- That không bao giờ được dùng trong mệnh đề không hạn định, và không đứng sau giới từ, that dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ nhằm xác định nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước và không tách rời mệnh[r]
Trang 1GRADE 11
GRAMMAR
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Mệnh đề quan hệ còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ (adjective clause) vì nó được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó Mệnh đề này được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That hoặc các phó từ quan hệ như When, Where, Why
1 Cách dùng:
* Who: Đại từ quan hệ đứng sau danh từ chỉ người, làm chủ ngữ cho động từ sau nó (sau who phải
là một động từ)
VD: The women who lives next door is very friendly
* Whom: Đại từ quan hệ đứng sau danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó Có khi người
ta dùng Who thay cho Whom (sau whom phải là một đại từ khác, không phải là một động từ ) VD: The man whom you saw yesterday is my uncle (you là một đại từ)
* Which: Đại từ quan hệ đứng sau danh từ chỉ con vật, đồ vật làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó (chỉ cần thấy trước which là môt danh từ chỉ vật)
VD: The book which has some wonderful pictures is about Africa
The dog which you gave me is lovely
* That: Đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người, vật, đồ vật dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which, trong mệnh đề
quan hệ thuộc loại Restrictive clauses (mệnh đề hạn định)
VD: The book that you lent me is interesting
This is the man that I met in Paris last month
Lưu ý: - That thường được dùng sau danh từ có tính từ so sánh bậc nhất (the best, the most…; everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody, everything, something…)
VD: He’s the best teacher that I have ever know
- That được dùng khi danh từ trước nó chỉ cả người, vật
VD: I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park
- That không bao giờ được dùng trong mệnh đề không hạn định, và không đứng sau giới từ, that dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ nhằm xác định nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước và không tách rời mệnh
đề chính bằng các 2 dấu phẩy Nếu Who, Whom, Which, That làm tân ngữ thì ta có thể bỏ đi.
VD: She’s the person who(m) I met at the party
She ’s the person I met at the party
Have you ever seen the dress that I’ve just bought?
Have you ever seen the dress I’ve just bought?
* Whose: Đại từ quan hệ đứng sau danh từ chỉ người và thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ Khi
dùng cho vật thì = of which
VD: I’ve got a friend whose brother is an actor
John found a cat whose leg was broken
* When: Phó từ quan hệ đứng sau từ chỉ thời gian dùng để thay thế cho (at/on/in) which, then.
VD: I’ll never forget the day when (on which) I met her.
That was the time when (at which) he managed the company.
* Where: Phó từ quan hệ đứng sau từ chỉ nơi chốn dùng để thay cho at/on/in) which, there.
VD: I went to the office where (in which) my father works.
Dalat is the place where (to which) I like to come.
* Why: Phó từ quan hệ đứng sau từ chỉ lí do dùng để thay cho “the reason”
VD: I don’t understand the reason why he was late
*Why: là phó từ quan hệ đứng sau từ chỉ lý do
Trang 2VD: this is the reasons why they didn’t come
2 Phân biệt: Có 2 loại mệnh đề quan hệ
a Restrictive Clauses (mệnh đề hạn định): Không có mệnh đề này, câu không đủ nghĩa vì đứng trước chưa xác định.VD: I don’t know the man who is talking to Mary
The picture which Tom is looking at is beautiful
b Non-Restrictive Clauses (mệnh đề không hạn định): không có mệnh đề này, câu vẫn đủ nghĩa khi
từ đứng trước đã xác định Trước danh từ thường có this, that, these, my, your…, hoặc tên riêng Nó ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phẩy
Vd: His father, who is working in a shoe factory, will retire next year
I had a personal talk with Jane, who wanted to take that job
3 Dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề quan hệ (Reduced form of relative clauses)
+ Rút gọn bằng cách dùng Participle phrase (cụm phân từ) Có 2 loại participle phrase:
- Present participle phrase (phân từ hiện tại): bắt đầu bằng V-ing
- Past participle phrase (phân từ quá khứ): bắt đầu bằng p.p (V-ed/V3)
Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng Present participle phrase
VD: Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday?
Do you know the boy broking the window yesterday?
Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive) ta dùng Past participle phrase
VD: The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy
The students punished by the teacher are lazy
Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể rút gọn bằng cách dùng To – inf hoặc Infinitive phrase
VD: English is an important language which we have to master
English is an important language to master
EXERCISES
TEST 1
A PHONETICS
I Circle the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the other words.
II Choose the word that has stress pattern different from that of the other words.
B VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
* Circle the best answer for each sentence.
7) The hotel staff is friendly and
8) We are proud our staff, who are always friendly and efficient
A well-done B well-appointed C well-behaved D well-trained 9) EMS stand for
A Electronic Mail Service B Express Mail Service
C Economic Mail Service D Environment management Service 10) If someone want to send a document and does not want to lose its , facsimile service will help you
Trang 3A beginning B last C original D recent
11) People can buy daily in many local post office in early morning
12) All post offices in Viet Nam are equipped with advanced
13) Fax transmission has now become a cheap and way to transmit texts and graphics over distance
A inconvenient B convenient C uncomfortable D comfortable 14) If you to your favourite newspapers and magazines, they will be delivered to your house early in the morning
15) Post offices offer a special mail service which is called
16) Your EMS mail will be in the shortest possible time
17) The message introduces the provided by the National Post Office
18) I cannot tell you all I heard
19) I can answer the question you say is very difficult
20) This is Mr Jones, invention has helped hundreds of deaf people
21) Tom, sits next to me, is from Canada
22) The volunteers, enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly
23) Many scientists have claimed that like music are often good at mathematics
A children B children who C children whom D whose children 24) My friend, I visited lask week, is taking a holiday soon
25) The doctor re examining a patient was taken to hospital last night
26) A pacifist is a person believes that all wars are wrong
27) My friend, hated horror film, refused to go to the cinema with me
C READING
* Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer.
Between the Revolutionary period and the World War I, the United States post office was set out to improve transportation of the post office mails From those early days to the present, the post office has helped develop and subsidize every new mode transportation in the United States Transportation has been the most important element in mail delivery Even when the general public had still suspected of the security of a new means of transportation, the post office experimented with inventions that offered potential for moving the mail faster, occasionally suffering embarrassment, ridicule, or even abuse in the process
Trang 4As mail delivery evolved from foot to horseback, stagecoach, steamboat, railroad, automobile, and airplane, with intermediate and overlapping use of balloons, and helicopters, post office mail contracts ensured the income necessary to build the great highways, rail lines, and airways that eventually spanned the continent
By the turn of the 19th century, the U.S Post Office had purchased a number of stagecoaches for operation on the nation’s better post roads – a post road being any road on which the mail travels – and continued to encourage new designs to improve passenger comfort and carry mail safely 28) The passage is about
A transportation of the Post Office in the US B the Post Office in the Revolutionary period
C the Post Office in the World War I D transportation and public ideas
29) According to the passage, the main purpose of the Post Office is
A to develop transportationB to apply new mean of transportation
C to deliver mail as safely and fast as possible
D to subsidize every new mode of transportation
30) Which means of transportation used in the Post Office is NOT referred in the passage?
31) The Post Office
A has never used helicopters in delivery D makes no contribution to build roads
B contributes income to build highways, railroads, and airways
C has never been the first to use a new means of transportation
D WRITING
* Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting
31) The waiter whom served us yesterday was polite and friendly
A B C D
32) This class is only for people who’s first language is not Chinese
A B C D
33) The man with who I spoke in the meeting used to work here
A B C D
34) He is moving to Lang Son city, that is in the north-east of Viet Nam
A B C D
35) She asked me if I knew whom had got the job
A B C D