Quy trình thiết kế các phát ngôn so sánh tĩnh biểu thị ý nghĩa tương đồng trong tiếng Việt cho người nước ngoài.

Trong qua trinh day ngudi day cin ciing cd, hoan thien eau tnie ngii phap co ban nhu ngii am, bjf vung, trang bi nhiing kien thiic ve ngdn ngii d^ uen eo sd dd ngudi hpc cd the van dun[r]

QUY TRINH THI§'T K ^ ' C A C P H A T N G O N SO S A N H tiNH

BIEU TH! Y N G H I A T I / O N G DONG

T R O N G T I E N G VIET CHO NGl/Ol Nl/dC NGOAI

Bdi Thanh Thuy

Khoa Tii'ng Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai

Trudfig DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Ndi

Kbi hoc mot ngdn ngir ngudi hpc cin hieu ve nhihig hinh thai ngdn ngir tuong duong vdi cac chiic nang giao tiep Mdi lien he giQa cac hinh thai va cac chiie nang thay ddi ngoai ngir canh tbi khd cd the

du doan mdt each chinh xac Rd rang can phai cd eo hpi de' phat trien chien lupc nhim lam rd each diing ngdn ngiif hien dai

Di cd kl nang giao tie'p tdt tbi:

- Ngudi hpc phai dat tdi trinh dd cao ve ngdn ngO hpc Dd la he thdng ngdn ngir hpc ma ngudi hpc phai phat trie'n kl nang thao lac phai sir dung no mot each tu nhien va linh boat nhim bi^u dat y dinh giao tiep cua mlnh

- Ngudi hpc phai phat tri^n kl nang va chien lupc sir dung ngdn ngil de truyen dat mot each hieu qua trong nhiing tlnb hudng cu th^, sir dung thdng tin phan hoi de' danh gia su thanh cdng cua minb

- Ngudi hpc phai cd y thiic ve nghia, cd tfnh hlnb tbiic ciia cac hinh thai ngdn ngir

Muc tieu cudi ciing cua ngudi hpc la tham gia giao tie'p vdi nhimg ngudi khac Dong co hpc cua ho ihfch hpp hon ne'u bp cd ih^ tha'y vice hpc tap trong Idp dat dupe muc tieu nay va giup bp thanh cdng nhu the nao

Hoat dpng giao tiep eung ca'p nhiing co hdi cho cac mdi quan he

ca nhan phat irien giira ngudi hpc vdi nhau va giiifa ngudi hpc va giao

vien NhGng mdi quan he nay cd Xhi bilu hi^n "tfnh nhan van" va tao

ra mdi trudng giiip ngudi hpc cd ging hpc

Muc dfeb giao tie'p la tiep nhan nhihig ye'u to thdng tin Nhiing thJnh cdng dupe danh gia khi ngudi hpc biet sir dung cac tbuat ngir hay khdng

Kbi nang phit tin hi?u hpi thoai la hudng din thire hanh ngdn ngil", them vao mpt sd Idi binh cin thiet Giao vien cd the su dung phat tin hi?u hpi thoai de ngudi hoc tim eau triic ma giao vien vua day Ba nhan td de nhan ra syr han che ve ph^un vi ngdn ngii cd the xay ra thieb hpp d tin hi?u hpi thoai:

- Tin hi?u hudng dan chue nang nghla ma ngudi hpc phai dien d^t

- Tinh hudng xS hpi va mdi quan h? xac dinh loai ngdn ngu: thieb hpp de dien d^t nghia

- D$e bi^t, d giai doan dau, khdng chac rang ki nang ciia ngudi

hpc se chira d\mg s\r thay ddi Ion ciia cac dang thiic ngdn ngu' khac nhau de diln d^t chue nang giao tiep dac bi^t

Vi v^y, khdng khd de giao vien ehuan bi cho ngudi hpc mpt hoat dpng cy the, trang bi cho ngudi hpc dang thiie phii hpp Sau boat dpng, giao vien cd the dua ra thdng tin phan hdi rd rang ve cac dang thiic ho

CO the sii dyng

Tuy nhien, gido vien cd the thay ddi sir sang tao cua ngudi hpc qua hai each chinh sau:

- Tin hi^u cd the nhieu boSe it chi tilt trong chue nSng nghia ma ngudi hpc xac dinh

- Giao vien cd the thay ddi nhiing hudng din cho ngudi hpc DiSu nay dua ngudi hpc tinh chinh xac, cd sang tao tir "hudng din tdi da" den ' ^ g t^o tdi da"

S\r hudng dan ciia giao vien din din it di va sir sang tao ciia ngudi hpc cang tang

- Ngudi day cd the du doan trudc dilu ma ngudi hpc mudn ndi

Vi v|iy, gi4o vien cd the trang bj cho ngudi hpc cac eau true ngdn ngir

bp can Ngudi hpc se cd gang tim each de ndi nhiing dieu mi bp ehua dat dupe hi^u qua boac dimg ngdn ngii thieb hpp

- Ngdn ngur dupe tao ra bdi timg ddi hay nhdm sS kbic nhau Mdt mat, ngudi hpc the hien Uinh dp ciia minb, m$t kbic, giio viSn khdng dua ra thdng tin phan hdi Dieu nay cd nghia la ngudi hpc sS ddi khi diing ngdn ngur khdng chinh xac bo^c khdng diing ma se khdng bao gid dupe ehu"a

NhOmg Idi dd la khdng the tranh khdi Ngudi hpc thvrc h i ^ 6 timg ddi hay nhdm de t^o tinh dpe l$p Nhan m^uih d cdc bo^t dpng nay la thyc hanh qua trinh giao tiep hon la danh gid sin phim Thyc ra, khi ngudi hpc t^p trung vao nghia giao tiep, bp sS nhd eau true ngon ngir ey the Ddng thdi eung la mpt trinh t\r diing ciia cic eau true nay

Ngudi hpc cd the sir dyng kl nang da dupe hpc vao thye hanh ngdn ngur, sy chii y cua ngudi hpc t^p trung vao eau tnie can hpc Cach luy?n tap nay se la dpng eo tdt hon vi dua tren thvrc te nhu eau ngdn ngQr dieu do xuat hi^n trong chinh svr cd ging giao tiep cua ngudi hpc

Tat ca cde ho^t dpng d phan trudc eung cap mpt bp tin hi^u cy the cho ngudi hpc Dieu nay cho phep gido vien hudng dan bo^t dpng

va dam bao cho ngudi hpc dien d^t nghia dje bi?t.' Nbimg tin bi^u eung lam giam mpt so kba nang sdng t^o ciia ngudi hpc

Khi ngudi hpc tien bp, giao vien se khdng can sii dyng tin hi?u

ey the Giao vien mudn tao ra loai hanh dpng'dac bi^t va liy pb^m vi dac bi^t ciia chue nang nghia va hinh thiie Tuy nhien, eung sS tang ca

hpi, eung cap eau tnie it hon, dua ngudi hpc vho sang tao Idn hon Bay

gid su hudng dan xac dinh nghia khdng qua nhieu Nd tr\re tiep dye vao mire dp cao cua tinh hudng va mye dich ma ngudi hpc phii d^t dupe qua giao tiep

Ngudi hpc bat dau cd y thire ve toan bp tinh huong va mye dich

Hp phai vupt qua mpi tinh hudng de dien dat, moi ngudi ddi tho^i ty tra Idi cac tinh hudng giao tiep khac va cd cac chien lupc

Ngudi hpc thudng chi dupe gidi thi^u bang mpt tinh hudng bat chudc, bp cd the giai thieb va khai thae trong bat ciir cich nao bp mu6n

Hp eung cd the ehpn Ipe cac dang ddng nhit va ede lo^i cd tinh d}c

bi§t, nlhmg khdng eSn thilt theo dudi bit cu mye dich giao tiep dac bi^t nao

So sdnh tinh duac hieu Id ddi tugng, phdm chat cua ddi tugng, ddc trung cua ddi tuang dugc neu ra tgi mot thdi diem de ddi chieu Ddi tugng, ddc trung cua ddi tugng d trang thdi vi tri khdng ddi,

Ngbien cihi va thiet ke ciu tnie ngii phap vi so sanh tinh bie'u tbi

^ nghia tuong ddng trong tieng Viet nhim lam sang td them mdi quan

he giOa tu duy va ngdn ngii Vice ngbien cihi cac phuong tien bi^u dat

y nghia vdi chiie nang giao tie'p cua nd lam sang td them cac eau tnie diln dat y nghia so sanh trong tieng Viet Ngbien eihi cac phat ngdn so sinh tinh va ddng se eung ca'p cho ngudi hpc phuong tien sir dung ngdn ngii tinh te'

1 Muc dich cua ban thiet ke'

Muc dfeb cua ban thi€^t ke' nay nham giup ngudi day va ngudi hpc nhan thiic dupe gia tri giao tie'p ciia cac miu eau va cac each thiic thuc hanh chung mdt each cd y nghia Khi xay dung cac miu eau ngudi hpc

CO th^ khai thac d^ thuc hanh ndi ve nhihig de tai gin gui trong cupe

sdng hang ngay, chiing se dupe day trong tinh hudng nao, ngvi canh

giao tie'p gi

Trudc khi day mdt bai khoa boac mpt bai hpi thoai ngudi day cin [^ai dpe qua bai va danh da'u cac miu eau cd nhiing chiic nang cin day IChi day miu eau cin gidi thieu ca hinh thiic ciu tao, y nghia eung nhu cich sir dung Trong qua trinh day ngudi day cin ciing cd, hoan thien eau tnie ngii phap co ban nhu ngii am, bjf vung, trang bi nhiing kien thiic ve ngdn ngii d^ uen eo sd dd ngudi hpc cd the van dung tri thiic ciia mlnh de'

tu hoan thien Idi ndi va ngbe bie'u dupe ngudi ndi ehuyen vdi mlnh, phat huy dupe tfnh chii ddng sang tao trong khi thuc hanh

Hien nay md hinh hop tac hai chieu: day each hpc va day each tu hpc hudng tdi viec cdng ngbe boa quy trinh day va hoc ma trong qua trinh nay ngudi hoc tu minb tim kiem each tiep can ddi tupng llnh hpi,

tu minb phat hien va'n de va each giai quyet, each If giai va tudng minh

hoi via di cin Imh bdi vdi su trp giiip cua thiy va ban trong tien trinh day va hpc Nghia la ngudi hoc cd vai Xxb quyet dinh chit lupng sin

phim giao due do chfnh mlnh tao ra trong qua trinh hoc tap

Ngudi day ddng vai Ud x6 chiic dinh hudng va hudng din each

thiic hpc bing he thdng viec lam da dupe thiet ke sin, cdn nhiem vu ngudi hpc la hpc each lam viec tri de thdng qua viec thuc hien he thdng thao tac viec lam, tir dd hpc each tu duy khoa hpc (each tifp nhan va giai quyet va^n de trong cac tinh hudng hoc tap khac nhau) Ngudi day la ngudi td chiie chfnh boat dpng ciia ngudi hpc, la ngudi eung c^p vat lieu va hudng di de ngudi hpc nim la'y phuong tien vat lieu pbu hpp va van dung vao cac tinh hudng cu tb^ trong cude sd'ng hang ngay Ngudi day danh gia ke't qua hpc tap ciia ngudi hpc bing cac eau bdi

2 Quy trinh thiet ke

Budc I: Gidi thieu hinh thdi vd y nghia cua mdu

Ngudi day cd the' dua ra mdt boac hai vf du de' ngudi hpc thafy y nghia cu th^ ciia miu Ngudi day dpe ebuin xac, ngudi hpc ngbe va dpe theo

Budc 2: Khdi qudt hod mdu

Ngudi hpc giai thfcb cflfu tao cua miu va dua ra nhan x^t khi cin thift (jach chan cdc tir co ban ciia miu giup ngudi hpc tim ra cdng thiic khii quat miu

Bu&c 3: Thuc hdnh cd hudng dan

Budc nay giiip ngudi hpc luyen tap di lain quen vdi edeh sii dung

miu Ngudi day cho ngudi hpc luyen kl nang sir dung miu thdng qua cac loai bai tap khac nhau nhu hdi dap, thay the, lip ghep vao miu, chuye'n ddi md rpng miu, bai tap sang tao, bai tap tinh hudng Hudng din ngudi hpc van dung mdt each triet d^ nhimg vat lieu cu khi hpc miu eau mdi

Budc 4: Luyen tap trong hoat ddng giao tiep

Sau khi da lam quen vdi am thanh va nghia ciia miu eau, ngudi hpc c5n luyen tap de' sir dung dupe miu dd trong giao tie'p mdt each tu nhien Ngudi day dua ra tinh hudng de ngudi hpc sir dung ede miu cftu

vao Uong giao tie'p Thao tac nay bdc Id kba nang ling dung M\6n thiic

ciia ngudi hpc vao trong hoat ddng ngdn ngii Nd cd tac dung tang tfnh

I

ling dung ki^n thiic ciia ngdn ngii lam cho gid hpc bdt di tfnh If thuyet, sich vd

Tir quy trinh miu tren chung ta cd tbi ap dung vao viec day cac

phit ngdn hiiu tbi y nghia so sanh tuih va dpng Uong tieng Viet cho

ngudi nude ngoai

3 Miu thiet ke day cac phat ngon so sanh tinh trong tieng Viet bi^u thi y nghia tuong dong

Budc 1: Gidi thieu hinh thAc cdu tao vd y nghia cua mdu cdu,

Vi du 1: Ldng dit ii hat ciing nhu me ii con

VI du 2: Nhiing tang da vdi Idn sang rue len nhu kim cuong

Vf du 3: Hin tdn trpng cupe sd'ng ciia bin eung nhu ngudi ta rat ten trpng nguyen tie lam viec ciia hp

Vf du 4: Tie'ng thi thim ki ehuyen cd tfcb ciia ba ndi rit hien tir,

phiic hau, diu dang nhu ba tien

Budc 2: Khdi qudt hod mdu

Thao tac 1: Dua ra cac tieu cbf nhan dien:

- Ddi tupng dupe so sanh: Kl va K2

- Thdng sd ddi chieu la hanh dpng dupe ddi chieu, phim chit dac tnmg va miic dd dac trung: PI va P2

- Phuong tien so sanh: nhu, eung nhu, bet nhu, tua nhu, y bet, khdng/ching + khac, khdng/ching khac gl

- Ket qua ciia so sanh: gidng nhau

Thao tac 2: Dua ra md hinh cho mdi loai:

Vf du 1 cd md hlnb:

Ddi tupng Hanh ddng Phuong tien Ddi tupng Hanh ddng

dupe so dupe so so sanh dupe so dupe so

sinh sanh sanh sanh

Kl PI eung nhu K2 P2

Vfdu3

Ddi tupng

dupe so

sanh

Kl

CO md hlnb:

Miicdd dac trung cua so sanh

PI

Vi du 2 cd md hlnb:

Ddi tuong Dac trung m ^ *•

-' ^ • ^ Phuong tien -.^ ^ ^ j ^ -' L

duoc so duoc so 7 Dot tuong dupe so sanh

: : so sanh

sanh sanh

Kl PI nhu K2

Phuong Ddi tupng Miic dd tien so dupe so dac tnmg sanh sdnh cua so sdnh

cdng nhu K2 P2

Vf du 4 cd md binh:

Ddi tupng Miic dd Phuong tien Ddi tucmg dupe so sdnh

dupe so dac trung ciia so sanh Phuong tien dupe so

sanh so sanh sdnh

Kl PI nhu K2

Budc 3: Thuc hdnh cd hudng ddn

Ngudi hpc cd Xhi dua ra eau bdi, gpi y di cho cudc ddi thoai ti^p

tuc

Neu gidng nhau ve hanh ddng thi bdi: lam gl gidng ai?/ gidng

nhu ai lam gl?

Neu gidng nhau ve dac trung thi hdi: gidng the nao?/ gidng nhu

the nao?

Budc 4: Luyen tap trong giao tie'p

Ngudi day dua ra cac tlnb hudng cd sir dung cac miu lien quan

de'n miu vira hpc ii thuc hanh hdi thoai giiia cac thanh vien trong Idp

Tren day la mdt trong rat nhieu miu thiet k€ giang day ciu uuc

ngii phap tieng Viet cho hpc vien ngudi nude ngoai Quy trinh thift kf

nay nhim gdp phin vao viec day va hoc du true so sanh tlnb bi^u thi

y nghia luong dong ndi rieng ngii phap tieng Viet ndi chung cd hieu qua hun

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1 Nguyen The Lich (2001), Cdu true so sdnh trong tii'ng Viet, Tap

cbf Ngdn ngii, sd 7

2 Nunan D (1998), Teaching grammar in context, ELT Journal,

101-109

3 Savignon S.J (1991), Communicative Language Teaching: The

State of the Art TESOL Quarterii, Vol 25 N^ 2

4 Widdowson H G (1978), Teaching Language as Communication,

Oxford: OUR