ngdn ngir. "Su tiing hop lai ciic phuang phap tiep can theo tinh l-)am sinh \a tinh boi canh doi vdi su doan ket tpc nguiri. Huiing lai miit mii hinh eiiii thich".. Su phan ch[r]
Trang 1Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd 4 - 2009 55
/ ^
0 9
Nirorc NGOAI
PHAT G U O VA CO DOC GLVO DANG CANH TRANH NHAU? BAN SAC DAN TOC VA TON GL\0 CUA CAC CONG DONG NGUCII KAREN
6 MIEN BAC THAI LAN
ROLAND PU\TZ*
"Tdn giio nao ban cho li tdt nhat?"
Trong qui trinh di dien di d cic ling cua
ngudi Karen, bj hdi nhung eau hdi nhu vay
li binh thudng Ngudi Karen theo tdn giio
hoan toan nghiem tue tuy khdng eudng tin
Trong the gidi nhung cude xung dot tdn
giao va tdc ngudi ngiy cang gia ting, thi
viec nghien ciru mdi tirong quan gifla ban
sic tdc ngudi va tdn giao trong pham vi
mgt nhdm tdc ngucVi gdm nhieu tdn giao
khac nhau ed sir lien quan vcVi nhau Vi du:
Ban sac toe ngudi va tdn giao ket hop viii
nhau nhu the nao? Lieu tdn giao cd anh
hudng gi ding ke tcii cac hoat ddng kinh
te? Lieu cic cude xung dot hoic sir hoa hgp
cd edn phd bien giua nhflng ngudi theo cac
tdn giao khac nhau?
Ve cin ban lieu tdn giao cd phii li )eu td dinh dau ban sic de ddi sinh vdi the gidi ben ngoii hoic lieu nd cd y nghTa trong xa hdi eiia ngirdi Karen khdng?"
Thuat ngu "Karen" bieu thj nhieu nghia khac nhau nhung lien quan tdi cac nhdm tc)c ngirdi sir dung mgt ngdn ngti' thugc ngu he Tang-Mien Tdc ngudi Sgaw
va Pwo, vcii sd dan li 350.000 trong tdng sd 750.000 ngudi dan mien nui ci mien Bac Thai Lan li hai nhdm Karen chu yeu cua nudc nay Cic nhdm khac bao gdm ngucri Kayah Palaung va Taungthu (Pa-O), chi cd vii nghin ngudi hien dang sdng ci Thii Lan Udc tinh sd lugng ngirdi Karen sdng d Mien Dien dao ddng khoing tu 2.5 trieu tdi
* Roland Plat?, la giang \icn Khoa Khoa hpc Van hoa cua Tnrang Dai hpc St Ciallen a Si Oallcn Thu\ ST; ong ciing la thanh \icn cua Vien Nhan hpc Xa hpi thuoc Truang Dai hpc Freiburg o Dure Dia chi lien lac:
rolandplat/tv iinix.de
Cong V iec cua loi khong the hoan thanh neu khong co su trp giiip cua cac irp l\ trong cong tac dien da: Ong Maung Maung ong Pha>oong Zhatu \a ong Somsak Moereecchard Toi xin gui loi cam an dae biet lai ong Dudu \a Uil ca nhung nguai Karen da song cimg loi Toi cung xin bay lo long biet an doi vai giao su Stel'an Seit/ cua Truang Dai hoc Freiburg, chu nhiem du an \a Hoi Nghien cuu Dire (DFG) da ho tra liii chinh cho du an Irone hai nam
Trang 24,5 trieu ngudi Nghien cuu dugc thue hien
trong khoing thai gian ho'n 12 thing tir nim
1999 den nam 2001 va dirge gidi han d
nhdm ngudi Karen-Sgavv ciia tinh Mae
Hong Son Thai Lan va hai huyen Mae
Chaeiii va Mae Wang ciia tinh Chiang Mai
Mdt vai ling ehi bao gdm ngudi theo Co'
dde giio vi mdt sd ling khac chi theo Phat
giio, trong khi dd van edn mdt sd ling ed
ngudi theo ca hai tdn giio niy"
Mdt dieu cdn chua rd la cd phai viec
di cu cua ngudi Karen tdi Thai Lan ngay nay
xiy ra trudc the ky XVIII khdng^ Khu vuc
cu trii chii yeu la cac tinh Mae Hong Son va
Tak dgc bien gidi Mien Dien va mien tay
ciia tinh Chiang Mai Kinh te truyen thdng
eua ngudi Karen dua tren canh tic tu cung
tu cap ve Ilia nuong, nhung den dau the ky
XX ngudi Karen da hgc hdi kinh nghiem
canh tic lua nude cua nhung ngudi Thii
ling gieng Trii nguge vdi ngirdi Karen
sdng o' Mien Dien, ngirdi Karen sdng d Thii
Lan chua bao gid cd the che chinh trj tap
1 Yoko l-la\ami "Chuyen doi ton giao \'a tin nguang
a nguai Karen Sgaw a mien Biic Thai Lan: nhirng
lien quan \ e giai \a ban sac toe nguai" (Luan an tien
sT Dai hpc Brown 1992) tr 336 So lieu ve nhom
Sgaw \a Pwo duac lay tir nguon cua Vien Nghien
ciru bp tpc "Thong ke ve cac dan tpc thieu so"
(Chiang Mai: Bao cao chua xuat ban 2001)
" Cong tac dien da dugc thuc hien \'ai su trp giup cua
ba trp ly nguai Karen - hai nguai theo Ca doc giao va
mpt nguai theo Phat giao - nhung nguai nay dupc
sinh ra hoae da biet ro cac lang dupc nghien ciru
Hien na) hp dang song 6f cac thanh pho cua tinh Mae
Hong Son hoae Chiang Mai Cong tac dien da dupc
thuc hien chu yeu dya tren phong \an ca theo cau
true \a khong theo cau true, a mpt so lang va thanh
pho cua tinh Mae Hong Son va Chiang Mai Nhung
ngirtTJ dupe phong van bao gom ca nam lan nO
-nguoi gia nguai tre tha) tu \'a thay lang muc su Ca
doc giao \ a dan di cu thanh thi
Anders Ho\'em\r Tim hieu vS vua Karen Nghien
cim han sdc ngirdi Karen lien quan tdi thuyet Phiic
dm the ky \T.\' a mien Bdc Thdi Lan (Uppsala:
S.Academiae Ubsaliensis 1989) tr 68-69
trung, va cac lang ciia hg lap thanh cac ling
tu trj Ngudi du'ng dau mdt ling, ed quyen
lire rat han ehe, dugc ggi la hi kho (thay te
eua lang); dng ta cd mdi quan he die biet ve
mat nghi le vdi Than Nude vi Than Dat {Thi
K'cha Gaw K'cha) - ngudi bio ve ling
Ngudi Karen la mdt trong nhflng nhdm ngudi theo dao Co' dde Idn nhat d Thii Lan; khoang 20-30% ngudi Sgaw-Karen la tin dd
Ca dde giao Nhdm ehinh li tin do dao Tin Lanh thude phai Bap-tit (Baptist), dugc ggi
la Bie thi pah (Chri poh, Ba yod poll)
Nhdm Idn thir hai, nhdm ngirdi theo dao
Cdng giio (Pghi thi poh), sd lugng khoang
20.000 ngudi Trong khi eae giao phai dao Tin Lanh khac, ching han nhu nhung tin dd theo trudng phii tin rang sap den lan Giang sinh thfl' hai eiia Chua vi tuan thii ngay Sabbath (Seventh-Day Adventists), tin do Hdi Giim ly va Giio hdi Trudng lio kem ndi trdi hon^ Giio phai dat niem tin vio nhung phep la (die biet la cac phep than chfla benh) (Pentecostals) hien cd it tin dd
Xem Hayami, "Chuyen doi ton giao va tin nguang'";
Sir thich nghi ddn toe va ban sac Ngirdi Karen d vimg bien gidi Thdi vd Mien Dien, chii bien: Charles
F Keyes (Philadelphia: Vien Nghien cuu nhCrng van
de ve con nguai, 1979), dae biet Peter Kunstadter
"dan tpc loai hinh va ban sac", tr 119-63; Roland Mischung Ton giao va minh hoa thuc tien a mot lang Karen thupc Tay Bac Thai Lan (Wiesbaden: Steiner,
1984); va Ronald D Renard, Kariang: Lich sir cdc
moi quan he Thdi - Karen lir hie bdt ddu ldi nam
1923 (Honolulu: Dai hpc Hawaii, 1980)
Nhung uac tinh nay dua tren cupc trao dcii mang tinh ca nhan vai dai dien ciia giao phai Bap-tit (Baptist) va Thien Chiia giao va nhirng tai lieu chua xuat ban cua hai nha tha That kho ma co dupc eon so chinh xac bai Hpi truyen giao phai Bap-tit (Baptist) Thai Lan (TMBF), to chuc Hpi giao phai Biip-tit
(Baptist) chinh a Thai Lan khong phan biet dupc mpt
each rach roi giiia nhom nguai Sgaw \a Pwo-Karcn; viec tuang tu cung xay ra doi vai Nha tha Thien Chua giao So nguai theo dao Thien Chiia giao ciia giao phan Chiang Mai co khoang 30.000 nguai, chu yeu la ngucri Karen ciia ca hai nhom nho tren
Trang 3Tgp chi Ddn ldc hoc so 4 - 2009 57
dudng nhu cd ting len; hau nhu chi cd sd it
tin dd phii Baptists la den tham du ci hai
nha thd hoic thay ddi de trd thanh tin dd
giao phai Pentecostal" Cac nhdm trio iuu
chinh thdng khic nhu Nhi thd eua Hdi
truyen giio Co dde van cdn nhung cho tdi
nay it cd anh hudng
Dai bd phan ngudi Sgaw-Karen theo
dao Phat Nhflng ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat
huu linh (nhflng ngudi theo chu nghTa truyen
thdng) dugc chinh thirc xep vao nhdm "tin do
dao Phat", do vay khdng the cd dugc sd
lugng chinh xie ve nhdm ngudi niy Vien
Nghien ciru Bd tdc cdng bd, nim 1989 nhflng
ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu linh chiem
khoing 16% sd dan Karen, trong khi con sd
nay udc tinh trong nim 1983 khoing 42,9%;
trong nhung nim gan diy, sd niy cdn thap
hon nhieu' Cdt Idi eua Thuyet Van vat hflu
linh (nhung ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu
linh dugc ggi li mo lu pa la hoic aw cha) la
thd cung td tien (air cha) Tinh tir hinh le
chinh cua thd cimg td tien cd chieu hudng
giam dan do tinh phirc tap eua nd va vd sd
nhung dieu kieng ky khic Nd can phai dugc
thue hien it nhat mdt nim mdt lan vi eung
phai ducie td chire trong nhflng trudng hgp
dm nang Mgi thinh vien trong gia dinh mau
he phai ngdi vdi nhau it nhat li 3 ngiy, vi
khdng ai ngoai nhung thanh vien trong gia
dinh ducTC phep bircic vao nhi trong sudt thdi
gian cuns; le; tham chi ci vci vi cac con cua
" Nhirng tin do giao phai Pentecostal nhan manh hanh
dpng noi tieng la killing tha\ co trong cac nha tha
Bap-til (Baptist); do \ay su chuven bien dot ngcit nas
Clin hon ca \'an de tha\' diii cho thir cung
' Vien Nghien ciru Bp ttic "Thong kc ve dan tpc thieu
so" (Chiang Mai: Bao cao chua xuat ban 1989); Peter
Kunstadter "Dan sii \ iing cao a mien Bac Thai Lan"
irong cuiin XInnig ngirdi vimg cao cua Thdi Lan chu
bien: John McKinnon \a Wanat Bhruksasri (Kuala
Lumpur: Oxford liniversily Press 1983) tr 25
ngudi con trai cita ehu gia dinh da li)' vg cflng khdng dugc phep vio Vat hien sinh nhu gi vi Ign cung phii dugc giet thjt theo thu tu nhat djnh do vg cua ngudi chu nhi da
nudi ehung Si kho mu cha, mdt loai than linh
giim hd eua td tien, dugc nudi dudng bing nhfl'ng dd cung^ Li gan cua con vat hien te neu cd bieu Id diem xau thi can phii thjt con vat khic thay the Neu nghi le khdng thinh cdng thi phai thuc hien lai, vdi hau qui la ed the tat ea cic vat nudi trong nhi deu bj giet
Tin dd dao Phat (che phaw ba plicrw)
khic vdi nhung ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat
huu linh d chd hg tir bd viee hanh le aw cha;
ndi ehung, tat ci cic nghi le truyen thdng khic lien quan tdi viec trdng lua van cdn dugc thuc hien (Chuyen ddi sang dao Phat rd ring khdng )'eu cau hg tir bd vice thd cung td tien ma edn tao ra cich thirc mang tinh le nghi va hgp ly de eat dirt nhung ring huge vdi nghi le, cii dirge eoi li ning ne va thudng
li khdng dem lai hieu qua) Nhung thir niy
bao gdm, vi du: liio da, vat cung cho le Thi
K'cha Gaw K'cha: pameko - vat cung te
trudc khi trdng lua; lu thi ho - vat cung tai
muong li)' nude tudi cho cic cinh ddng lua;
va edn nhieu le vat cung te khic nfla'"" Hi kho,
thiy tl cha truyen con ndi eua ling lim le
cung K'cha Gcnv K'cha tai dahi hi (ban thd d
ben ngoai ling) khdng nhat thiet phai lim le
cnv dia: dng ta cflng cd the li tin dd dao Phat
Tren ; uc tl, ehi cd nghi le Phat giio khit khe eua nhung tin dd dao Phat thi mdi ed the tien Cling lua cho Dire Phat vao moi budi sing Tim quan trgng cfla eic nghi ll Phat giio phu
* Hayami, "Bien doi ton giao va tin nguang" tr 113
" Xem Mischung, Ton giao va Kumiko Yoshimatsu,
"The giiii nguai Karen 1 le thong tin nguang \ a vu tru quan ciia nguiri Sgaw-Karen li Tiiy IMc tinh Chiang Mai" (Chiang Mai: Bao cao long ket, 1989)
Trang 4thude vao sir lira chgn mang tinh ci nhan; tu
cho minh la tin do Phat giao ed the gitip cho
ngudi dd de dugc chap nhan hon trong xa hgi
ngudi Thai d vung thap Dao Phat eua ngudi
Thii d mien Bac va Thuyet Van vat hu'u linh
cua ngudi Karen cd mgt sd net tuong ddng,
va ddi vdi ngudi dan Karen theo dao Phat thi
each tiep can hgp nhat cac trudng phai vdi
nhau la phd bien Mdt vai thay tu theo dao
Phat ndi tieng nhu Khriiba Khao eung cd cac
mdn dd ngirdi Karen "^
Khruha Khao (khruba a mien Bac Thai Lan co
nghTa la nguiii tha\ dang kinh \ a khao co nghTa la
"trang") sinh nam 1889 gan Lamphun a mien Bac
Thai Lan la mon de cua nguoi thay Khruba Siwichai
noi tieng nguiri da dau tranh cho qu\en tu tri ton giao
a khu vuc mien Bac chong lai Bang Coc va sangha
quyen luc (thir bac ciia thay tu) vao nhirng nam 1920
Ca hai ong deu dupc dua tai mien Bac Thai Lan lam
ton him theo nghTa den la "nguiin nhan tai" Da ba
lan Khruha Khao bupc phai bo do thay lu bat bupc
mac ao choang trang cho tiii khi ta the nam 1977 boi
\ i ling ta da chong diii lai cac quan chirc dia phuang
nhirng ngucTi da co gang thiet lap qu\cn luc ciia chinh
quyen Bang Coc a mien Bac Ong da chiing lai nhirng
hanh \i dao dire xau trong giiVi tu sT \a thuang dan va
dupc hai miin de dua di la Phra Phothisat (ho tdt) \a
Phava Tham (dhanimaraja, nguai tri vi ngay thang)
Nguoi ta cho rang ong co nang luc sieu nhien giong
nhu mat than \a co kha nang tranh dupe quv dir Mon
de ciia Khruha Khao phan liin la nhom Pwo Karen o
cac hu>en Mae Sariang \a Omkoi nhCrng ngucri co
ehung thai dp thii dich \ai cae quan chuc va Tang
thiing Thai Lan Khong co su khac biet tpc nguai ro
rang, tu)' vay, boi \ i cac mon do ciia ong ay cung bao
gom ngucri Lua (Lawa), ngucri Thai mien Bac va
nguai Shan Ong ta da hira hen rang nguai Karen se
CO mpt cupc song thanh binh a Mien Dien Ong ta da
lam cho hp biia hp menh de tranh bi ton thuang va
khich le hp du\ tri tin nguang truyen thong Xem
cupc thao luan eiia Paul T Cohen "Dao Phat khong
bi troi bupc: Truyen thong "siing dao" thai nha
Ngu>en \ a dan tpc - nha nuiic trong the giai nguai
Thai" Tgp chi Nghien ciru Dong Nam 4 [JSEAS]r32
2 (2001): 227-32; Charles F Keyes "Dao Phat va
thong nhat dan tpc a Thai Lan", Tgp chi Nghien ciru
Chau.1.30.3 (1971): 556-8; va Peter Hinton "Nguiri
Karen, chu nghTa hoiing kim \a cac hoat dpng thoa
hiep viri chinh qu>en \ iing thiip" trong cuiin Sir thich
nghi tdc ngudi do Ke>es liim chu bien tr 84-5
Dao Phat trong xa hoi Karen
Trong sudt dau nhfl'ng nam 1960 khi nha quan su tai nang Sarit Thanarat lam Thii tudng Thii Lan dao Phat nhu mdt qudc giio lue biy gid da thoat khdi Thuyet Van vat hflu Iinh cua nd va Idng trung thanh ddi vdi dan tdc va luan thudng dao ly da trd thinh hgc thii)et "dao Phat" kieu mdi" Trong nam 1965 chuang trinh hanh ddng Phat giao, thu phil tai Wat Sri Soda d Chiang Mai, dugc td chirc de tuyen truyen dao Phat cho cic bd lae Mudi ddi gdm 50 nha sir da tdi cic ling vung eao (nhieu ling cd ngudi Karen), hau het cac ling nay thude tinh Chiang Mai (Mdt sd ngirdi Karen da theo dao Phat sau khi di eu tdi cac vung thanh thj, nhirng day la nd lire dugc du tinh dau tien de eai dao cho hg) Do tinh hinh bat dn dgc theo bien gidi phia Bie, chinh phu mong mudn cac dan tgc thieu sd d viing ddi nui trd thanh mdt bd phan trung thanh cua dat nude
Quan trgng hon cd viee giang dao Phat,
nhung ddi quan nay da day hg rang trd thinh ngudi cdng dan Thai tdt cd nghia li kinh trgng Vua vi yeu dat nude Ngoai ra, cic nha su cdn day ca van hda va giup hg cii tien cic phuong phap lam ndng nghiep''
La tdn giio ciia hon 90%) dan sd Thai Lan, Phat giio la cdng cu thuc day sir thdng nhat hay ddng hda Trong trieu dai Vua Vajiravudh (nim 1910 - 25), Phat giao da trd
Somboon Suksamran Dgo Phdi vd chinh tri a Thdi
Afl« (Singapore: ISEAS 1982)
'• Charles F Keyes Thdi Lan lirinig quoc Phat
giao Id mot nhd nuac ddn toe hien dai (Boulder:
Westview, 1987); Sanit Wongprascrt ".Anh huang
cua chuong trinh Dhammacarik bhikkiis ddi vdi cdc ho toe tho ddn a Thdi Lan" trong \'iing clot sdc tgc trong cdc \d hi)i dao Phdt Sri Lanka vd Mien Dien chu bien K M de Silva (London; Pinter
1988) tr 126-37
Trang 5Tgp chi Ddn tc}c hgc so 4 - 2009 59
thinh mdt trong ba tru cdt cua he tu tudng
qudc gia, sit cinh vdi nen quan chu va dan
tgc Ngay tir budi binh minh eua Phat giao d
Thii Lan the ky thir mudi ba, Phat giio ludn
cd su gin ket chit che vdi Nhi nudc va die
biet vdi Vua dudi hinh thuc dhammarajia
(Ngirdi trj vi Phat giio hoic ngudi trj vi)
Tuy vay, inh hudng cua cic thay tu theo dao
Phat ddi vdi cic xa hdi mien nui khdng sau
sic nhu inh hudng cua cic nhi truyen giao
dao Co dde, chu yeu la do khdng gidng nhu
sau niy, cic ddi quan Phat giio khdng d lau
trong ling cung vdi ngudi dan hoae khdng
ndi ngdn ngfl dja phuo'ng
Nam 2000, ed 450 nhi tu va nhflng
ngudi mdi tu sdng d Wat Sri Soda, hau het
hg li ngudi mien nui, trong dd cd 300 ngudi
Karen Nam sau udc tinh ed khoing 100 nha
su ngudi Karen dugc phong chirc Ben canh
chiia chinh, mdt sd chua nhd hon vi cic
trung tam dao tao cflng da ra ddi; d huyen
San Sai gan Chiang Mai, tham chi cd mcit
trudng tieu hgc danh cho su nu Wat Sri
Soda da dugc Vu Phuc Icii cdng tii trci va
hoang hau Sirikit cflng thudng xuyen tang
tien cho trung tam ni) Cung cd sin mdt
chuong trinh giing day eho trudng trung
hgc vi tiing Pa-li (An Do) va thien djnh
eung dugc giang day d dd Sinh vien cd the
tiep tue chuang trinh hgc tap 4 nim tai Dai
hgc Phat giio Maha Chulalongkorn d
Chiang Mai Hgc sinh ngi tru tai chua khdng
phai ddng tien in d, vi the di tao dieu kien
cho cac gia dinh ci ling que ngheo cd ea hgi
gui eon em cua hg tcii hgc tai cic trudng d
thi Iran
Thdi gian dao tao eho mdt thay tu keo
dai 3 nim cho du cic truong tu vien ludn
khu)en khich cae thay tu djnh cu tai que nha
trong mdt thiii gian dii hon the Cdn cd cac
khda dao tao die biet ve nhung quy djnh ehung cho cic nhi su nay - ehu yeu li ngudi Thii, mac du cung cd mdt sd it la ngudi Karen - nhung ngudi sap ve day tai cic ling que Ddi ngfl cac nha sir toa ra cic ling de danh gia nhu cau cua ngudi dan, vi nhfl'ng
de xuit, kien nghj dua tren nhung nhu cau cua hg dugc giri tdi cic co quan cua nhi nirdc Muc dich cua chuong trinh cflng gidng nhau, nhu: hd trg ve giao due tdn giao
vi phat trien va hda nhap vio qudc gia \ Cic CO' quan nha nude cdn quan tam tdi viec dua Phat giio den vdi nhan dan the hien qua viee tap hgp mdt lire lugng khoing 200 nha
su mien nui do Vu Phuc lgi cdng td chire vao thing 7 nim 2000 tai Wat Benjamabopit Bang Cdc noi cic thinh vien trong gia dinh hoang gia dugc phong chire' Nhung anh hirdng ngiy cing Idn manh cua Phat giao trong nhdm ngudi Karen tao dieu kien thuan Igi eho hda nhap vao xa hdi Thii Bat chap sir tic dgng ciia cic phong trio cai cich trong Phat giio Thai Phat giio cung chua bao gid bj tich khdi bin sic din tdc vi ban sic Thii, vi vay mdt sd quan chirc di biy td quan diem rang "ehi cd ngudi Karen theo dao Phit la edntz dan trung thanh"'^ Dan di cu thj
'"* Phong van Truang tu vien Wat Sri Soda va Phra Irun - miit nha su a ciing tu vien
'"• Buu dien Bang C6c ngay 2 thang 7 nam 2000 '^ Thong tin ca nhan Lamar Robert, co van cao cap cua Vien Nghien ciru xii hiii Chiang Mai Cac nha su theo chu nghTa cai luang gom Bhuddhadhasa Bhikkhu
.Aclum Cha (nhii su 6 rirng) vii cac nhii liinh dao ciia
phong trao Santi A.sck Xem Juliane Schober "Su rang bupc cua Phat giao Theravada vai hien dai hoa o Diing Nam A: Mo hinh xa hpi ciia miit chinh the thien
hii dl den diiu'?" .JSE.AS 26 2 (1995): 307- 25; \ii
Sulak Si\araksa "Phat giiio vii xii hiii Vuirt ra khoi
tam nhin hien tai" trong Phat giao vd xd hcii Thcii
Lan chu bien B J Terwiel (Cja>a: Irung tam nghien
ciru Diing Nam A 1984) tr 97-119
Trang 6thinh, nhfl'ng ngudi cung chia se cude sdng
tdn giio d thj tran vdi dan Thai lang gieng
lam ting anh hudng Phat giao trong cac
ling ngudi Karen khi hg trd ve nha, vi
cing ngiy cang cd nhieu nhi su ngudi Thii
cd mat tai eae ling que hon trudc day Neu
nhu cic cude hdn nhan hdn hgp tdc ngudi
vdi ngudi Thii xiy ra thi hau het la xiy ra
trong bdi eanh dao Phat
Truyen dao Co doc giao
Nam 1858 nhi thd Tin lanh dau tien
d mien Bac Thii Lan tai Chiang Mai do hai
nhi truyen dao cua Giao hdi Trudng lao
ngudi My, Johathan Wilson vi Daniel
McGilvary thinh lap Vio thdi gian dd hg
khdng den vdi ngudi Karen, vi su thinh
cdng trong viec truyen giio cho tdc ngirdi
Thii cflng rat han che"\ Trong khi dd cdng
viec truyen giio d Mien Dien lai rat thanh
cdng, die biet trong nhdm ngudi Sgaw
Karen, khdng phai cho den nim 1950 Hdi
truyen giio phii Bip-tit (Baptist - ed ngirdi
djch li phai tay le/rua tdi) My mdi bit diu
gat hai nhflng thanh cdng trong viec
ehuyen ddi tdn giao eua ngudi Thai d mien
bien gidi chu yeu la nhflng ngirdi Karen
Mien Dien, tiep theo sau nhfl'ng cd ging
khdng thanh ciia giao phai Phue am Cuoi
cflng thi Hiep hdi Tin linh ngudi Karen
(KBC) cflng da dugc thinh lap vao nam
1955, Ii mdt bd phan eua Hiep hdi truyin
giio phii Bap-tit (Baptist) cua Thii Lan,
thugc Giao hgi phai Bap-tit (Baptist) Thii
Lan Cdng giao bat dau cdng viec truyin
giao vio nim 1951 tai huyen Chomthong eua tinh Chiang Mai'^
Cic nhi truyen giao nude ngoii phai rut lui khdi Trung Hoa sau khi nhung ngudi cdng sin vio tiep quin nam 1949 Tim kiem mien dat mdi de truyen dao, dau tien hg chgn Mien Dien, va sau dd chuyen hirdng tdi Thii Lan, bdi vi Mien Dien hie dd dang phii vat Idn vdi tinh trang Idn xdn sau chu nghTa thirc dan va vi hau het cac nha truyen dao d
do phai ra di sau chinh bien quan su nam
1962 Sau that bai vdi cac nhdm tdc ngirdi ndi tieng Thai, cic tdc ngudi vung eao trd thanh muc tieu mdi Ngay nay, sd lugng ngudi nude ngoai ngay eang giam di trong
sd cic nhi truyen giao Baptist tdi ngudi Karen Cic nha truyen giao chu yeu tdi thim cic ling dugc ggi la "khdng the tdi dugc", noi ma sich Phue Am chua tdi dugc theo dung nghTa - nhu hg sap dat - de ciru nhflng ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu linh thoit khdi sir ddt nit Nhflng ngudi tj nan Karen Mien Dien sdng d mdt sd lang dgc theo bien gidi eua tinh Mae Hong Son va hg da tirng phai ehju dung su buc hai cua nhflng ngudi linh Phat giio Mien Dien, Ii nhflng ngirdi theo dao Co' dde nhiet thanh va cung li ngudi giing dao cho nhung lang Karen d Thai Lan
Hien tai, sd lugng tin dd Co' dde giio thugc cac nhdm dan tdc thieu so d miln Bie Thai Lan ngiy eang ting len, mac du ti le
Heibeii R Swanson, Khrischak Muang Nua
Nghien ciru ve lich sir nhd tha ngirdi Thdi a miin Bdc
(Bang C6c: Nxb Chuan 1984, tr 5)
Chumpol Maniratanavongsiri "Ton giao va su tha> doi xa hpi Su tiep noi mang tinh tpc ngucri va su thav
doi cua nguai Karen a Thai Lan" trong Phdt trien
hay khai hda'.'' Cdc ddn Icic ban dia a Dong Ncim A
chu bien Don McCaskill va Ken Kampe (Chiang Mai: Silkworm 1977) tr 238; Hayami "Nghi le va
chuyen doi ton giao" tr 96-101; Hovemyr Tim hiiu
vua Karen
Trang 7Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2009 61
ngirdi theo dao Co dde giio tren toin Thii
Lan mdi chi duy tri d mire khoang I%'^
Nhung tin dd Bap-tiL Hdi Trudng lao vi
Hgi Giim Iy eua My dugc co cau Ii mdt bd
phan cua Giio hdi Co dde giio d Thii Lan
(CCT) Hiep hdi truyen giio hii ngoai
(OMF) Hdi truyen giio bd lac mdi vi tin
dd Bip-tit mien Nam (Hiep hdi cac tin dd
Bap-tit Thii Lan) la mdt bd phan cua Hiep
hgi cua cic tin dd theo phii Phuc am Thii
Lan (EFT) Tat ea cac giao phii Tin Iinh
phii li thinh vien cua mdt trong nhflng td
chuc bio trg tren ehju su giam sit cua Cue
Tdn giao Hgi nghi cae giim mue Thii Lan
dugc coi li hdi ddng tdi cao eua Giio hdi
Thien chua giio, cung phii giai quyet cic
cdng viec cua Cue nay
C> Mien Dien, ngudi Karen dau tien
ten li Ko Thya Bu dugc Adoniram Judson,
nha truyen giio ngirdi My gin bd vdi cic tin
dd Bip-tit rira tdi nam 1828''' Khi nhung
nha truyen giio dau tien xuat hien vio dau
the ky XIX, ngudi Karen dugc ggi nhd ve
cudn cham nijdn mi trong dd cd su sing tao
Theo TBMF 8.000 nguiri La Hii theo giao phai
Bap-til la thiinh \ien ciia Hiep dinh Giao phai Biip-til
La Hii Nil 6.000 nguoi Akha theo giao phiii Bap-tit
Ihuiic Ciiao hiii Akha (Tiii lieu mii bii ciia Hiii tru>en
gicio Bap-til Thai Lan niim 2000); trong nam 1999
diin sii nguiri La Hu la 84.264 nguiri \a Akha la
56.162 nguiri (Vien Nghien ciru Bp tiic "Thong ke \ e
dan tpc thieu sii") Doi vcri 250.000 tin do Thien chiia
giao ir Thai Lan va nhu'ng ngucri tin do dao Tin lanh
khiing thuiic phai Bap-tit khiing lam le rira tpi khong
he thay mpt con so nao cua nhiim vo than (tu lieu tir
"Lich sir ciia Giao hpi Thien chiia giao a Thai Lan",
hltp: //www stjohn.ac.th/Depai-tment/info/ch_history.html
va so lieu do Cha Nipot cr Diocese, Chiang Mai cung
cap) Si) lupng tin dii dao Tin lanh ngay cang tiing
trong nhiim nguiri La Hii \a ,^kha; ti le cac tin dii Ca
diic giiio Irong nhom nguoi Lisu \a Hmdng lai it di
JelTrey Louis Petry "Liri phan ciia Chiia: Tin dii
dao Ca doc nguiri Karen, thuc dan vii su hinh thanh
nuirc Mien Dien" (Luan iin tiijn sT 1993), tr 77
than thoai cua hg ve nhflng dira tre cua thin
Yod Chua sing tao, hg di nhan dugc cudn
sach dd nhung sau dd lai bj mit di do sir bit can Cau chuyen huyen thoai ke ring, mdt hdm ngudi anh da tring da mang quyen sich trd lai cho ngudi anh em ddng dao cua anh
ta la ngudi Karen Mdt sd ngirdi Karen da thay cic nhi truyen giao eung vdi sich Kinh thinh cua hg nhu ngudi anh em da trang trong truyen than thoai eua hg Mdt sd ngirdi truyen giio My dau tien nghi ring ngudi Karen da hinh dung ve Chua, bdi vi theo quan diem cua hg khii niem ve nhi tao hda
Yod rat gin vdi nhi sang tao Yahweli than
eua ngudi Do Thii, hai vj than tham chi cd ten tirong tu Mdt vai nhi truyen giao cdn tin chic ring ngudi Karen thuc chat li mgt trong 10 bd tdc da bj mat cua dan Do Thii'" Mdi lien he niy da dugc khai thic de cii dao ngirdi Karen sang Co dde giio de dang hon,
va cac quan niem ve dao ly eua cic tin dd
Co dde giao lien quan tdi Idng trung thanh ha) quan he tinh due phu hcip vdi tin ngucing tru)en thdng ciia ngudi Karen Tat ci nhung ngirdi Karen theo Co' dde giio dugc phdng van vi ke ci nhung ngirdi theo Phat giio -cung ndi ring hg cam thay thoii mii hon sau khi bd viec thd cung td tien The gidi tdn
giao nhu Co dde giio tao ca hdi tiep xiic vdi
the gicii ben ngoai vi loai bd di nhung han che cua than Iinh dja phuang, trong khi Kinh
thinh dai dien cho chan \y ca bin vi tao ra
" Ananda Rajah "Sac tpc, chii nghTa dan tpc, \'a nha nuac - dan tpc Nguiii Karen a Mien Dien va Thai
Lan" trong Cdc lgc ngirdi xuyen bien gidi a Dong
Nam A luc dia chii bien Gehan Wiieyewardene
(Singapore: ISEAS 1990) tr 113; Hayami, "Chuydn doi ton giao, tin nguang", tr 88 Hau het nhirng
nguai Karen theo Ca doc giao deu tin ring Yod va
than linh trong Kinh thanh giong nhau
Trang 8su ddi khing vdi tdn giio cua nhdm tdc
ngudi cd anh hudng Idn hon"'
Cae nha truyen giao dao Ca dde xay
dung chu viet eho nhfl'ng ngudi dan vung
eao that hgc trudc day Tin dd dao Bap-tit da
tao ra chu' viet cho ngudi Karen bang each
SU' dung bing chu' cii Mien Dien vao dau the
ky XIX Mdt thdi gian ngan sau nhung
ngudi theo dao Cdng giio da gidi thieu chu
La Ma cho nhfl'ng ngudi Karen d Mien Dien,
trong khi dd ehu viet cua tin dd theo dao
Cdng giio dugc su' dung d Thii Lan ngiy
nay da cd tu nhfl'ng nam 1950 Tham ehi
ngiy nay, trong do tudi tu 15 den 20 cd 90%
ngudi theo dao Cdng giao - chi cd 1% ngudi
theo dao Phat - ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat
huu linh - la nhung ngudi thao mdt trong
nhfl'ng chu viet ciia ngudi Karen"" Trong
nhfl'ng nim 1950, do viec truyen dao dang
gianh dugc anh hudng d mien Bie Thai Lan,
hg da md rdng pham vi anh hudng cua minh
sang ITnh vuc giio due, chain sdc sue khde
vi ky thuat canh tic ndng nghiep Vio thdi
diem dd, cac ca quan nha nude cung nhu cac
td chirc phi ehinh phu deu khdng ed sir ho
trg tuong tu nio ddi vdi cic ddi tugng bj coi
la khdng quan trgng d vung eao
0 Mien Dien, tdn giio da khoet sau
mdi bat hda gifla quan phien loan ehu yeu la
ngirdi Karen theo Ca dde giao va Chinh phu
Charles F Keves "lYa thanh tin do Ca doc giao
Tin lanh trong the giai Dong Nam A", JSE.AS, 27, 2
(1996): 288; David Bradley "Ban sjc Tinh bin bi
cua cac nhom tpc ngucri" trong chii bien: McKinnon
va Wanat, Nlnrng nguai ddn viing cao a Thai Lan
tr 52; Cornelia Ann Kammerer "Phong tue va su
chuyen doi sang dao Co doc a ngucri Akha viing cao
cua Mien Dien \ a Thai Lan" Nha ddn toe hoc My
17 2 (1990): 285
"' Chumpol "Ton giao \ a su thay doi xa hpi" tr 242;
Nicholas Tapp "Tac dpng ciia truyen giao dao Ca
diic den cac nhom tpc nguai bi each I) ra khoi nhip
dieu phat Iricn \a hiii" .JSE.IS 20 1 (1989): 75
Miln Dien theo dao Phat Sir khic biet ve tdn giao li nguyen nhan gay ra sir bat hda trong Lien minh Qudc gia cua ngudi Karen (KNU), Lien minh nay da khdng ngirng chdng lai Chi'nh phu Miln Dien tir nim
1949 Mdt bd phan cac chien sT theo dao Phat trong Lien minh Qudc gia eua nguoi Karen (KNU), vdi sir hd trg cua mdt thay tu ding kinh thugc nhdm Pwo Karen, da ndi day chdng lai sir lanh dao eua td chirc KNU Co' dde giao de hgp tie vdi quan ddi Mien Dien dudi cii ten Quan ddi Phat giao Kayin Dan chil (DKBA) Quan ddi Mien Dien da rat kinh nghiem trong viec gia ting nhflng xung dot dang tdn tai ben trong KNU"^
Ban sac dan tgc va ton giao
Mdi nhdm dan tdc nhieu hay it deu mang ti'nh ndi hdn Cam nhan cua ti'nh thdng nhat dua tren Ijch su', ngdn ngu va su sip nhap ehung Khdng mdt ban sac rieng Ie nao tdn tai; dung hon la cd mgt sd ban sic (tinh ddng nhat) thay ddi khdng ngiing nen ddi khi gifla chiing gay ra nhung xung dot Ban sac dan tdc va tdn giao la hai trong nhieu ban sic ciia con ngudi ed bien ddi quan trgng; hai ban sac dd khdng phai Iiic nao cflng phu hgp, nhu trudng hgp cua ngudi Karen""* Bin sic tdc ngudi mi tdi sir dung d day dugc djnh nghTa
Mikael Gravers Chu nghTa ddn toe nhir Id sir da
nghi chinh tri a Mien Dien (Richmond: Curzon
1999); Don McCaskill, "Chia re va chinh phuc Chu nghTa be phai, chii nghTa co hpi va su sup do ciia
Manerplaw", trong Phdt trien hay khai hoa? do
McCaskill va Kampe lam chii bien, tr 602-9
Ulrich Schneckener, "Cac van de \k su lu tri tap the: tpc nguai dan tpc quoc gia", Ngogi bien 67 17 (1997): 29; Eugene E Roosens Tgo nen ddn toe Qud
trinh hinh thdnh toe ngirdi (Newbury Park, CA: Sage
1989) tr 16; Jessica Jacobson, "Ton giao va sSc toe Cac nguon thay the va su sa hiru ban sdc 6 nhirng ngucri
Pakistan goc Anh tre tuoi" Nghien ciru cluing toe vd siic
ldc [tir na) ve sau gpi lii ERS] 20 2 (1997): 238-56; \a
Manning Nash C«/ vcic cuu ddn ldc irong thi giai hien
c7<7/(Chicago: University ot'Chic.igo Press 1989)
Trang 9Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd 4 - 2009
bdi sir tdng hgp tinh bam sinh
(primordialism) va tinh bdi cinh
(situationalism) Cic khia eanh co' bin eua
djnh nghTa nay bao gdm nhung phin sau:
"[nhdm dan tdc] bieu tugng chu the hoic sir
dung mdt khia canh nio dd eua vin hda mang
tinh bieu tugng, de phan biet sir khic nhau
giua hg vdi cic nhdm khic Nhung bieu
tugng nay cd the bj ap dat tu' ben ngoii hoic
di cd tu' ben trong"^^
Bin sic tdc ngudi bam sinh vi do bdi
canh chi phdi cd the tdn tai ddng thdi Bien
gidi tdc ngudi cd the vua khdng chac chan,
uyen chuyen, lai vua cd djnh Day la diem
quan trgng, bdi vi tin thanh cich tiep can
ban sic tdc ngudi ludn thay ddi dua tren co
cau xa hdi trong mdt thdi gian dai la hoan
toan hgp thdi^^ Thuyet bam sinh ket luan
ring mgt tdc ngudi gin bd mat thiet vdi
nhau qua mdi quan he than thugc ngdn ngu'
vi tdn giao; Harold Issacs nhan manh nhu
George De Vos "rhu)et da ngu)cn tpc ngucri:
Xung dpi \a thoa hiep" trong Bciii sdc ldc ngirc'ri linh
lien luc vd thciy ddi cua vdn hda chu bien: George De
Vos va Lola Romanucci-Ross (Chicago: Uni\crsity
of Chicago Press, 1982) tr 17 Ciing xem Roland
Platz, "Di cu va ban sac tpc nguai", Dien ddn chau ,A
quoc te 30 3-4 (1999): 295-312; va Platz Sir bin bi
vd ihciy ddi cua ban sdc tgc ngirdi Tdm quan trong
cua di cir trong vi dii ve ngicdi Lisu vd Karen o mien
Bdc Thdi Lan (Bonn: Nxb Flolos 2000)
Xem vi du, Edmund R Leach, He thdng chinh tri a
vimg cao Mien Dien tai ban lan thir hai (London:
Athlone Press, 1970) Frank Proschan dua ra vi du ve
nguiri Kha-mu - Tpc ngucri noi tieng Mon - Khame a
Thai Lan Lao \a Viet Nam - ki miit \ i du \e nhu'ng
bien giiii phirc tap nay Cac duirng bien gioi, nhu
ngiin ngii' \a dong hp da dupc xac dinh ro rang,
nhung dong thiri nhirng ngucri nuac ngoai eung hpi
nhap f) My co nguiri Kha-mii nhu'ng ngucri ma each
day khong liiu hp cim su dung ngon ngir ciia hp
nhung tu hp \an coi minh lii nguiri Khir-mii; Frank
Proschan, "Tat ca chiing tiii deu la ngucri Kho-mii,
giong nhu nhau Tpc danh ban sac tpc nguiri \a cac
dan tpc" ,V/w Ddn ldc hgc \ly 24 1 (1997): 92
eau dugc Ii thinh vien eua mdt tdc ngudi"^ Khii niem bam sinh ve bin sic tdc ngudi cung nhic qua mue, tuy nhien, cic nhi phe binh cho ring khii niem niy khdng bao gdm sir thay ddi ban sic tdc ngudi, trong khi dd tinh tdc ngudi lai dugc ehu y qua mirc vi y nghTa eua sir anh hudng lan nhau ve mat xa hdi thi lai bj bd qua'^
Theo Thuyet bdi cinh (ehu nghTa hinh thuc vi chu nghTa tinh hudng), mat khic, nhung net van hda ehung phu thude vao tinh hudng cua cac chu the de quyet djnh bien gidi tdc ngudi dugc xie djnh nhu the nao Tdc ngudi la cae thuc the xa hdi bat ngudn tu' su ddi lap mang tinh cau true giua cic nhdm cd su tic ddng qua lai vdi nhau Viec xie djnh cic nhdm rieng biet khdng phii d nen van hda ehung nio mi d viec uin cho nd vi sir tu nhan cua chu the"''
" I larold R Issaacs Than tirpng ciia bii lac: Ban sac ciia nhom ngucri va su thay doi chinh tri (New York: llarper & Row, 1975), tr 397 Thao luan ve tinh bam sinh xem Wsevolod W Isajiw, "Nhung dinh nghTa ve
tiic ngucri" Toe ngirdi 1 (1974): 111-24; Clifford
Gcertz "Cuiic each mang de hpp thiinh mpt the thong nhat Nhirng quan diem ca ban va chinh the diin su
trong nhirng nha nuac mai", trong Cdc xci h(>i cu vd
nhung nhd nudc mdi: Tim kiem linh chdt hien dcii a chau 4 vd chau Phi chii bien: Clifford Geertz (New
York: Free Press of Glencoe 1963), tr 105-57;
Andrew M Greeley, Tgc nguai a My: Khao sdt sa bo
(New York: Wiley, 1974); va Edward Shils, "Cac moi quan he nguv'en sa, ca nhan, thieng lieng va cong dan",
Tgp chi xa hdi hgc Anh quoc, 8 2 (1957): 130-45 '^ Elaine M Burgess, "Su hoi sinh ciia tpc nguai:
HuyIn thoai hay hien thuc? ERS 1, 3 (1978): 266; va
.lames McKay "Tong hop giai thich ve cac phuang phap tiep can theo thuyet bam sinh \a thu>et van dpng trong \ iec nghien ciru cac hien tupng mang tinh
tpc nguai" ERS, 5, 4 (1982): 398
' ' Fredrik Barth "Lai giai thieu" trong Cdc dim toe
vd bien gidi: Td chirc xd hoi cua sir khdc biet van hoa chu bien Fredrrik Barth (Bergen:
Universiteitsforlaget, 1969) tr 10 Cac thiio luan
khac gom co Leach, Cdc he thong chinh tri, Leo A
Despres "Huiing tcri mpt ly thuyet ve hien tupng
Trang 10Cho den thdi diem ni) Abner Cohen dua ra
viec vie djnh cic tdc ngudi la cac nhdm ed
ehung Igi ich ciing hanh dgng mdt cich hgp
ly nhung tren thuc te hg cd the khdng bj
bat budc phii phuc tung cic nhdm cd ehung
Igi ich bdi vi cam ket cim tinh ed the tdn
tai mi khdng dugc tinh toan mdt each hgp
I) Thay ddi xiy ra nhirng khdng lien tue;
pham vi cua nd bj gidi han hon nhieu so vdi
nhfl'ng dieu dugc thua nhan cua nhfl'ng
ngudi theo trudng phii bdi eanh^*^ Thay ddi
ban sic tdc ngirdi chi cd the xi)' ra khi hai
ngdn ngfl' va hai nen vin hda cung tdn tai;
neu mdt tdc ngudi khdng chap nhan ngudi
mang tinh tiic ngirtri" trong Toe nguai vd sir canh
iranh ve ldi nguyen Irong cdc xa hoi da ldc ngirai
chu bien Leo A Despres (The Hague: Mouton
1975) tr 187-207: Arnold L l-.pstein Tdc ngirdi vd
ban sdc: lia nghiin ciru ve tiic ngirdi (London;
Tavistock 1978): Eruin Orywal \a K Ilackstein
"Dan tiic: Giai thich tinh xiic thuc \ e tpc ngucri"
trong S'ri lay Ddn ldc hoc chu bien Thomas
Schwei/er (Berlin: Nxb Reimer 1993) tr 595;
Lawrence Rosen Du tinh ve tinh xdc time: Xdy clung
cdc mdi quan he xd hiii trong cdng ddng Hdi giao
(Chicago: Uni\ersit> of Chicago Press 1984); va Toe
ngudi dcmg hoat (long, chii bien: Sandra Wallman
(London: Macmillan, 1979)
.Abner Cohen "Loi giai thieu" trong Tdc ngudi
thdnh ihi chu bien: Vbner Cohen (London:
Taxistock 1974) tr xvi Ciing xem David Banks
"Liri gioi thieu" trong Thay ddi ban sdc a Ddng Nam
.A hien dai chu bien: David Banks (The Hague;
Mouton) tr 1-3; Georg Elwert "Dan tpc nhu la su
gia thich \e mat l\' luan va thirc tien" trong Ddn tdc
irong sir chuyen ddi chu bien: Peter Waldmann \a G
l-:iwert (Saarbrucken & Fort Lauderdale: Breitenbach
1989) tr 21-60; Thomas O Hollmann "Nhirng quan
niem co ban \ e thuat ngir tpc ngucri trong dan tpc
hpc: truang hop cac dan tpc a Diing Nam A luc dia"
Tiihus 41 (1992): 177-86; Leach Cdc he thong chinh
//'/.Frederick K Lehman "Cac loai hinh tpc nguai a
Mien Dien \a ly thuyet \ e cac he thiing xa hpi" trong
Cdc ho tdc a Dong Nam A ddn ldc thieu sd vd cdc ddn
tdc chu bien; Peter Kunstadter Tap I (Princeton:
Princeton University Press) 1967 tr 93-124; va Mgt
nudc Mexico khdc Ngirdi ban ciia lir Chiapas den
Chihuahua, chu bien: Ellen Schriek \a 11 W Schmuhl
(Gic.s.sen:N.\b Focus 1997)
ngoii hoic tir khep kin thi sir thay ddi khdng xiy ra'" Lieu quan niem cua nhung ngudi theo trudng phii bdi canh ed xet tdi ngdn ngfl' mdt trong nhfl'ng nhan td quan trgng nhat tao nen bin sic tdc ngirdi? Nhung ngudi dan vung cao mien Bie Thii Lan hgc tieng Thai nhu li ngdn ngu thir hai thi khi ndi tieng qudc ngu se cd pha tieng dja phirong cua minh va ve mat cam xuc thi khdng the so sanh dugc nhu khi the hien cam xuc cua minh bang ngdn ngfl' ban dja^" Ban sac tdc ngudi khdng phai cd djnh mi ban than nd eung the hien la mdt qua trinh ludn ddng vdi nhflng han che ve tinh linh hoat Su ddi lap trong cac ITnh vuc
xa hdi van hoi va tdn giao tie ddng tdi ti'nh ben vung eua ban sic tdc ngudi va sir tu nhan eua nd dua tren su tuong tic mang tinh Ijch sir vdi cac tdc ngudi khic ed the gin lien vdi su ddi lap nay^^ Su tu nhan thirc ve chinh minh eua mdt nhdm ngirdi ed the phin anh su manh hon, kem hon, niem
tu hao hoic tinh phdng ve Yeu td ca ban cua bin sac tdc ngirdi la nhung hanh ddng khac biet va mang tinh ca nhan cua cic thinh vien tdc ngudi Peter Kunstadter da ehi rd thue te rang ngudi Karen thieh md
Charles F Keyes "LiTi giai thieu" trong Sir thich
nghi tdc nguai, chii bit!-n: Keves tr 6; vii William A
Smalley Su da dgng ngdn ngu vd thdng nhdt qudc
gia: Sinh thai hgc ngdn ngu a Thdi Lan (Chicago;
Uni\ersity of Chicago Press 1994) tr 259
George De Vos va Lola Romanucci-Ross "Tinh tiic nguiri: Maeh y nghTa \a bieu tupng cua su tuang
phan" trong Ban sdc ldc ngirdi chii bien: De Vos va
Romanucci-Ross tr 374-5 Ve khung canh dSc thii
CLia mien Bac Thai Lan xem Smallev .Sir da dcmg
ngdn ngir
" George M Scott Jr "Su tiing hop lai ciic phuang phap tiep can theo tinh l-)am sinh \a tinh boi canh doi vdi su doan ket tpc nguiri Huiing lai miit mii hinh
eiiii thich" ERS 13 2 (1990): 147-^71