Didu nay cho thay, do nhung didu kidn ljch sti nhat djnh, ngudi Viet chua dii sire sing tao ra he tu tudng cita ridng minh va bit bude phai tidp nhan cac tu tudng tu bdn ngoai, song [r]
Trang 1A TAM GIAO DONG NGUYEN:
^
MOTPHlfC TH€ TINH THRN DOC DRO VI€T NRM
PGS, TS H 6 T R O N G HOAI'''
PGS, TS NGUYtN THI NGA<"'
Trong lich su dan tdc Viet Nam, tam
giao ddng nguydn dugc xem li mdt
die sic cita he tu tudng truydn thdng Tam
giao ddng nguydn cd nghia la, ca ba tdn giao:
Nhg giao, Phat giao va Lao giao ddu la ban
nguyen, la ndn tang tu tudng cita dan tdc,
dugc xa hdi quan phuang thira nhan, nhat la
trong cic tridu dai Dinh, Ld, Ly, Tran
Nho giio dugc hinh thanh tir Trung Hoa
vdi nhidu dai bidu xuat sic nhu Khdng tir,
Manh tir, Tuan tir Qua nhidu giai doan,
Nho giao lien tuc dugc bd sung, phit tridn
vi trd thanh he tu tudng cita nhidu tridu dai
phong kidn Trung Qudc
Nho giio la mdt he thdng cic quan diem
phirc tap vd nhidu linh vuc, song cic nha
nghidn cim ddu thdng nhat cho ring, Nho
giao chil truong vd mdt xa hdi thii binh,
thjnh tri, cd tdn ti thdng qua vide giio hda
dan chiing bing nhirng quy pham dao diic
ma trong do, vua la ngudi cd mgi quydn uy
'•' van phong Hpe vien Chinh trj - Hanh chinh trj
quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
'"' Vi?n Tri^t hpe, Hpe vi?n Chinh \x\ - Hanh chinh
qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh
va lam mdng edt cho xa hdi So dl nhu vay bdi vua la thidn tir, la con trdi, cdn nhirng ngudi khae la thin dan, thao dan CQng vi
Id trdn ma cd ngudi cho ring Nho la nhu, la dao cita ngudi quan tir, va khang djnh Nho giao vd thuc chat la mgt hgc thuydt cd tinh chat dire tri >^ Nho giao dua ra mgt he thdng cac quy
pham, chuan muc dd con ngudi noi theo nhu: tam cuong, ngii thudng, ngii luan, tam tdng, tii dire ; phan chia xa hdi thanh hai loai ngudi - quan tii va tidu nhan; xay dung mau ngudi ly tudng gdm cd cac pham chat nhu nhan, tri, dQng hay nhan, nghia Id, tri, tin, trong dd Id cd vai trd die bidt quan trgng Nho giio cung coi trgng vide giio due con ngudi dd lam thay ddi tinh ngudi,
va nhan manh dao trung trong quan he vdi vua (ggi la trung quan), dao hidu trong quan he vdi cha me va gia tgc
Nho giao dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam cimg vdi cac the luc phong kidn Trung Hoa Thdi diem du nhap la thdi nha Han,
va die biet dugc day manh dudi thdi Sy Nhiep (187 - 226) - dd la Han nho Ddn
thdi nhi Tdng, Nho giao tiep tuc dugc
Trang 2tmyen ba vao nudc ta vdi sir khic bidt nhit
djnh ve ngi dung, ndn ggi la Tong nho
Phat giio ciing la mdt trio luu tu tudng
Idn cd ngudn gde tir An Do vi dugc du
nhap vao Viet Nam vao khoang the ky thir
2 sau Cdng nguyen Theo cac ngudn sii lieu
cdn lai, thdi diem va con dudng du nhap
cua Phat giao vio Viet Nam chi li udc
doin bdi khdng gidng cac tdn giio khic,
Phat giao vao Viet Nam bang phuang thirc
hda binh
Phat giio do Tat Dat Da - ma sau nay
ggi la Thich ca mau ni, ngudi An Do sing
lap vao khoang thd ky thir VI trudc Cdng
nguydn Cung gidng mgi tdn giio khic,
Phat giio Cling dugc bd sung, phit tridn
qua nhidu giai doan vdi sir phan chia
thanh nhidu tdng phai khic nhau Hien tai
nd bao gdm hai tdng phai Idn la Tidu thira
va Dai thira Ngi dung cua tu tudng Phat
giio vd cimg phong phii nhung rat phiic
tap Song vd co ban, nd cho ring, nhan
sinh vd th\rc chat la khd va chii tmong
tidn hanh sir giai thoit con ngudi khdi bd
khd tran tuc nhim dat ddn canh gidi hanh
phuc, khdng khd dau li Nidt ban Dd tidu
dift ndi khd, Phat giio cho ring, phai tidn
hinh tu tap nhim doan tuyet tham san si,
khai md tri tue de nhan thirc diing ve thuc
tudng cita van vat va trdn co sd dd mi
hanh dgng dung Ndi cich khic, phii di
theo con dudng tmng dao hay bit chinh
dao (tim con dudng chinh) Vi Id ay,
nghien cim vd Phat giao, nhidu ngudi cho
ring day la mdt tdn giio cd tinh xuat the,
bdi nd quan nidm cugc sdng tran gian la
tam bg va ngin ngiii va cugc sdng d cdi
Nidt ban mdi la vinh ctiu
Khoing thd ky thir hai, Phat giao dugc
du nhap vao Viet Nam bing nhieu con dudng khic nhau, va sdm hinh thanh nhung tmng tam Phat giao Idn cita khu vuc Ddng Duong Trong hoan canh bj nha Hin dd hd
va Nho giao thjnh hanh, song ngudi Viet van tidp nhan Phat giio Phat giio van tidp tuc phit trien va trd thanh qudc dao khi Viet Nam gianh dugc dde lap tu chii vio nim 938
Ciing vdi Nho giio va Phat giao, Lao giao cung dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam vi trd thinh mdt trong nhirng ndn ting tu tudng chit ydu cua dan tdc trong thdi ky phong kidn Lao giio do Lao tir ngudi Tmng Qudc sing lap, dugc bd sung va phit tridn bdi Trang tii vao khoang thd ky thir VI tmdc Cdng nguydn
Lao giao cho ring, dao la khdi nguydn cita van vat Dao khdng cd hinh hii, bidn ddi lidn tuc vi khdng cd thd md ta dugc (dao khi dao bit thudng dao, danh khi danh bat thudng danh) Sir van ddng, bidn hda cita dao la CO sd hinh thinh van vat Vd nhan sinh, Lao giio chit tmong vd vi, tiic li hinh ddng hgp le tu nhidn, thuan ly bdi ndu khdng nhu vay sd la trii vdi dao Sau niy, trong qui trinh phit tridn, Lao giao nguydn thiiy trd thinh dao tu tidn, luyen dan dd mong tmdng sinh bit tii vi biia chit, phii phdp dd huy ddng, sir dung siic manh sidu nhidn
Du nhap vao Viet Nam, Lao giao chi cd tdng ma khdng cd phii, tire chi cd tu tudng
mi khdng hinh thanh cic mdn phai cu thd
vi phat tridn chti ydu la khuynh hudng bita chii, phii phdp Khuynh budng niy khdng chi dugc phd bidn rdng rai trong dan gian,
ma ca d chdn cung dinh ciing sir dung nd
Trang 3khi dat nudc gap thidn tai, djch benh hay
gap hga ngoai xam
Nghidn ciiu tam giao vdi tu each la ndn
tang tu tudng ciia dan tgc Viet Nam trgng
mdt thdi ky lich sii lau dai, cd may diem
can chii y la:
Thit nhat, ca ba tdn giao Nho, Phat,
Lao ddu cd ngudn gde tir nudc ngoai
(Trung Hoa va An Do) Van dd dit ra dd
giai dap d day la, tai sao ngudi Viet lai cd
thd thira nhan ba tdn giio dd lim ndn tang
tu tudng cua minh, ma khdng lira chgn mdt
he tu tudng nio khic hay tu minh sang tao
ra mdt he tu tudng ridng?
Day la van do phirc tap, song chiing tdi
cho ring, cd le ngudi Viet da sdm nhan ra
nhiing uu trdi, nhung hgp ly trong cac tdn
giio dd, mac dii van tim thay nhung ban
che ciia timg tdn giio Didu nay cho thay,
do nhung didu kidn ljch sti nhat djnh, ngudi
Viet chua dii sire sing tao ra he tu tudng
cita ridng minh va bit bude phai tidp nhan
cac tu tudng tu bdn ngoai, song viec tidp
nhan nay la hoan toan chit ddng, tidp nhan
cd chgn Igc vdi muc dich xay dung mgt ndn
vin hda dgc lap, giiir gin va bao toan cuong
thd qudc gia Suy nghi trdn day cing dugc
cting cd khi tim hidu vd thai do cita tung
trieu dai phong kidn Viet Nam ddi vdi timg
tdn giao
Sau chidn thing cita Ngd Quydn tmdc
quan Nam Han nim 938 trdn sdng Bach
Ding, dan tgc ta bude vao thdi ky dgc lap,
tu chit Liic nay, ydu cau dat ra la, phai xay
dung mdt he tu tudng cho thd che phong
kien Trong bdi canh dd Phat giio la mgt
lira chgn dugc uu tidn Cd hai ly do chti ydu
sau day dd giai thich ve sir lira chgn nay
Mgt Id, trong thdi ky dai ca dan tdc phai
ddn mgi ngudn lire cho cugc dau tranh gianh quydn dgc lap tu chii, vi vay, dd ciing
cd siic manh dan tdc, xay dung va phat trien dat nudc sau chidn tranh thi didu cot tii nhat la phai thu phuc nhan tam, vd ve dan chiing ve nhiing mat mat, dau thuong
Dd dap img nhu cau nay thi Phat giao la tdn giao thich hgp, bdi nd khuyen day con ngudi ring cugc sdng tren coi tran chi la tam bg va cugc sdng d cdi Nidt ban mdi la vinh vien Nd day con ngudi ring, phai thuc hien dao tir bi hy xa dd thanh Igc than tam, dd con ngudi khdng ed chap vd tao vat,
de con ngudi thuong yeu nhau, cimg nhau vuon den cdi cue lac Nd ciing khuydn con ngudi khdng tham lam, khdng dam md sac due bdi chinh sir tham lam khdng lam con ngudi giau cd hon ma ngugc lai lam con
ngudi dau khd hon Hai la, sau mgt thdi
ky dai chdng xam lugc phuong Bac, ngudi Viet nhan thay ring, Nho giao, Lao giio la nhirng tdn giao cita kd xam lugc, dugc phat tich tir dat nudc cita ke xam lugc Vi vay, vide tir chdi sii dung Nho giao, Lao giao la mdt le tu nhidn Nhd dd, trong cac tridu dai nhu Dinh, Tidn Ld, Ly, Tran, Phat giio
dugc cgi trgng die biet
.>-.' i-Tuy nhidn, trong qua trinh xay dung dat nude, ngudi Viet ciing nhan thay rang,
tu ban than nd, Phat giao ciing cd nhirng ban chd, va dd xay dung mgt nha nudc phong kidn tap quydn manh thi can phai dua vao mgt tu tudng khae Trong didu kidn dd, Nho giao trd thanh sir lira chgn cd tinh uu tien, bdi nd cd kha ning dua ra nhiing djnh chd xa hgi, dua ra mgt md hinh td chiic xa hgi phuc vu myc dich ciia tang Idp quan lai Nho giao cho ring, trong xa hdi cd ba quan he rudng cot la vua tdi, vg ehdng, cha con Sau nay dugc
Trang 4khai quit, bd sung thdm hai quan he niira la
anh em va be ban Cic quan he trdn day
ddu cd muc dich tdn thd vj iri cao nhat cita
nhi vua ddi vdi xa tic va vj tri ngudi cha
trong gia dinh xa hdi phong kidn
Ngoai cic djnh chd trdn, Nho giio cdn
cd hang loat nhiing quy pham rat chi tidt dd
didu chinh cic quan he xa hdi v i hinh thinh
mdt he thdng cac gii trj dao dire ridng Vi
vay, mac dit trong cic tridu dai Dinh, Tidn
Ld, Ly, Tran, Nho giio khdng dugc trgng
dung vdi tu cich li qudc dao, song van tdn
tai nhu mgt sir bii dip cho nhung thidu hut
cita Phat giao dd phuc vu muc dich cita nha
nudc phong kidn tap quydn Ciing vi ly do
nay mi nhidu nha nghien cuu khang djnh, d
Viet Nam cd the cd qudc dao, nhung chua
bao gid cd tinh trang dde tdn tdn giao nhu
nhumg qudc gia khae, nhat li d phuang
Tay Ngay ca sau nay, khi tridu Nguyen rat
coi trgng Nho giao thi cic ton giao khic
nhu Phat, Lao van tdn tai ma khdng bj ky
thj Didu niy li mdt die bidt, bdi nd khdng
gidng d phuong Tay, khi mdt tdn giio nao
dd dugc thira nhan la qudc dao thi cac tdn
giao khic bj ky thj Chinh vi the m i trong
ljch sir Viet Nam khdng he cd chidn tranh
tdn giio
Trong ba tdn giio, Nho, Phat, Lao, thi
Lao giao chua bao gid dugc cac tridu dai
phong kidn thira nhan la qudc dao, song
dieu thu vj li, Lao giio cung chua bao gid
bj ky thj Ngugc lai, rat nhidu ngudi Viet
Nam, ke ci gidi su ting Phat giio, gidi Nho
si cung nhidu ngudi quan tam nghidn cim
va d mirc do nhit djnh ddu chju inh hudng
cua tdn giao nay Ly do co ban bdi, Lao
giao la tdn giio nang tinh vu khoat (vidn
vdng) Ve mat chit thuydt, ndu xet trong
quan nidm cita ngudi sing lap, dao dd cho ring, vil tru liic dau li hdn mang ggi la thai cue Sau dd van ddng, bidn hda ma thanh tao vat Trong vii tru, cd ba nhan td dugc ggi li tam tii la thidn, dja va nhan Trong
ci the ngudi, tam tii dugc xem li lidu ngi hay tidu vii tru, cdn cii bdn ngoai la dai nga hay dai vu tru Vd ban chat, lieu ngi va dai nga ddng nhat Vi vay, con ngudi cung chinh la vii tru va ngugc lai Vd thai do ddi vdi nhan sinh, nd day con ngudi can sdng hda hgp vdi tu nhien, khdng ndn lim xao trdn tu nhidn, bdi tu nhidn li mdt trat tu hoan hao Trong qua trinh phat tridn vd sau, Lao giio phan thanh cac khuynh hudng kbac nhau v i cang ngiy cang khic xa so vdi chil thuyet ban dau Tuu trung cd hai khuynh hudng chinh la lu lien va biia phap kidu sa man (phit thiiy, biia chii) Khi du nhap vao Viet Nam, hai khuynh hudng niy trd ndn uu trdi, nhat la trong chdn dan gian
Ly giai ve hidn tugng niy, nhidu nhi nghidn cim cho ring, sd dl ngudi dan noi thdn da sir dung dao Lao theo khuynh hudng sa man la bdi nhirng con ngudi nghdo khd, be nhd ay mudn tdn tai thi can sire manh Tang Idp thdng trj ciia mdt qudc gia dat khdng rdng lim, ngudi khdng ddng lam nhung phai thudng xuydn ddi mat vdi hga xam ling cita nhiing the lire hiing manh ban minh nhidu lan ciing cd nhu cau sire manh Mudn vay phai sir dung biia chii, phii phep dd tim sir hd trg lir nhung sire manh sidu nhidn Thuc td cho thay, d chdn dan
da, khi ngudi dan bat luc tmdc cudng quydn hay nhiing bat hanh, nii ro cua cugc sdng thi ddu can den vai trd ciia nhirng phap su, va d chdn cung dinh, khi thidn tai, djch benh hay hga ngoai xam de dga thi nhidu vj vua cung lap dan cau dio mong
Trang 5dugc sire manh sieu nhidn che chd Cdn
gidi tri thirc Viet, ngoai vide img hd cic
hanh ddng trdn, ban than hg cGng tim thay
trong dao Lao nhirng tu tudng, nhiing quan
diem ma Nho giio bay Phat giao khdng cd
dd bd sung cho hinh trang tri thiic
Thu hai, mac dit la tdn giao ngoai nhap,
giiia cic tdn giao ddu cd rat nhidu khic
bidt, tuy mdt sd tang lir, dao si cita timg tdn
giao cd phd phan cic tdn giao khic, song d
Viet Nam chua cd cai ggi la chien tranh tdn
giao, kd ca khi dao Thidn chiia dugc du
nhap vao thdi can dai Chiing ta cd thd ly
giai hidn tugng nay nhu sau:
Viet Nam la mdt qudc gia nim d vj tri
thuan Igi cho vide giao luu, tiep bidn cac
ndn vin hda khic nhau tren thd gidi Tir
sdm, ngudi Viet da giao luu vdi hai ndn
vin hda Idn la An Do va Tmng Hoa, va
chinh noi day, ngay tir dau da didn ra sir
tidp bidn vin hda dgc dao Dgc dao la bdi
khi hai ndn van hda giao luu vdi nhau thi
sir tiep bidn la hidn nhien, song nhu da bidt,
cd tidp bien tu nhidn va cd tidp bidn cudng
birc Vdi Phat giio, sir tiep bien dien ra hdt
siic tu nhidn den mirc tdi nay van chua xic
djnh dugc thdi didm va con dudng ma Phat
giao du nhap vao Viet Nam Cd the ndi, nd
dugc du nhap mdt each em tham
Vdi Nho giao va vin hda Tmng Hoa,
van dd hoan loan khae Khi phong kidn
Tmng Hoa dd hd nudc ta ban mgt nghin
nim thi dd cung la thdi gian hg muu toan
du nhap vin hda dd ddng hda van hda Muu
toan nay dugc thuc hidn bang con dudng
bao lure Dd la nhirng su that ljch sir Hon
mdt nghin nam ay, ngudi Viet khdng chi bj
ip birc ve mat kinh td, chinh trj mi cdn bj
ip birc vd mat vin hda Nhung vdi tmydn
thdng ydu nudc quat cudng, dd ciing la thdi gian cic thd he ngudi Viet viing day lat dd ich ip birc ca vd mat vin hda Kdt qua la, khdng nhiing ndn dde lap ciia dan tdc dugc khdi phuc ma ban sic vin hda cita dan tdc cGng dugc bao tdn Dieu nay ciing cho thay sire manh cita ndn van hda Viet Nam, y chi
va ca tri tue cita ngudi Viet Nam
Cd mdt nghich ly nhung la mgt su that
la, ngudi Viet Nam cd Idng yeu nudc ndng nan, bidt dimg day ehdng mgi thd lire ap birc xam lugc dit cugc chidn dau ay tan khdc va keo dai, song ban ai hdt, ngudi Viet Nam rat ydu chuong hda binh Trong ljch sir ciing hidm cd dan tgc nao khi dinh thing giac ngoai xam lai cap thuydn, cap ngua cho hang binh trd vd, va tham chi cdn huong khdi tir td cho linh hdn kd bai Iran
Ly do bdi, dd cQng la linh hdn cita nhirng con ngudi, bdi dd cung la nhan loai Vi vay, bat cir he tu tudng nao phit hgp vdi ndn vin hda dan tdc, phit hgp vdi nhu cau xay dung va phit tridn dat nudc, khdng de dga chu quydn lanh thd ddu dugc ngudi Viet Nam chgn Igc va tidp nhan Dd la ly
do eit nghia tai sao ca ba tdn giao Nho, Phat, Lao deu dugc ngudi Viet tidp nhan, sir dung va trd thanh cai ggi la tam giao ddng nguydn Dieu nay ciing ly giai vi sao khi cac phong trio chdng thuc dan Phap ciia cac si phu yeu nudc di vao bd tic, khi
be tu tudng phong kidn da ldi thdi, ngudi Viet Nam lai chap nhan he tu tudng macxit nhanh chdng den nhu vay CQng nhd due khoan dung ma ngudi Viet Nam bidt chat Igc tinh hoa trong cae hgc thuydt Ddng, Tay, bidt han chd nhung xung dot phat sinh tir nhung khic bidt ve tu tudng, ve vin hda
(Xem tiep trang 32)
Trang 6manh me ciia each mang khoa hgc - cdng nghd hidn
dai, kinh td tri thirc, xu thd loan cau hda kinh te;
nhimg dien bidn phirc tap, khd ludng cita cude dau
tranh giai cap, dau tranh dan tgc, ciia tinh hinh chinh
trj, quan sir trdn thd gidi; sir chdng phi quyel liet cita
cac the luc thit djch ddi vdi cich mang nudc ta; sir
phat tridn mdi cita tinh hinh kinh td - xa hgi dat
nude, lam cho ndi dung nhiem vu bao vd Td qudc
cua nhan dan ta cd bude phat tridn mdi Van dung tu
tudng cita Hd Chi Minh vd khang chidn va kien qudc
trong tinh hinh hidn nay can phai ket hgp chit che,
hii hda cic boat ddng kinh id - xa hdi vdi qudc
phdng - an ninh Dd xay dimg mdt nude Viet Nam
giau manh va mdt ndn qudc phdng loan dan viing
manh chiing ta phai khdng ngimg nang cao nhan
thirc chinh trj, nhan rd ban chat, am muu vi boat
ddng chdng phi cua kd thii, kidn quyet lam that bai
chien lugc "dien bien hda binh" kdl hgp vdi bao
loan, lat dd cua cic thd lire thii djch vdi each mang
Viet Nam Ngoii vide xay dung quan dgi nhan dan
cich mang chinh quy, tinh nhud, luc lugng quan dgi
phai tich cue tham gia lao ddng sin xuat, lam kinh
te, xay dung nhirng xi nghiep qudc phdng lam in
gidi, tidp thu cdng nghd tidn lidn, timg bude hien dai
hda quan dgi; md rdng md hinh khu kinh id - qudc
phdng, gdp phan xay dung thd Iran qudc phdng - an
ninh, kinh id, vin hda - xa hgi
Quin triet tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, Dang ta xic
djnh: Xdy dung chu nghia xd hqi vd bdo ve Td qudc
Id hai nhiem vu chien lugc cua cdch mqng Viet Nam
Day li con dudng duy nhat dung, con dudng Hd Chi
Minh da lira chgn va ddng hinh ciing dan tgc, dd
chiing ta thuc hidn muc tidu xay dung thinh cdng
chit nghia xa bdi va bio vd vung chic Td qudc Viet
Nam xa hdi chii nghia
(1),(4) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, t.5, NXB Chinh tri quoc
gia, HaNoi, 2002, tr.25,tr.59
(2),(3) Sdd, t.4, U.432, U.99
TAM GIAO
>^
DONG NGUYEN:
MOT PHtJt! THK
(Tiep theo trang 58)
Hidn nay, chu nghia Mac -Ldnin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh la ndn tang tu tudng trong xa hdi ta, song tam giao van cdn giii nhung gia trj tich cue nhat djnh ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hgi va con ngudi thdi hidn dai Trong didu kidn kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghia, nhirng gia trj vd dire tir bi cita dao Phat, dao tu than cita nha Nho, quan nidm nhan sinh xem con ngudi la mot bg phan ddng nhat vd chat vdi vu try cita dao Lao hay Idng bic ai cita Chita trdi
va nhieu gia trj khae van phit huy tic dung tich cue trong cude sdng duang dai
Tdm lai, cd thd ndi ring, Tam giao ddng nguydn la mot phirc the tinh than die bidt cita ngudi Viet Nam Cd hidn tugng nay, suy cho citng, li do con ngudi Viet Nam khoan dung, van hda Viet Nam la ndn vin hda md Nhd vay nd khdng chi ddn nhan ma cdn cd kha ning hap thu cac gii tri ngoai lai song van bao tdn dugc ban sac cita minh Ban sac ay hidn van dugc luu gill va chi phdi suy nghi, hanh ddng cita con ngudi trong xa hgi duong dai