ways to collect data, this study will get data from modern English and Vietnamese dictionaries In terms of research methods, this thesis will also apply descriptive method to describe in details the structural and semantic features of artillery terms

in English and Vietnamese and contrastive analysis one to identify the similarities and differences between artillery terms in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic features

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Chapter 4: STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ARTILLERY TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

4.1 Structural features of artillery terms in English and Vietnamese

Structural features: the classification of the data is mainly based on the different structural categories, namely: derivative word, compound noun, compound verb, compound adjective, noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjective phrases; compare them between English and Vietnamese

4.1.1 Structural features of artillery terms in English

4.1.1.1 Artillery terms as single words

English artillery terms structured as single word consisting of the term that are

made up of a base morpheme with lexical function such as belt, abort, eject, aerial,

multiple ….Despite only occupying a small amount (about 20.6 % with 59/ 286 terms), these terms are very productive These are considered to be artillery terms

that represent the basic and core concepts of this scientific field and can be combined with other words and morphemes to create new terms

The single words in this section do not include derivatives, although the derivative words can also be single words

In terms of the characteristics of the word, the English artillery terms which are structured as single words are mainly nouns with 41 terms, 12 terms are verbs

(action, abort, aid, aim…) and 6 terms are adjectives (coastal, multiple, great )

In terms of structural methods, the English artillery terms which are structured

as single words formed by the method of giving a full morpheme of the word, or in other words, the morpheme coincides with the word

In terms of constituent elements, the English artillery terms which are structured as single words are also the terms including one only element, and so there is no structural model

Table 4.1.1.1 Artillery terms as single words in English

Types of Single word Number of

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4.1.1.2 Artillery terms as derivatives

The concept of term is structured as derivative words in English used to refer

to the formation of new terms created by adding the prefix or suffix to the root

word For example, the reproductive term is created by adding the suffix -ive to the root word product, or re-prefix and the suffix -ive added to product to create

reproductive term, bringing a new meaning, denoting a concept, or an object that is

different from the word ―product‖

The number of derivative words in the artillery terms arre quite rich with 106 terms, equivalent to 38.1 %, in which the terms are nouns, adjectives and more

common (102 terms), and the terms are gerund including 06 terms (aiming,

blocking…) Like the artillery terms structured as single words, the artillery terms

that are structured as derivative words are also highly productive; they can be combined with other words to create new terms such as compound words or phrases

In terms of structural method, these terms are made up of some typical combinations as following:

- Artillery terms in the form of noun are various and broadly used in this sector (also including nouns deriving from verbs) and these nouns are formed by

adding the suffixes such as (-tion, -sion, -ence, -ance, and others)… add them to

verbs, and produce derivative nouns Examples include abortion, advance, agency…

- Artillery terms in the form of adjectives formed by adding the suffixes such

as “ al”, “ive”, “ic”, “ant”… to the root words: abortive, biological, propellant,

be divided into the following groups:

- The artillery term in English is structured as derivative words which consist

of two elements: including 66 terms such as Ballist/ ic, chemic/ al…… The

structural model of these terms consists of two basic forms

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Model one:

The term are structured according to the model with the leading central element, the subordinate element behind, has the function of creating new meaning for the central element Having 38 terms is derivative words structured according to this model

Model two:

Unlike the term that are structured according to model one, 14 other terms also includes two structural elements but structured according to the model that comprise the central element behind, the subordinate element preceding, creating new

meaning for the central element

- The artillery term is derivative words, which consist of three elements:

including 3 terms, for example re/act/ive, un/load/ed, the structural model of these

terms having form as the following

for the central element

Table 4.1.1.2 Artillery terms as derivatives in English

Types of Derivatives Number of

4.1.1.3 Artillery terms as compound words

With the concept, English artillery terms in English structured as compound words consist of at least two roots, with or without derivational morpheme and denotes a new meaning different from the meaning of each individual root combined I have surveyed and found that English artillery terms are compound

words occupying 22.7 % (equivalent 65 terms) and the structural model of these

terms consists of one of the three basic forms below:

In terms of word type, the English artillery terms are mostly compound nouns (53 terms), the compound adjective with 11 terms and the compound verb with 01

terms including: take out The survey results did not find midwifery terminologies

to be different compounds

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- Closed compound words are made up of two words without a space

in-between (15 terms): gunboat, lockbolt, peephole, rainmaker…

- Open compound words is created in cases when the modifying adjective is

used with its noun to create a new noun This isn‘t quite the same as a noun with a modifying adjective We just use a space between the adjective and the noun, so sometimes it can be hard to identify as a compound; however, if the two words are

commonly used together, it‘s considered to be a compound word (35 terms):

adjusting nut, massive bomb, ventral turret ……

- Hyphenated compound words are formed by using a hyphen, a small dash

used to connect words together (3 terms): ack-ack, after-combustion, eighty-eight

In terms of word type, the English artillery terms are mostly compound nouns

The survey results find compounds as adjective with 11 terms: three-pounder,

25-pounder……

In terms of structure, the English artillery term is a compound word consisting

of two to five constituent elements and is divided into groups with specific structural models as follows:

- The artillery term is a compound word composed of two elements such as,

hind sight, mark target … These terms consist of 33 terms with the following basic

E1 E2

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In this model five, E2 is the center and E1 is the subordinate element of E2 E3

is the center of E1 and E2 Survey and analysis results show that there are 2 terms

(preflight check… ) constructed according to this model

center of E3 Survey and analysis results show that there are 11 terms (cannon –

artilleryman, four-bounder) structured according to this model

Table 4.1.1.3 Artillery terms as compound words in English

Types of Compound Number of

4.1.1.4 Artillery terms as phrases

In addition to the English artillery terms that is composed of words appears in large numbers, the term structured as phrases compose of at least two or more words are freely associated with each other, including one element being center and surround it being one or more subordinate elements that add meaning to the center Like the term is a word, this group of terms also expresses independent concepts and artillery objects, however, unlike the term which is structured as compound word, the meaning of these terms is the total meaning of the components making up them;

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simultaneously they are also featured in their ability to isolate and describe And I call

it a phrase, or more precisely, the artillery term is structured as phrase

English artillery term is structured as phrase that includes 56 terms

(equivalent to 19.6%) of the total number of term surveyed such as hold the enemy,

float chamber, forcing band …

In terms of word types, artillery term is the noun phrase that is majority terms

Whereas the term is structured as verb having 11 terms (attack by fire, make a

demonstration…) The survey results did not find artillery terms as adjective

Table 4.1.1.4 Artillery terms as phrases in English

Types of Phrase Number of

- Noun + noun (16 terms): horse artillery, railway artillery ……

- Noun + noun + noun (9 terms): artillery light rocket, artillery missile

crewman, data processing equipment…

- Adjective + noun + noun (8 terms): continuous airborne alert, helical rail

launcher, kinetic energy ammunition ……

- Past participle + noun (6 terms): clustered formation, aimed fire,

converged sheaf…

- Past participle + noun + noun (3 terms): guided missile platoon …

- Adjective + noun + gerund (3 terms): High angle mounting, dark night

fighting, forced attrition sensing

Table 4.1.1.5 Noun phrase in artillery terms in English

Type of creating terms Number of terms %