Tir nbUng ket qua thu dupe va cac phan tich tren cho tha'y sii nang dpng trpng hpc tap va nghien ciiu ehuyen nganh xa bdi hpc eua sinh vien chUa cao, the hien d viee hp ed rat it tai [r]
Trang 1s i r CAN THIET PHAI NANG CAO TINH N A N G DONG CUA SINK VIEN NGANH XA HOI HOC
• • •
TRONG VIEC HOC TAP VA NGHIEN CLfU CAC
CHUYEN NGANH XA HOI HOC
(Qua khdo sat nhanh sink vien nam thhC 3 vd 4 khoa Xd hoi hoc, Tritang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hoi vd Nhdn van
Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ngi)
THS LE THAI THI BANG TAM
TrUOng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hoi vd Nhdn van, Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi
Nganh Xa hoi hpc (XHH) d Viet Nam ed phat trien dUpe hay kbdng la tuy thupc nhieu d sii no liie eua thay va trd Sinb vien ciia ehung ta da ehuan hi kie'n thiic, ky nang va phUdng phap de "lam nghe" nhu the nao? Danh gia thiic trang eiia viee day va hpc Xa hoi hpc trong trUdng dai hpc hien nay la mot edng viec bet sdc quan trpng va cap bach? De tim hieu dieu nay, ehung tdi tien hanh mot cupe khao sat nhanh (vao trung tuan thang 12 nam 2000) 184 sinh vien nam thijt 3
va nam tbd 4 (nam cud'i) ciia khoa Xa hoi hpc trUdng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhan van (DHKHXH&NV) ve viee hpc va ngbien eiiu ehuyen nganh xa hoi hpc eua hp trong 2 nam hpc vCfa qua Mau nay thiic sii dai dien cho hdn 200 sinh vien 2 khoa (k42 va k43) eua khoa XHH hien nay Qua do, ed the thay dupe phan nao miie dp chu dpng trong hpc tap va ngbien
359
Trang 2ciiu xa hoi hpc cika sinh vien nganh xa hoi hpc va ed the nhan
ra dupe phan nao nhUng ba't cap trong viee giang day ehuyen
nganh hien nay Chung tdi kbdng ky vpng qua mot "mau" nho
de danh gia tinh hinh ehung trong cac trUdng DH hien nay
NhUng gi "thay dupe" se chi la nhUng "gdi y" de tham khao va
thao luan
Kha nang tich luy tri thiic :
* Kha nSng tich luy tai lieu tham khao (TLTK):
Khao sat 184 sinh vien thupc 2 khoa khae nhau vdi so'
ehuyen nganh da dupe hpc tii 12 den 30 ehuyen nganh, dkc
biet sinh vien (SV) nam thii 4 da hpc xong hoan toan cac
ehuyen nganh (theo ehudng trinh cii nhan nganh XHH), cho
thay ed "van de" trong viee tich luy TLTK eua hp
Qua ket qua khao sat, ta thay so ehuyen nganh ma sinh
vien dupe eung cap va tii tich luy TLTK deu rat it Trong do
so ehuyen nganh ma sinh vien "ed" TLTK nhieu hdn so'
ehuyen nganh sinh vien "ed nhieu" TLTK So' ehuyen ng^nb
SV ed TLTK la rat it ( trung binh la 3.16 ehuyen nganh),
tUdng dUdng vdi 30% ddi vdi SV nSm thU 3, vdi 10% ddivdi SV
nam thU tu tren tdng so ehuyen nganh ma hp da hpc Day la
van de rat dang lo ngai • " Mot cau hoi dupe dat ra : sinb vien da thiic sii tich ciie
trong viee tim kiem TLTK cho nganh hpc ciia minh ehua?
Giao vien da thiic sii quan tarn den viee eung cap, hudng dSn
viee tich luy TL cho hp ehUa? Cau tra Idi la: ea ngudi day va
ngUdi hpc da ed y thiic ve van de nay, nbUng hieu qua chua
cao Trong ngbien cUu ciia minh, ehung tdi chUa ed dieu kien
de kiem chiing : lieu trong bai "ngUdi " tbi t h l y hay trd la
ngUdi tich ciic hdn, nhUng tren thiic te ciia khoa XHH, ehung
tdi nhan thay sinh vien hien nay r^'t thu dpng trong viee tich
Trang 3luy TLTK Cd ehuyen nganh, giao vien eung cap hang t r a m trang tai lieu (da chup va ddng t h a n h tap), nhUng mdi chi niia so sinh vien sao chup tai lieu, trong do, so' chup toan bp chi chiem 1/8, so' photo nhiing pb^n hp cho la quan trpng chiem 1/4, so' chup nhiing phan ma giao vien chi djnh chiem 1/2 Nhieu sinh vien trong khi hpc chi trong chd giao vien dpc cho ma chep hay ghi lai Idi giang eua hp mot each may mdc
Da phan sinh vien nam thii tU hien nay khdng cd kha nang lap dUde hoae khdng mud'n lap he thd'ng tU lieu rieng cho minh Hp dUdng nhU khdng ed y thiic va khdng cd kha nang lam edng viec nay SV hau nhU chi "tich eiie" dpc tai lieu
d thu vien khi ehuan hi vie't tieu luan hay thi eik
Bieu 1 Bieu do hop mo ta phan bd eua hai bien vd hoc lite cda SV
h
-1
h
o
j =
c
/ea
em
c
c
«u
3
U
60
C
D-12
10-V - • • : , • •
0 2
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• - • ,
iii;'-!,^ ^.: ••'-•-?U^i
O M - I
• • : :
• - •- ^ - • - •:
Gioi
67
Kha Trung binh
Kcl qua hoc tap
361
Trang 41 I
0-^3
Oidi
K^l q u i hpc tAp
Trung binh
Nhin vao bieu 1 ta tha'y phan bd ciia " So CN dupe eung cap TLTK so vdi hpc liie " cd phan bd gfin chu^n hdn so vdi bieu do "So CN cd TLTK"
Sinb vien hpc gidi cd nhieu TLTK hdn sinh vien hpc kha
va TB Sinh vien hpc kha va trung binh cd so ehuyen nganh
cd TLTK tUdng ddi ddng deu Phan bd mSu SV hpc gidi bj lech nhieu hdn so vdi sinh vien kha va TB Dieu nay chiing to ngay trong so sinh vien hpc gidi cd sii khdng ddng deu ve kha nSng tich luy TL
Nhu vay, sii nSng dpng ciia sinh vien trong viec tich luy
TL dUdng nhu cd lien quan den nang lUc hpc tSp eua hp? De chiing to dieu nay, ehung tdi tien hanh kiem djnh Khi binh phUdng ddi vdi 2 bien djnh tinh de xac djnh tinh cha't ciia quan he (dpc lap hay phu thupc) ciia hai bien nay
Vdi p-value < 0.005, phep kiem djnh bae bo gia tbiet H„ v^
chap nhan gia tbiet Ha : bai bien ed quan he phu thupc \kn
nhau Cd ngbia la: sinb vien hpc cang gidi thi cang cd nhieu
Trang 5TLTK ehuyen nganh XHH hdn NhUng vdi he so' Crammer' V
la nho (0.267) cho th^'y sii phu thupc nay khdng chat che cho ISm Hdn niJa, he so' tUdng quan hang Spearman Correlation
Cling nho (- 0.130), cho th^'y sii phu thupc nay dxKic giai thich
bang nhieu ly do ben ngoai niia
Tom lai, da phan sinh vien cd rat it TLTK cho ehuyen nganh va hp khdng tii chii, tich ciic trong viec tim kiem va tich luy TL bat ke hp la sinh vien cd nang liie hpc tap nhU the nao
Ve nguyen nhan d i n den tinh trang tren, dau tien phai ke den vai trd eua giao vien Sii chii y ciia giao vien trong viec hudng d&n sinh vien tich luy tai lieu ehUa tich ciic va sau sat Nhieu khi giao vien chi chii y eung cap thU mue cac dau sach c^n dpc, khdng kiem tra viee dpc sach bSng nhieu phUdng each khae nhau khien sinh vien d l Id la Thiic ra viec kiem tra se trd nen thu dpng, ddi phd neu khdng dUde tien hanh mot each chii dpng Hai la, so' ludng tai lieu tham khao cho cac ehuyen nganh XHH tren thiic te ehUa nhieu Nhiing tai lieu ehuyen sau cho mot ehuyen nganh ciing r a t it ChUa cd sii phd'i bdp de bien soan tai lieu tham khao giiia cac cd sd dao
tao va ngbien ciiu Cac cd sd nay hau nhu ehUa ed ke hoach eu
the cho viec xuat ban tai lieu Bd phan Tu lieu lam viec chUa hieu qua Ba la, ve phia sinh vien, viec khdng ed dii TLTK de hpc tap va ngbien ciiu chUa phai la van de quan trpng n h a t ddi vdi hp Nhieu sinh vien khi bat tay vao lam khoa luan tot ngbiep mdi di tim tai lieu de dpc Hp keu nhieu, mong dpi d sU trp giiip nhieu hdn la tii lUe Them niia kinh phi de cd dUde tai lieu ciing la mot van de tUdng chiing khd vUdt qua ddi vdi
hp
Van de tich luy tai lieu neu kbdng dupe thiic day tich ciic hdn nuta trong sinh vien hien nay se lam ngheo di nhiing tri
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Trang 6thiic tiep thu tut thay va lam mdn di kha nang tii chu eua hp
* Kha nang dpc va phan tich tai lieu tham khao
Tinh nang dpng eua SV dUdc the hien qua each thiic hp
dpc tai lieu tham khao Ket qua d bieu 2 cho thay 2 each dpc
eudi the hien tinh chu dpng cao hdn ea thi dUdng nbu SV
"hudng tdi" it nha't Nhung dp lech ehuan eua bai chi bao nay
lai nho hdn so vdi dp lech ehuan eua cac "each thiic" khae, cho
thay sii tap trung y kien eua SV d hai chi bao nay cao hdn So'
SV "dpc theo hudng dan eua giao vien" eung tUdng ddi nhieu
SV dUdng nhu khdng thich each "dpc va ghi chep lai nhUng y
chinb" Chiing tdi kbdng cd y djnh cho diem tifng chi bao de
do tinh nang dpng tren nbUn each thUe nay nen ciing khd de
ndi rang SV da thiic sU chu di ng qua viec dpc TL eua hp hay
chUa? Sii phan anh se d nhUng mUc dp rat khae nhau tren
tiing chi bao •:
Bieu 2: Cac each doc tdi lieu tham khdo
1 Dpc va ghi ch6p lai nhCmg y chinh
2 Doc qua 1 Ian, sau doc lai
3 Chi dpc nhCmg phan minh thich
4 Ope theo hi/tJng dan eua GV
5 Dpc vd tif dat cau hoi
6 E)pc va tdng thuat lai
Trung binh
1.49 1.64 ^ 1.69
1.74 1.84 1.92
DO I6ch chu^n
.50
.48
.46 44
.37
.27
Tuy nbien cd the khae phue dieu nay bang kiem djnh til
thu tue khi binh phUdng Tren ket qua do dUdc cho thay chi
cd 2 each thiic dpc TL: "dpc va ghi chep nhiing y chinb" va
"dpc qua mot Ian sau do dpc lai" la ed lien quan den hpc liie
Trang 7eua SV Cd nghia la sinh vien ed hpc liie cang gidi cang Ua thich cac each dpc nay hdn SV ed hpc liie kem hdn Hai each thiic nay ciing chi ra tinh chii dpng ciia ngUdi dCing no So' SV
ed hpc liie trung binh thUdng chiem so' ddng, chinb vi vay chiing ta ed the tha'y r i n g SV ndi ehung ehUa thiic sii tii dpc
va ngbien ciiu tai lieu mot each nghiem tiic va khoa hpc
Khd nang van dung kien thitc cdc ehuyen nganh xd hoi hoc
* Tit danh gia khd ndng van dung kien thi2c
Trong nghien ciiu nay, chiing tdi "de nghj" sinb vien tii danh gia kha nang van dung kien thiic de viet bao cao khoa hpc hoae tieu luan
"Kha nang van dung kien thiic ehuyen nganh" dUde xem nhu mot phan bd'ehuan ( bieu 3) vdi dp lech tieu ehuan : 0.79, so'trung binh: 2.5, so'quan sat :183
Bieu 3.1 Bieu do xdc sudt vd ditdng cong ehuan
Kha nang van dung CN eua ban? ;, ^
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qu
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1.0 2 X) i 0
Kha nang vdn dung CN eua ban?
Sid Dev = 79 Mean = 2 'i
N = 18.1.00
4.(1
365
Trang 8Bieu 3.2: Khd ndng van dung CN eua SV vao viec vie't bao cao khoa hoc vd tieu luan
1 Van dung nhieu
2 VD tUdng ddi nhieu
3 Van dung it
4 ChUa van dung dUde
Tan suat
13.0 33.2 47.8
5.4
SV tii nhan tha'y kha nang van dung kien thijfe ehuyen
nganh ciia hp eon tha'p (hdn 50% sinh vien cho rang hp "van dung it va ehUa van dung dUpe") Trong dd, SV hpc gidi van dung dupe nhieu hdn ea ( bieu 4.3), SV cd hpc liie kha va TB danh gia kha nang van dung tha'p ngang nhau Ket qua d 4.3 ciing cho thay khoang each giUa kha nang van dung eua SV hpc gidi va SV kha, TB tUdng ddi Idn Nhu vay, kha nang ehuyen tai kien thiic tU tai lieu , tii bai giang eua giao vien, tii thiic te vao bai vie't ciia SV phu thupc rat nhieu vao nang lUc tiep thu tri thUe ciia hp ••''
Bieu 3.3 Khd ndng van dung theo hoc lUc eua SV
Ket qua hpc tap
Gidi
Kha
Trung binh
Tdng
Tong
So' quan sat
10
68
104
182
182
Trung binh
1.70 2.49 2.51
2.46
2.46
Dp lech ehuan
.82 80
.75
.79
.79
* Mdi quan he gUtakhd ndng van dung KT vd Khd ndng tich luy TLTK
Khi phan tich mdi tUdng quan giUa " Kha nang van dung kien thUe CN" va sd lupng TLTK (%) ma hp ed deu thay
Trang 9chiing khdng cd quan he vdi nhau Dieu nay cd nghia la viec
SV van dung kien thiic CN khdng phu thupc nhieu vao viec hp cd
it hay nhieu TLTK hay so' TLTK ma hp dang cd ehUa giiip nhieu cho hp (?) Day la dieu ban khoan ciia chiing tdi De lam rd, can phai cd mot cupe nghien ciiu danh gia ehuyen sau hdn
Chiing ta lai cd the dat them van de : lieu ed sii phu thupc giiia " Kha nang van dung kien thiic CN" vao phUdng phap giang day eua giao vien d tren Idp khdng?
* Khd ndng van dung kien thitc vd phitang phdp giang day eua thay
Ve ly thuyet , sii chu dpng ciia ngUdi hpc hay ngUdi hpc la trpng tam eua qua trinh nay dupe the hien theo chieu hUdng giam dan d cac phUdng phap 2; 3; 1; 4, (phUdng phap 1: Giao vien thuyet trinh, ket bdp trao doi vdi sinh vien; 2: Giao vien neu van de chinb, sinh vien nghe va thao luan; 3: Day va hpc bang cac phUdng tien ky thuat; 4: Giao vien thuyet trinh, sinh vien chi nghe va ghi chep)
Bieu 4 Quan he givCa khd ndng van dung kien thiic CN
vd phitcfngphdp "GVneu van de, sinh vien thao luan"
G V n e u vS'n d e c h i ' n h ,
^ B R 91 hiJng ihu
I mii'ne Ihu
^ H K h d n g hung Ihu
v a n dung nhi«u Van dung il
V D luong ddi n h i i u Chua van dung duac
K h a n i n g vSn d u n g C N e u a b a n "
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Trang 10Nhu tren da phan tich, "kha nang tich luy TLTK" khdng chi pbdi nhieu kha nang van dung kien thiic cac CN XHH eua
SV NbUng qua ket qua dieu tra lai cho tha'y phUdng phap giang day eua giao vien da ddng vai trd dang ke trong qua trinh SV ehuyen tai cac tri thiic XHH vao cac nghien edu ciia
bp (bieu 5) Qua kiem djnh cac trung binh cho thay chi phUdng phap "giao vien neu van de, SV thao luan" la cd lien quan den "kha nang van dung kien thiic" eua SV Ket qua tren bieu 6 eung cho thay dUdng nhU phUdng phap 2 ("GV neu van de chinb, SV thao luan) ciing ed chi pbdi "kha nang van dung kien thiic" Neu SV nao hUng thu nhieu vdi bai phUdng phap nay thi hp se cd the de dp dung dupe nhieu kien thiic da tiep thu dupe qua bai giang tren Idp ciia giao vien vao cac ngbien ctfu eua minh
GiUa phUdng phap 1 va cac phUdng phap 2,3 cd khoang each so trung binh (mean) tUdng doi Idn Dieu nay chiing to sii "Ilia ebon" eua SV "Uu tien" cho phUdng phap 1 hdn, va eung ebUng to SV con dang de dat vdi cac phUdng phap nay Viec dua cac phUdng tien ky thuat bien dai vao giang day hien nay chUa dupe thiic hien d nhieu mdn hpc nen SV hau nbu chUa quen vdi phUdng phap nay Hdn nUa, tiieu qua chi
cd the cd dupe khi SV da ed mot lupng TLTK du de theo ddi bai giang Ma dieu nay SV chUa dap ling dupe ( nhU da phan tich d tren)
cac phUdng phap giang day khdng tich ciic ( chi cd thuyet trinh ciia GV) kbdng con gay nhieu hCfng thu cho SV nUa Qua dd cho thay sinh vien ddi hoi ngay cang cao sii thay ddi phUdng phap giang day ciia giao vien Dieu nay phan anh rat
rd qua ket qua khao sat nhu cau eua sinh vien (bieu 5): So' ehuyen nganh (%) can thay ddi phUdng phdp nhieu hdn so'
Trang 11ehuyen nganh c i n thay doi ndi dung ( 48.52 so vdi 31.13)
Bieu 5 Sd ehuyen nganh can thay ddi ngi dung vd phuang phdp
^.^\& % CN thay ddi ndi dung
2, Ty 16 % CN thay ddi phi/ong ph^p
Trung binh
31.13
48.52
Dfl I6ch ehuan
14.12
17.92
Tren thiic te, viec doi mdi phUdng phap giang day chUa thiic sii dupe giao vien va can bp quan ly ehuyen mdn quan tam day du
Danh rang viec doi mdi phUdng phap giang day d tren Idp
la can tbiet can phai cd sii no liie eua ea thay va trd, nhUng neu khdng dUde tao dieu kien ve vat cha't cho ed sd dao tao va nghien ciiu tbi khd thiic hien cd hieu qua
Tom lai, qua ky vpng ve phUdng phap giang day gay hiing thii d sinh vien nhU da phan tich d tren, sinh vien da to ra tich cUc va chu dpng trong each nghe giang va t h a m gia thao luan d tren Idp, nhUng hieu qua chUa cao Miic dp chi pbdi ciia cac phUdng phap giang day tich ciic tdi viec tiep t h u bai giang d tren Idp ciia SV chUa to r a cd hieu liic, tii dd lam h a n che kha nang tiep thu bai giang va van dung kien thiic eua
hp Can phai thay doi n h a n h ehdng each hpc ciia trd va each day ciia thay
Nhiing khd khan eua sinh vien van dung tri thiic xa hoi hpc dai cUdng de nghien ciiu ehuyen nganh xa hoi hpc
De hpc tot cac ehuyen nganh, sinh vien can phai n a m chae cac khai niem va ly thuyet cd ban ciia xa hoi hpc NhUng sii can trd chinh ciia sinh vien trong qua trinh tiep t h u va van dung tri thiic xa hoi hpc lai d day "ChUa hieu tha'u dao kien
369