Ddi khi, nhimg hanh vi khdng dep, nhihig thdi quen xiu ; in hien khdng rd rang trong nhutig con ngudi dupe gpi la tdt.. Ngutt tdt ciing cd nhimg khiem khuyet Uong tfnh each, trong umg [r]
Trang 1TIM HIEU MOT SO THOI HI/ TAT XAU
COA NGl/bl VIET QUA TUC NOOf
Nguyin Van Thdng ' Dgi hoc Qude gia Ha Ndi
Trong Ijcb sir dung nude va g\\i nude eiia ngudi Viet Nam, nhihig i
phim chat cao dep nhat da timg dupe phat Id, trd thanh truyen thd'ng a ihanh vdn lie'ng quy bau cua ca dan toe Dd la tinh than doc iSp lu i cudng, long yeu nude thie't tha, ti'nh thong minh, cin cii, nhan 4i, « ihuong ngudi nhu th^ thuong than Trai qua bao bien tbien cua lich sir, | nhirng phim chat nay v5n dupe phat buy, gin giir Tuy vay, trong cudc
song hang ngay, khdng the khdng cd nhimg dieu ""chicdng tai gai mat'' dang dien ra xung quanh Dd ciing la nhimg mang tdi ehie'm mdt ti \t
nhat dinh trong van hpc nghe thuat ndi chung, trong tuc ngir ndi rieng
d bai vie't nay, chiing tdi mudn tim hie'u mdt sd thdi hu tat xa'u cua ngudi Viet qua tuc ngur
Khdng phai den bay gid, vdi tu duy ddi mdi theo dudng Id'i ciia " Dang, ngudi Viet Nam ta mdi dam "nhin thing*vao su that" d^ "noi r5 * sir that" Da tir lau, nhieu nha van boa, van nghe, nha nghien cihi phong tuc Viet Nam da timg di sau nghien cuu mot each khoa hoc ' ngoai de cao pham chat tot dep cua con ngudi, ho con vach rd nhOng ' nhupc diem tarn If tfnh each ton tai tir lau Nha van Thach Lam cho i rang, ngudi Viet ndng n6i, hdi hpt Phan Ke Bfnb, tac gia cua cu6a
Viet Nam phong tuc lai len tieng che bai mdt bp phan dan chiing tii
hen tri doan budn quin ban quanh, thich keo be keo canh Tan Di
Vlam phat ngdn: "^Ddn hai Idm triiu ai ngudi Idn, nude bdn nghin ndm vdn tie conT Nha phe binh van hpc Vuong Trf Nhan khdng ne Uinh
cho rang, ihdi xau Ion nhat cua ngudi Viet la ra't sp ndi ve thdi xa'u cua
mmh Cac y kien ndi tren cd ve cue doan va ""va dua cd ndm" nhung
cung dang de chiing ta suy nghl
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Trang 2Trong giao ti^p hang ngay, ngudi Viet Nam nhu dupe Idn len tren cai n^n van boa truyen thdng tdt dep ciia dan toe minh Tuc ngiJ Viet da phan anh cudc sdng ciia nhan dan vdi tfnh da dang, nhieu chi^u ciia nd Nbihig cau tuc ngO Viet phan anh mat tfeb cue, mat ban chS^t tdt dep cua nhan dan Viet Nam chiem mdt sd lupng kha Idn
^fhi^u net dep truyen thdng cua nhan dan da dupe bun due va giiJ gin qua nbi^u the' he va trd thanh di san van boa tir ngan ddi nay Tuy vay, khdng phai con ngudi liic nao ciing hoan bao, cudc sdng liic nao eung
to^ bfch va nhSft thanh b^t bien: ""Nhdn vd thdp todn" Xa hdi nao ma ching cd ngudi tdt, ke xSfu: ""Nude cd khi trong khi due, ngudi cd ke tuc ke thanh", Trong van hpc dan gian Viet Nam, dac biet la trong
truyen cudi cua ngudi Viet cd khdng ft nbihig tac phim ndi ve thdi xa'u cua mdt bd phan nhan dan Truyen cudi da gieu ept thdi tham an
(truyen Thdy dd lie'm mat), tat gan dd (truyen Tam dgi gdn), tfnh khoac lie (truyen Thi ndi khodc Con ran vudng), thdi gia ddi (truyen Dgu phu), tfnh dam dang (truyen Na mo boong), v.v
Ciing vdi truyen cudi, ca dao dan gian ciia ngudi Viet cung gdp phin phan anh thdi ling lo, dam dang vdi mudn binh ngan ve, nhieu
cung bac - dii mpi liJa tu6i, ngdi thii, thanh phSn xa hdi: ""Con gdi mudi bay mudi bai Dim ndm vdi me khdc la ddi chong", ""Gdi ddu cd gdi Ig ddi! Chi con thii'u mdi dng trdi khdng chim" (vdi ngudi tre tu6i); ""Bd gid bung thUng ggo xayl Gdi bung son sot hoi chdy edi ddu" (vdi ba gia); ""Bd Binh, Bd Ho, Bd Hinhl Ba bd dong tinh bop vu con tdi" (vdi
ngudi "dai dien" cho nha nude quan chii); eiang cd khi la mot each
nhin bofc mdt quan die'm cu th^: ""Lang la chi't cung ra mal Chinh chuyin chi't cung dua ra ngodi dong" Canh dd, cac thdi xa'u nhu thdi bdi bac: "Td vd md nudi con nhin/ Din khi nd Idn nd quyin nhau dr, Xhdng ai phu bgc nhu chdng/Be cdnh gai bgc lap dang chdn dr, ''Bau nghe ai dd ai ddnhl Bdu tham chdn khdc bau ddnh bo qua"; thdi d6' ky: ""Trdu budc thi ghet trdu dni Quan vd thi gliet quan vdn ddi quan"; thdi be tha: ""Cd bgc Id bde thdng ban/ Ao quan bdn hit ngdi trdn td ho"; thdi rdm ddi: ""Con cdc ndm nip bd ao/ Ldm le Igi mudn dap sao tren trdi",v.v, cung xua't bien kha nhieu trong ca dao
ngudi Viet
Trang 3Thanh ngir tieng Viet da song hanh ciing truyen cudi, ca dao, vt len bu'c tranh vdi nhieu gam mau tdi, rung len nhi?ng ndt nbac bu6a
cua hien thuc cudc sdng Do day, nhihig hanh vi khdng dep nhu ""An
xd md niiu\ ""An khoai cd vd\ ""An bde ddi dicng\ ""An canh cdcaiT i
v.v van con Cd ngudi bao, dd chi la nhihig thdi quen ca nhan, kh6ng phuong hai den ai Cd nhirng thdi quen tudng nhu v6 bai nhung lai giy khd chiu cho nhihig ngudi xung quanh Cd nbutig quy tic so ding cOa phep cu xir cd van boa ma bat cir ai cung cd the' biet rat rd, le ra, mpi ngudi phai tu giac lam ma khdng edn ai nhic, tu ta ai cung biet N6i each khac, each cu xir cd van boa ciing nhu cu xir thie'u van hoa th^ bien trudc bet trong nhung dieu nhd nhat
Ngudi Viet khdng chi neu hoac mieu ta cai xa'u ciia con nguM j qua tuc ngu* ma quan trong hon, ho da danh mdt vi tri ddng ke' trong tuc ngix de' nhic nhd nhimg gi chua tdt trong mot bd phan cu dan Qi xa'u trong xa hoi iuon rinh rap, mudn keo con ngudi ra khdi ngdi den cua cai tbien Cai xa'u xua't hien trong mpi khfa canh cua ddi sdng, trtn nhimg pham vi va muc dp khac nhau Tuc ngii' cudi che nhihig ngudi
coi mieng an lam trong: ""An vi thu, ngu vi tiin", ""DT thuc vi tiin", ""Co mii'ng con lum cd tieng'; nhic nhd bpn pham an tuc udng: ""An khdn$ biet trd ddu diia", ""An thi cd md thi khdng", ""An cho cd Idng, an hotif^^
cd hot"; dau xdt trudc thdi dimg dung, thd o, fch ki: ""Ai cd mdt mm^ ngiciri dy\ ""Be ai nay chdng", ""Dia bam chdn ai ngudi ay gd\ "'Cha cluing khdng ai khdc", ""Chdy nhd hang xdm binh chdn nhu vgi', ""Din nhd ai nhd dy rgng", ""Than trdu trdu lo, than do bd lieu", ""Hodi phan dem bo ritgng ngudi", ""Ai cd than ngudi dy lo, ai cd bd ngudi dy giiT; ,
buon phien trudc thai dp cue doan, yeu-ghet theo cam tfnh, cdn nhiiu
dinh kien: ""Yiu ai yiu cd dudng di, ghet ai ghet cd tdng ty hg hdng"",
""Yiu nin tdt, ghet nen xdu"; xdt xa trude thdi ""Ghen dn tuc d' v.v
Nhimg thdi hu, nhimg tat xau cua ngudi Viet Id dien d moi Ilia
tudi mpi thdi diem vdi nhieu cung bac khac nhau Tuc ngiJ chi itt\ •
nhimg thdi hu ciia timg loai ngudi, tir nhutig ngudi dan ong hie'u s k vi
me gai: "'An hang con gdi, ddi hang bd Ido", ""CiCa sicng ldm nghe" dfil dam ngudi tre tudi dam ""An cam trudc keng"; tir dam thu sinh "04' liaig ton vdi dn no Igi ndm" den lu thiy bdi, thiy toan ""Sdng chet mik bay tiin thdy bo tiir Ngoai ra, nhimg loai ngudi ham danh, ham M:
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Trang 4Xd tieng han cd mieng", "Tdt danh han Idnh do" va thuc dung: ""An lay chdc mac lay ben"; nhibig ke Ipi dung: ""An bat dn xen, xe mam cdn hdng miit tay", ""Bdn thit cho ke ngdm ggo" va eo hdi ""Mugn gid bemdng"; nhutig ngudi a dua: "Theo ddm dn tdn" va vd on bac nghla:
""Vong dn bdi ngliia", ""An chdo dd bat", ""An cd bo ld\ ""An trdu quin vdi, ldm tdi quin chiia"; va bdi bac: ""Cha bo con, day td bo thdy" ,
cung dupe tuc ngii' dilm danh
Trong cac quan he gia dinh Viet Nam truyen thdng, dd day mdi quan he giu'a me chdng vdi con dau, giiJa em ehdng vdi chi dau, giira
dl ghe vdi eon rieng cua chong, giu'a bd dupng vdi con rieng cua vp kh6ng phai liic nao cung nong a'm va dupe gin ket mot each chat che Trong tuc ngii' Viet, Idi tu duy cu vdi nhihig dinh kien cdn la rao can
ngan each cac mdi quan he dd Nhimg cau: ""Mdy ddi bdnh diic cd xucmg, mdy ddi di ghe cd tliuang con chong", ""Con chong tin khinh con minh thi yen", ""Di ghe con riing chong", ""Di ghe mdy ngucn biet thicang con chong, con chong mdy ngudi bii't kinh di ghe"" ndi ve mau thuin giu'a di ghe vdi con chong; ""Ddi thi dn ngd dn khoai, dicng a vdi dicgng diic tai Idng gieng" de cap de'n nhiJng bat hoa giua con vp vdi bd' dupng; ""Me chong ndng ddu", ""That thd cung the Idi trdu, yiu nhau cung the ndng ddu me chong", ""Ran mudng thdng chin nhin cho
me chong dn", ""Ddi thi dn kliedn sung, trong thdy me chong thi nudt chdng trdi", ""Ddu vd nhd me gid ra ngd" phan anh su xung khic giiJa
me chong vdi con dau; ""Gidc bin Ngd khdng bang bd cd ben chong",
""Chi ddu ldm ddu ra day, em chong dn bay ndi sau limg" ve su xung
d6t chi dau vdi em chdng Doi khi sdng gid ndi len trong quan he giira
gia dinh ehdng va ngudi con dau: ""Bd chong Id Idng con plncgng, me chSng Id tuang mdi td, ndng ddu mdi ve Id bo nghe chid", ""Con ddu thi dgi, con gdi thi khdng" va ngupc lai: ""Bd chong Id long Ian hgch, me chong Id ddch Ian nang, ndng ddu mdi ve Id bd hodng hgu" Bat hoa
CO khi lai nay sinh giira cac chj em dau vdi nhau: ""Chi em ddu cdi ddu lite lac", ""Chi em ddu Idm rdu bat xdo", ""Chi em ddu ndu ddu trdu limg ndi", ""Chi em ddu nhu bdu nUdc Id", ""Chi em ddu ndi trdu thanh bd", v.v
Nhu vay, tuc ngiJ da die'm mat chi ten timg thdi xa'u dong thdi cung liet ke kha chi tiet nhimg hanh vi, tfnh each thieu van boa cua
Trang 5con ngudi Thdi thi dii ca, ching thi€?u mdt khia canh, mdt ddi tuodg nao ciia ddi sdng
Khi bi nhiem nhihrig thdi hu, tat x^u iy, con ngudi se quin quanh vdi nbihig toan tinh ca nhan hep hdi Cd thdi xiu luc dSu chi la nhitag hien tupng ca biet, le te nhung cd liic thanh nguy co, thanh ph6 bife
Thdi xlfu ngim va Idn din thanh nhihig can benh trim kha, khd chJh, '
tham chf cdn pham vao trpng tdi: ""Bdi bio ra bg", ""Nem dd gidu taf, '
""Chgc gay bdnh xe", ""Gap Ida bo tay ngicdi" Tuc ngu cung khdng
ngai ngin dua nhihig ddi tupng dd ra trudc vanh mdng ngua
Nbihig thdi xa'u dd ching nhihig \hm nhat nhoa ve dep thanh lich
cua nbi^u ngudi ma cdn lam bang hoai nhihig gia tri dao dure Uuyfa ' thdng ciia xa hdi Nhihig bi^u hien ciia cdeb cu xur thie'u van hod da
gay nen nhihig a'n tupng khd chiu: ".4/ ua dua khU bdu gid" vi bj
nhihig ngudi tdt bung nhic nhd, phan bac, n^u khdng, thai dd dd rit nhanh chdng trd thanh ngang ngupc, khdng coi ai ra gi
Ngudi ta ciing cd luc cd nhihig khuye't di^m hoac mic phai sai lim chet ngudi Thdi ki nao ma ching xu5ft bien nbihig phim cbSft t6t dep canh nhimg thdi hu tat xSfu Dd mdi la cudc sdng Cudc s6ng khdng xudi chi6u ma ludn cd cac mat ddi lap d^ phat tri^n va di Idn Cii tdt va cai xa'u vin dan xen, cai bay va cai dd vin song hanh tdn tai Cai dung cai sai xung ddt nhau nhung lam bat len nhihig phim chit
cua cai dung Ddi khi, nhimg hanh vi khdng dep, nhihig thdi quen xiu ;
in hien khdng rd rang trong nhutig con ngudi dupe gpi la tdt Ngutt tdt ciing cd nhimg khiem khuyet Uong tfnh each, trong umg xi Nguoc lai, ngudi thdng thudng dupe coi la xSfu cung cd nbihig im di^m ma
chiing ta cd the' khai thae, hpc tap Bdi vay, ciing rix khd khi chia con
ngudi thanh bai loai tdt va x^u mdt each rach rdi
Cudc ddi la the, cai tdt, cai xlfu, cai sach, cai bin cii d ciing v(Ji nhau Nhung khdng phai khdng cd nhihig ngudi le ludi, lie diu, trinh ndi de'n cai x^u cua con ngudi vi sp lam rdng them khoang each mfenh mdng cua the gidi thdi hu tat xa'u Ddi khi cai xa'u in hien, tdn tai cimg cai tdt ma ta dau de nhan ra, bdi cudc sdng vdn chura nbi^u bf in, v6 ciing da dang va pbuc tap Vi vay, cung that khd xet doan dupe chfnh xac nhimg gi thude phim chSft ben trong tir dang ve va Idi ndi bdn
ngoai Dd day, vin cdn nhimg thdi dao diJc gia, ke six nhan ddi W
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Trang 6i "
i! flgB&l Ivtmg tbien: "/STAow Phat tdm xd", ""Mieng nam md bung bS
dao gdm"
i Tuc ngiJ Viet ndi v6 nhihig cai dd, cai nhupc diem ciia con ngudi,
S- cfia xa bdi nhim "canh tinh" con ngudi, xay dung mdt ddi sdng van
i hoi dep de trong mdi con ngudi, trong xa hdi va hudng con ngudi tdi ' nhutig di^u chan, tbien, mi Tuc ngir ndi ve cai chua tdt nghiem khic
; ma khdng "dao to biia Idn" Tuc ngiJ giiip eon ngudi nhan ra cai dung
li vi cai sai le bay va dieu dd, cai tdt va cai xau de' tu hoan tbien minh Cai tdt phai dupe nhan len, cai khdng dep phai bi loai bd
I Nhihig hanh dong cao quy phai xua't phat tir thdi thuc ndi tam, : khdng cin ai ki^m soat hoac nhic nhd ngudi ta van tu giac lam Ndi
: each khac, nhutig chuin muc cua phep cu xit cd van hoa bit ngudn tir
nhu ciu ben trong ciia con ngudi
Con ngudi thuc su cd van hoa la eon ngudi khdng cdn nhimg thdi
hu, tat xa'u, cd dupe kha nang vd tan de' tu the hien, d^ bde Id mpi nang luc xay dung nhihig net dep van boa la can thiet cho timg con ngudi
va cho toan xa hoi Song vice tu bd mot thdi quen, lam thay ddi mot ne'p nghl vdn da hin sau trong cudc sdng ciia eon ngudi d^ xay dung mdt hanh vi van boa, mdt thdi quen tdt, mot ne'p nghl tich cue qua la khdng de
Khi giai thfch mdi quan he khdng may tdt dep giiJa me chong -nang dau va cac mdi quan he gia dinh khdng ciing huyet thdng khac
qua nhihig cau tuc ngiJ Viet, cd ngudi cho ring do quan niem ""khdc mau tanh Idng" hoac do dinh kien kbit khe cua ngudi ddi
Qua that, me chong va nang dau vdn thudng hay mau thuin, ddi khi chi la nbihig cbuyen nhd nhat, khdng dau Ngay ca nhimg ngudi
me ehdng tdt cung va'p phai nhimg nep suy nghi an sau da trd thanh dinh kie'n ndi tren Ngudi con dau thudng sdng trong su xet net, ae cam ciia me ehdng Ca hai ngudi nay, ngudi me va ngudi con dau deu cam tha'y ngudi con trai (bay ngudi chong) da khdng danh Upn tinh cam cho minh nira Khi con trai lay vp, ngudi me da thay ngudi con
trai danh nhieu tinh cam yeu thuong vp {ixsc eon dau ciia ba)^ nen ba
cam tha'y diJa eon ma ba yeu thuong xua kia, do ba "doe chiem" nay chuye'n sang yeu thuong ngudi khac la vp anh ta Ngupc lai, ngudi vp dang duoe chdng cbieu ehupng yeu quy nay tha'y chdng quy trpng, gin
Trang 7giii me de ciia minh (tiJc me chdng ciia cd) ma sinh ra oan trach chong khdng danh Upn tinh yeu thuong cho vp Chung tdi cho ring, nguydn nhan CO ban cung chi la vi ban tfnh ghen ti ma ra Chfnh dieu ghentj
dd lam cho ngudi con trai (ngudi chdng) trd nen khd xii Uong quanhd
giira mot ben la me va mot ben la vp: ""Bin tinh bin hii'u bin ndo nan^ hanT\ Nhimg ngudi con, ngudi chong tdt ludn danh trpn ven niim
kfnh yeu cho cha me va su yeu thuong cho vp con Hp khdng bao gi&
tu dat cau hdi "me hay vcr?" bdi vi ca me lin vp deu cd vi tri rifing trong trai tim hp
Ngay nay, "dan t r f da dupe nang cao, ngudi Viet Nam c6 each nhin nhan ai hon nen da gdp phin lam thay ddi dinh kie'n kbit khe cua ngudi ddi ve cac mdi quan he me chdng- nang dau, chi dau - em chdng Do vay, nhimg xung ddt gay git trong cac quan be dd kh6ng cdn mang tfnh phd bien niJa
Ngudi ta If giai nguyen nhan ciia nhihig thdi hu tat xa'u ciia ngufti
Viet la do ngheo ddi hoac ciing quin ma ra: ""Ddi dn viing, timg lam Hill", ""Ban ciing sinh dao tac" Cung cd the' vi ddi com, rach ao ma c6 ngudi phai lam nghe hanh kha't: ""An mdy Id ai, dn mdy Id ta„ddi cm rach do hod ra dn mdy" Cung cd ngudi cho ring ""Nhdn cU vi bat thiin" • khdng cdng an vice lam cung de sinh hu ddn Ddi khi cung c6
the' do tfnh hep hdi, tam If thua kem din dit ma ra Luc dd, Idng til trpng ciia ngudi minh nhu ngpn lira da tit, khdng cdn bimg len, nhu hdt gidng bi im khdng cdn nurt len dupe Nhfhig thdi >^u dd, liic diu cdn ft, ve sau cu' nay nd, dua chen them nhieu rdi thanh quen, thanh nep sdng Ndi each khac, nhimg thdi hu tat x^iu cung cd co bde Id, phat trie'n va tham chf trd thanh nguy co cao trong cudc sdng
Dan tpc Viet Nam da trai qua qua nhieu co ban, dau kh6 Nhihig nam mat miia, giap hat timg de lai "da'u an" khd phai trong Ijcb sir Doi qua thi khdng the "sach", rach qua cung khd cd th^ "thom" dupe Nhung xet den tan ciing can nguyen, dd khdng hin chi la sin phin ciia mot thdi ddi kem, ciia khdng cdng an vice lam ma cdn la hiu qua ciia nen san xuat tieu ndng cung nhu y thuc ben trong cua mdi con ngudi
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Trang 8^ N^n kinh t€ xa hdi va ddi sdng nhan dan Viet Nam ngay nay da
I c6 nhihig chuyin bi^n Da sd ngudi dan nay khdng cdn lo "an no mac
, im" nfia ma dang vuon tdi muc tieu "an ngon mac dep" nhung nhihig
I tat xiu ndi tren va nhilu can benh tr§m kha khac dau phai la da bet,
tham chi miic dd cdn tinh vi va nang ne hon Phai chang, do anh hudng : vi tac ddng ciia Idi sdng ngoai lai, Idi sdng chi biet hudng thu thdi
kinh ii thi tnrdng da tha boa mdt bd phan ngudi Viet? Cd th^ ndi, tren
m6t sd Imh vuc, miic dd cao hon cua nhihig thdi hu tat x^u la nhung tieu cue va su xud'ng cSfp ciia dao diic xa hdi, cua phim chat eon ngudi Nhung cii If chii ye'u ciia nbihig tieu cue neu tren trudc bet van la do : hau qua ciia n6n san xuSft nhd, manh miin; do tap quan lac bau va ca
nhihig dinh ki€fn c6 hu
Trong khi ndi d^n nhihig bi^u hien tieu cue, tuc ngir Viet hiu nhu thien v^ ca ngpi cai td't va khing dinh Idi sdng tfeb cue, Idi sdng trpng
tinh, mdt hiiu hien ban sic van hoa cua dan tdc
Cudc ddi la cai thii vd cung nghiem tuc nhung trong nd cung chiia diy nhihig cai tim phao, nhihig su Id lang Cai gi cung rd rang va dcm gian thi khdng cdn la cudc sdng niJa Cudc sdng xua kia khdng cd nhi^u tbiJ cam dd nhu bay gid ma thdi xiu vin cd da't nay sinh bdi con ngudi mudn ddi vin chua thoat khdi nhihig lo toan com ao Nhung neu cii nhin vao nhihig cai Id lang thi budn lim Ddi khi ngudi ta phai quen
no di, tim kiem, chit Ipc nhihig gi tdt dep nhat de' ma la'y dd lam guong bdi cudc ddi vin cdn r^t nhieu ngudi tdt va nhieu dieu dang ndi
Tdm lai, mpi thdi hu tat xa'u ciia ngudi Viet khdng chi dupe tim thi^y Uong Uuyen cudi hoac ca dao ma cdn Id dien Uong tuc ngiJ va
thanh ngvt Ndi v6 thdi hu, tat xa'u ciia ngudi Viet ciing cd nghia la tuc
ngi? ndi de'n nhihig nhupc die'm cua hp nhim "canh tinh" mpi ngudi
Tuc ngijt "chdng" cai xa'u nhim d^ "xay" cai tdt chii khdng phai la "ndi x^fu" hoac "miet thi" ddng bao minh va cang khdng phai de' ""Vgch do cho ngudi xem lung" Dii sao, cudc sdng vin cii dep, vin sang trong ya
kh6ng ngimg di len ma khdng bi nhihig cai xa'u lam vin due hoac can dudng Ndi each khac, cudc sdng dep khdng phai vi nhihig tdi te lin trong dd lam anh hudng Nd dep nhieu hon vi sir dam ndi that cua chung ta
Trang 9TAI L E U THAM K H A O
1 Chu Xuan Dien - Luong Van Dang - Phuong Tri (1993), Tuc ngQ Viet Nam (in lin tbii 2), NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi, H
2 Vu Dung - Vu Thuy Anh - Vu Quang Hao (1997) Tut dien thanh ngd vd tuc ngQ Viet Nam (in lin thii 3), NXB Van hod, H., 784 U
3 Nguyen Xuan Kfnh ((Thu bien, 2002), Kho tdng tuc ngd ngudi Viet (2 tap) NXB Van bda Thdng tin, 3246 U
4 Nguyen Luc - Luong Van Dang (1978), Thanh ngd tii'ng Vift,
NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi, H, 360 U
5 Nguyen Van Thdng (2(XK)), Tim hieu vdn hod dng xd cua ngudi Viet qua tuc ngd, Tap chf Vdn hod ddn gian, H., sd 2, tr.72-75
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