nfing cao mot bU(V nhAn thUc ve Phat giao ndi chung va Pht)t giao Viet Nam ndi rieng. cac nha su. eae hdi Phat giao tren ca 3 mien trong ca nude deu cd chung mot y nguyen 1^ thanh \kp [r]
Trang 1PHONG TRAO CHAN HlTNG PHAT GIAO VIET NAM DAU THE KY XX VAI TRO v A Y NGHIA CUA NO DOI V d l
LICH SU* TV TU'dNG DAN TOC
DANG THI LAN*
Vdi gan 2000 nam ton tai tren dat Viet, Phat giao da de lai dau an sau sac trong ddi song tinh than cua dan tdc Viet Nam Mot giai doan khdng the khdng ndi den khi nghien ciiu lich sii Phat giao Viet Nam: Giai doan chan hung Phat giao
dku the ky XX Tuy thdi gian ton tai ciia nd ng^n ngui so vdi
chieu dai lich sii dan tpc (tren dudi 10 nam) song nd ed siic Ian toa rdng Idn, anh hUdng khdng nhd den moi mat ciia ddi song
xa hdi, dac biet tdi sU phat trien ciia lich sU tu tUdng Viet Nam Nghien eiiu phong trao Chan hung P h a t giao Viet Nam, chiing tdi cd' gang tim hieu nguyen n h a n ciia viec trdi day phong trao nay, nhiing ddng gdp cd ban va y nghia ciia nd ddi vdi lich sii tu tUdng dan tdc
1 N g u y e n n h a n c u a p h o n g trao Chan hifng P h a t giao Viet N a m d a u t h e k y XX
- Nhiing thap nien dau t h e ky XX Viet Nam cd nhiing
* Tien sy Khoa Triet hoc TriWng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
Trang 2bien ddng Idn tren mpi mat ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Nho giao vdi
tu each la he tu tUdng dan tdc da bat luc trudc yeu cau mdi cua sU nghiep giai phdng dan tpc Nhieu Nho si da tifng do dat cao bat dau len tieng phan ddi phii dinh Nho giao Ho cdn cho rang mot phan dan tdi su mat nUdc yeu hen ciia dan tpc la do Nho giao Ho quay lai luc tim trong kho t^ng tu
tUdng cua dan tpc xem cai gi cdn diing dUdc, cdn cd y nghia
trong giai doan hien tai va dat ra cau hdi: Tai sao thdi Ly -Tr^n Viet Nam lai thinh vUdng nhu vay? Phai chAng trong cac trieu dai dd Phat giao rat dUdc coi trpng Vdi by vpng tim
ra cd sd, nen tang tU tUdng, dao ly, phUdng thiic van ddng thiic tinh quan chiing nhan dan da sd nhiing nha Nho tan
tien da tim den Phat giao, vdi Phki giao nhu mot cho diJa
tinh than Trong sd' dd, Phan Chu Trinh 1^ ngUdi tin tUdng nhieu nhat d sU ddng gdp ciia mot nen Phat giao phuc hung Ong thudng hd bao viec chan hUng Phat giao de hd trd cho each mang Ong ndi: "Nudc Dai Nam fhiing ta nay sd di yeu hen la vi thieu tinh than tdn giao Ton giao luyen cho chiing
ta diie hy sinh, coi nhe tinh mang, pha san vi dao Khdng c6 tinh than tdn giao, chiing ta khdng cd biet cUdng cUdng xa than vi nghia, chi bo bo giii cai Idi rieng ciia minh Nay bd con thii xet xem ddi Tran sao dan tpc ^ hung diing nhU v^y, quan Nguyen lay ca A, ca Au, nudt trpn Trung Hoa m^ qua den nude ta thi bai tau, nao bi cUdp sao d ChUdng DUdng Dp
nao bi hki trdi d Bach Dang Nhu vay ch^ng phai la nhd dao
Phat d ta thdi bay gid rat thinh U nhd cai tinh than tdn giao
cua ta U"' *Tinh thkn tdn giao" ma cu Phan Chu Trinh ndi 6
1 Nguyen Lang Viet Nam Phat gido sU ludn Tdp III Nxb V4n hoc Hi
Noi 1994 tr 9
Trang 3day khdng phai la tinh than Nho giao ma la tinh than Phat giao
- Ljeh sii dan tpc Viet Nam dau the ky XX da ed nhiing thay doi quan trpng ve ehinh tri - xa hdi, van hoa, tU tUdng , cac giai tang xa hoi phtie tap dan xen, cac he tU tUdng mdi, cii cung chung ton tai Su thong tri eua thUc dan Phap cang tao dieu kien cho Thien Chiia giao phat t h e n Tdn giao nay ngay cang Ian ludt muon thay the tdn giao ban dia, Phat giao cd nguy cd hi day lui va cd the mat cho diing trong xa hoi Nhieu nha su, phat tii ciing thay r i n g : chan hUng Phat giao dang la nhu c^u biic thiet Nhiing bac cao tang d nhCfng dao trang Idn ciing cac Nho sT, cac tri thiie tre deu chung mot chi hUdng mong muon canh tan Phat giao nUdc nha trudc nhiing yeu c^u mdi ciia dat nUde, ciia dan tdc
- Nguyen nhan r a t quan trpng thiie day sU ra ddi phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao khdng the khdng ndi tdi la: Viet Nam dau the ky XX, nhiing ddi hoi cai each, ddi mdi trong sinh boat Phat giao dong thdi la sU van ddng ciia dan tpc, la
xu hudng di tdi ciia dat nude Neu khdng thay d\i6c dieu nay thi se khdng hieu dxiOc vi sao khi phong trao noi len da dien
ra mot each lien tuc, tren nhieu phUdng dien, thu hiit nhieu ngUdi tham gia, keo dai nhieu nam va dua tdi nhiing ket qua bat ngd
- Cudi nam 1925, dau nam 1926 dao Cao Dai ra ddi, boat ddng ram rp, thu hiit dUdc ddng dao quan chiing nhan dan d Nam Bp Dao Cao Dai la sU ket hdp giiia P h a t giao vdi dao Nho, dao Lao, dao Thien Chiia gpi ten la Dai dao tam ky pho
dp
Dao Cao D^i ra ddi cd thd ndi da tao ra mot su chan ddng
Trang 4manh me den dao Phat 6 nhieu dia phUdng, Phat giao mftt
tin do, mat ca chua chien, cac nhk sU deu phan ling cac nhA
Phat hoc deu bat man dO dpi Ben canh dd, dao Cao Dai dang
dan dkn nhu mot tdn giao thay the sU chi phdi xa hdi ciia dao
Phat chinh thdng Dao Cao Dai cdn Idn tieng khang dinh: cac tdn giao truyen thdng (bao gdm ca dao Phat) deu da hu hong nen "Dai dao tam ky phd dp" mdi nay sinh Chinh vi v^y, neu dao Phat khdng cd su thay ddi (chan hung) thi mat het
qukn chiing, mat bet tin do va cd nguy cd mat chd diing trong
xa hdi
- Phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao la mot phong tr^o mang tinh quoc te Vao nhiing thap nien dau the ky XX phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao dUdc bat dau tif An Dp, roi Ian sang Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban Dae biet d Trung Quoc phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao phat trien manh me d Nam Kinh Bac Kinh Thudng Hai, Quang Chau Tieng vang cua
nd vang ra khap chau A, sang t^n chau Au Nhieu Vi$n nghien ciiu Phat hoc, nhieu trUdng dao tao tAng do nhieu sach bao dUdc xuat ban, trong dd cd tap chi "Hai trieu am" dUdc rat nhieu hpc gia, cac Phat tU Viet Nam ham md
2 Vai n e t ve d i e n b i e n c u a p h o n g t r a o Chan hUng
P h a t g i a o
Phong trao Chan hung Phat giao d Viet Nam nd ra vA phat trien manh me d Nam Ky rdi Ian ra Trung Ky va BSc
Ky Phong trao bat d^u bdng sU v^in ddng ciia Thien sU Khanh Hoa d chiia Tien Linh (Ben Tre) va cac dong dao cua
dng Nam 1923, nhan ngky gid To tai ehua Long Hoa qudn
Tieu Cau, tinh Tra Vinh (ngay 19/9 am lich nam Quy Hdi) Ong van ddng mdi tat ca nhQng vi tdn tiic khap mien Tien
Trang 5Giang vk Hku Giang ve Tieu Cau de dU ll, dong thdi de hop
ban van de Chan hung Phat giao Ket qua sau dd "Hdi Luc Hoa" dUde t h a n h lap Mue dich cua hdi la doan ket, giiip dd nhau tim hieu tinh hinh Phat giao trong nude va nhat la Phat giao the gidi, ciing nhau eai tien viec hoe Phat, each thiic tu hanh va van ddng t h a n h lap mot hdi Phat giao thdng nhat trong toan qudc
Nhiing ngUdi ddng vai trd tien phong trong viee to chiie va
tu tUdng ciia phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao la sU Thien Chieu va sU Khanh Hoa Nhan thay can phai xiie tien nhanh hdn phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao trong nUdc, de kh^ng djnh chd diing ciia P h a t giao Viet Nam trong he tu tUdng dan toe, nam 1929, sU Thien Chieu eho ra m i t ddc gia cud'n "Phat hpc tdng yeu" Cud'n sach gom mot so' bai kinh va luan vdi mot tinh th^n mdi, the hien nhieu tU tUdng khac la C h i n g han dng viet: "Nhiing ke giau eai tinh chat nd le, khdng biet trong cay d siic minh ma cii y nai d site ngUdi, khdng biet hoa phiic deu do tu long tao ma cii tUdng thUdng phat bdi tham quyen thi chang nhiing khdng bao gid t h a u hieu dUdc Phat ly ma lai ehinh la mot giong ddc"'
Ong mud'n giao due, tuyen truyen, giac ngd quan chiing va gidi phat tii Cud'n sach ciing nhU cac bai bao trudc dd ciia ong va cac eU si tien phong la nhiing bude chuan bi de cd nhiing to ehiic P h a t giao rdng Idn, ehinh thiie ra ddi
- Nkm 1931, Hdi "Nam Ky nghien eiiu P h a t hoc" ra ddi tai
1 Nguyen Hung Haii LUtfc khdo tU tudng Thien True Lam Viet Nam,
Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Npi 1997 tr 435
Trang 6chiia Linh Sdn (Sai Gdn) Ngay 1-3-1932 Hdi da xuat ban tap chi 'Tir bi am" do Thien su Khanh Hoa lam chu but
0 Trung Ky nam 1932 "An Nam Phat hpc hdi" dUdc thdnh
l^p tai chiia Tir Quang (sau rdi ve chiia Tir Dam) d Hue tap
chi "Vien am" la cd quan ngdn luAn ciia hdi
d Bdc Ky, ngay 18-11-1934 Tong hdi Phat giao Bic KJ dUde thanh lap tai chua Quan SU (Ha Ndi) Tuy hoi PhM giao Bac Ky thanh lAp muon hdn so vdi Nam Ky va Trung Ky nhung phat trien rat nhanh chong Den cud'i nAm 1935 d
khkp cac dia phUdng mien BAc da thanh lap dUdc cac chi hoi
Nam 1935 hdi xuat ban tap chi "Dudc Tue" Ngoai ra con c6 cac tap chi "Bd de tan thanh", 'Tieng chudng sdm" do mot s6
cU si va hpc gia ndi tieng bien tkp
Vdi viee thanh lap hdi PhAt hpc d ca 3 ky (Bac, Trung
Nam) vdi cac boat ddng nhu: ra tap chi suu t^m kinh sach,
md trUdng dao tao t^ng ni thuyet giang kinh phap da t^o nen budc phat trien chUa tirng cd trong Ph^t giao Viet Nam giai doan n^y
Phong trao Chan hUng Phki giao da dkt ra cho qu^n
rhung nhan dan cac thien sU gidi tang ni phAt tii trong ca
nude nhiing van de mang y nghia ly luan vk thuc tien cao
nhU: van de dao Phat vd thAn hay hOu thAn (Phat giao la duy vat hay duy tam); ed ThUdng De hay khdng? Cd linh hon bit tii hay khdng? Cd hay khdng ed Thien dUdng - Dia nguc Ni^'t Ban; van de ban chat van vat va con ngudi, vAn de "c6" vA
"khdng" Day la nhUng van de nhan thiic iuan mang linh triet hpc ma trUde dd it hoae chua cd dip ban tdi
Cac van de tren da dien ra gay g i t giiia ca nhan vdi ca
Trang 7nhan, giOa cac cd quan ngdn luan dai dien eho- eae hdi Phat
giao d ca 3 ky trong ca nUdc Mot eau hoi Idn dat ra: Phdt
gido v6 than hay hitu thdn? Tra Idi cau hoi nay ngoai y nghia
tnic tiep ra cdn cd mot y nghia khae la tim hieu xem nang luc toi eao ciia con ngUdi d gidi ban nao*?* Xa hdn niia la nhan dan
ta cd the lam dUde gi de eai bien tinh hinh dat nude Mat khac, e^n phai nang cao n h a n thiic ciia quang dai quan chiing nhan dan va ciia cac phat tii len mot t^m eao mdi, dap irng nhiifng ddi hoi ciia tinh hinh xa hdi liic bay gid
3 Vai t r o c u a p h o n g t r a o C h a n hifng P h a t giao t r o n g
lich siif t\i ti^dfng Viet N a m
- Phong trao Chan hung Phat giao la mot phong trao tdn giao va da thUe sU dien ra sdi ddng trong vdng 10 nam
(1930-1940) Day la nhiing cupc t r a n h luan \kn dau tien dien ra
trong lich sii tU tUdng Viet Nam va da de cap den rat nhieu v^'n de ve tU tUdng, ly luan, n h a n thiie mang tinh chat triet hpc
Nhiing van de triet hoe ma phong trao Chan hung Phat giao dat ra da dUdc cac thien sU, cac phat tii eae nha nghien ciiu Phat hpe trong va ngoai dao ban luan sdi noi Hp trd lai vdi kinh dien Phat giao, ban luan rat nhieu nhiing van de triet hpc ma trUdc dd d Viet Nam chua ban tdi Nhiing van de nhu ThUdng De, Linh hon, Thien dudng, Dia nguc, van de "cd
vk khdng" la nhiifng van de ve nhan thiie luan da dUdc de
cSp \k tranh luan kha gay g i t Nhiing quan diem tien bd da
dUa vao khoa hpc dUa vao quan diem duy vat bien chiing, thira nhan sU ton tai khach quan ciia the gidi vat chat, phu nhAn nhiing quan niem lae hau, me tin di doan Chang han, quan niem ve ThUdng De, qua cac cupc t r a n h luan giiia ca
Trang 8nhan vdi ca nhan (dai dien la Thien Chieu va Khue Lac Tu), giiia cac bao tap chi dai dien cho 3 ky trong ca nUdc deu di den khang dinh: Khdng cd ThUdng De Quan diem eho ring ThUdng De la dang toi cao, sang tao ra mudn vat va con ngUdi chi la nhiing dieu me tin di doan lam me mudi tinh than, tu tUdng ciia quan chiing nhan dan lam cho hp tin v4o niem tin mil quang, danh lac hUdng tinh than yeu nUdc ehdng ngoai xam cua nhan dan
Ve ban eh^'t van vat va con ngUdi, nhiing quan di§m tien
bd khang dinh phai di tir thUe te khach quan de tim ra cai
"thuc tudng" (tiic cai chan tudng ciia vii tru, van v^t vk con
ngUdi) Di tir cai "thUe tudng" de tim ra ban chat, quy lu$t ciia cac sU vat, hien tUdng Day la nhiing quan diem rA't tien
bd cd anh hUdng rat Idn den sU phat trien tU tUdng, nhAn thiic ciia con ngUdi Viet Nam
Trong phong trao Ch^'n hung Phat giao nhiing quan diem dua ra tranh cai ludn cd sU ket hdp giiia khoa hoc thuc nghiem phUdng Tay vdi giao ly dao Phat truyen thong Qua
phong trao giiip eho nhiing ngUdi dan ma trinh dp nhkn thuc
cdn it nhieu ban che, cdn it hieu biet, cdn me tin di doan cung dUdc thay ring: Nghi le, nhiing hin^ thiic ciing te b^'y lau nay chi la nhiing nghi le cua dao Phat binh dan Dong thdi cung cho hp thay r i n g dao Phat ngay nay khdng nhu nhupc, chan ddi, yeu dudi
- Phong trao Chan hung Phat giao da cd ddng gdp Idn tren binh dien ehinh tri xa hdi tU tUdng Nd da thUe sU tao ra mot khdng khi hpc hoi mdi mot tinh than hpc thuat mdi Mpi ngUdi thupc mpi tang Idp liia tudi, nghe nghiep trinh dp hpc v^'n khac nhau nhung deu hang hai dua ra quan diem de
Trang 9tranh luan vdi nhau Viec in an Kinh, Luat, Luan ciia Phat giao bing chfl qudc ngii, phat h a n h va pho bien rdng rai chinh la mot hinh thiie, mot phudng tien truyen ba, phat tri§n ehii qudc ngii den vdi quang dai quan chiing nhan dan Tren phUdng dien chinh tri tU tUdng, phong trao Chan hung Pbeit giao da cd ddng gdp Idn lao, mang lai Idi ich eho phong trao ciiu nude, giai phdng dan toe Nha sU Thien Chieu, mot ngUdi uyen tham Phat hpe, mot nha nhiet t h a n h each mang da quyet tam lai phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao
ve phia each mang Ong da dat lai van de each hieu ddi vdi quan niem "Tir bi - Bat sat" eua dao P h a t truyen thdng Ong
da viet mot cau ddi dan len ciia ehinh cua chiia Linh Sdn ring:
"Dao phdp thi nhap the, nhi phi yern the
Tit bi ndi sdt sinh, di do chung sinh"
(Dao Phdt Id dao nhap the, chit khong phdi yem the Tit bi Id sdt sinh, de ciiu do chung sinh)
"B^'t sat" cd nghia la khdng giet hai sinh vat, cang khdng the giet hai con ngudi NhUng trong hoan canh dat nude ta liic nay, neu van dung giao ly dao P h a t mot each may mdc se khdng the thUc hien dUdc cupc each mang giai phdng dan tpc Vdi tu tUdng nay, qu^n chiing se khd Idng viing day de dau
tranh cam siing, ckva gUdm giet giac ciiu nude Nhiing Idi
ran day ciia Diic Phat n h i m nudi dudng Idng tir bi cho con ngUdi la rat tot ddi vdi chiing sinh Song nhiing phat tU neu khdng ed su van dung sang tao, nang ddng, linh boat thi lai
\k dieu bat Idi, ddi khi lai cdn cd hai ddi vdi con ngUdi, vdi dat
nude Tu tudng cua nha sU Thien Chieu muon eho ngUdi dan
Trang 10hieu d'ifdc rang Phat giao phai tham gia vao cdng cupc ciiu nUdc giai phdng dan tdc Song quan diem tien bd, each mang ciia dng khdng phai dUde tat ca mpi ngudi dong y Nhieu
ngUdi vkn cho r i n g dao Phat kbdng the can thiep den chinh
tri Phat giao chi bd hep trong pham vi nha chua neu hieu khac di thi cdn gi la dao Phat! Tat nhien, nhieu tang ni phjt
tu va quan chiing nhan dan ed trinh dp deu suy nghi va thft'y rang: khdng phai nhat nhat lam theo giao ly ciia dao PhAt truyen thdng ma cd nhiing dieu phai lam khac di so vdi Kinh
ke Quan niem cua nhiing ngUdi nay da cho thay each nhin bien chiing da xuat hien trong tu tUdng ciia hp: hoan canh thay ddi, suy nghi va phUdng cham hanh ddng ciia ngUdi phat tu cung phai thay ddi
Phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao da tao dieu kien cho quan chiing nhan dan danh gia, lUa chpn va tiep nhan nhiing quan diem tU tudng mdi tien ho nfing cao mot bU(V nhAn thUc ve Phat giao ndi chung va Pht)t giao Viet Nam ndi rieng
- Vdi khoang tren dudi 10 n^m phong tr^o ChA'n hung Phat giao cac nha su eae hdi Phat giao tren ca 3 mien trong
ca nude deu cd chung mot y nguyen 1^ thanh \kp Hoi Phfit
giao thdng nhat trong ca nUde, song > tUdng dd khdng thanh hien thue Song phai ndi r i n g , phong trao Chan hung PhAt giao da tao ra dUde cau ndi giao luu tU tUdng giiia 3 mien Day la mot viec lam nham cung ed khdi dai doan ket dan tpc, phat trien nen van boa Viet Nam trudc nguy ed ddng hoa cua van boa phUdng Tay
- Trong phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao nhiing cu^ tranh luan da xuat hien nhiing quan diem tien bp vi trongd6
ed mot sd chi si yeu nUdc nhiing ngudi cd hpc van uyen tharo