Openness, transparency and accountability in public governance: advantages and challenges from the industrial revolution 4.0

Mode n society demands mode n equi ements of gove nance, such as effectiveness, efficiency, and dive sity of se vices; disclosu e, t anspa ency, and accountability, pe sonal secu ity, th[r]

N P BL GOVERNAN E: ADVANTAGES AND ALLENGES

in the public secto The fi st pa t (Pa t ) of this a ticle int oduces the oỉe of Indust y

4 0 in the t ansition f om t aditional gove nance to mode n/good gove nance Thesecond pa t (Pa t 2) of this pape analyzes the benefits, and the thi d pa t (Pa t 3)analyzes the challenges of Indust y 4 0 in disclosu e, t anspa ency, accountability, andanti-co uption

T e Role oft e 4 0 I dustr al Revolut o t e Tra s t o from Trad t o alGover a ce to Moder /Good Gover a ce

Since the t entieth centu y, administ ative po e and the o ganization ofpublic administ ation have expanded a ound the o ld Public administ ationhas g adually become a p ivileged position fo politicians and civil se vants; hilecitizens a e conside ed consume s of public goods and se vices and a e passiveeceive s of public policies and consequences of state gove nance This fo m of state-cente ed gove nance f equently esults in lo gove nance efficiency, incompetence,

chool o fLaw, Vietnam National University, Hanoi

2 hD Candidate>Hanoi Law University

444

Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce

cente ed gove nance f equently esults in lo gove nance efficiency, incompetence,insufficient legitimacy, and gene ally lacks the necessa y esou ces and capacity to

be effective Fu the mo e, t aditional state-cente ed gove nance has many issuesand difficulties such as co uption and abuse of po e , lack of t anspa ency andaccountability, incompetent public se vice appa atus, lo quality of public se vices,

lo esponsiveness, limited pa ticipation and lo people’s confidence, and lack ofmotivation to innovate Mode n gove nance, o good gove nance, has ecently beenint oduced as a supe io alte native that has the potential to add ess all the issuesthat plague t aditional state-cente ed gove nance models Since the 0s, developedcount ies (such as The United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Ne Zealand,and Canada) have been efo ming thei gove nance mechanism by concent ating on

ne management methods that place mo e emphasis on human ights, civil ights,the imp ovement of the democ atic natu e of public se vices, and p omoting mo epublic pa ticipation in the gove nance p ocess

Unlike t aditional gove nance cente ed a ound the state, he e the gove nmentexe cises the ight to ule and to pass out se vices, and the public a e passive eceive s

of such se vices, mode n gove nance is cente ed a ound the people In mode n anddemoc atic gove nance, the public plays an active and essential ole in all gove nance

p ocesses such as planning, p omulgation, decision making, to the implementation ofpolicies and la s “Good gove nance” is a novel ay of gove nance that has ecentlybecome inc easinglypopula and isactivelyp omotedbyboth egional and inte nationaldevelopment o ganizations Many economists believe that the effectiveness ofeconomic efo ms depends st ongly on healthy and good political institutions The co e

ob ective of good gove nance is to imp ove political institutions and foste economicdevelopment and hence, is based on institutional p inciples and equi ements that

p omote t anspa ency and educe co uption Mo e specifically Good Gove nance isbased on the follo ing basic p inciples: the ule of la , t anspa ency, accountability,fai ness, se vice, efficiency and effectiveness, consensus; data and fo ecast baseddecision, t ust, and pa tne -stakeholde equality in the gove nance p ocess

The co e foundation of Mode n/Good Gove nance is a democ acy that seeks tomeetthe People's needs and aspi ations (Democ atic Gove nance)* Hence, Democ atic

Democ atic Gove nance - The key to development, A Repo t of Belgian Development Coope ation and Belgian Technical Coope ation (BTC) <https:// enabel be/sites/default/fiies/democ atic_gove nance_the_key_to_ deveỉopment pdf> accessed 25 Septembe 20

Gove nance is the gove nance p ocess that p omotes the esponsiveness of institutions

to p ovide eauitable se vices to all As a esult, the public achieves a st ong consensus

on policies and the implementation of such systems, la s* socio-political st uctu es,the eby, esulting in a society ith a high level of ustice, fai ness, human ights, andcivil ights Policies a e implemented, and la s a e enfo ced by a va iety of institutions:

f om t aditional institutions such as state agencies, political pa ties, to mo e dive senont aditional entities in the p ivate secto and civil o ganizations In this sense,Democ atic Gove nance add esses the question of ho to o ganize a society to ensu eequality and fai ness fo all citizens Good gove nance ith many cha acte istics ofdemoc atic gove nance is said to be a necessa y condition fo economic developmentand hence, is actively p omoted by inte national o ganizations in development

p og ams2

The goal of state gove nance is to build a t anspa ent, st eamlined, dynamic,and effective gove nance system that aims to se ve, athe than to gove n the peopleThe mode n gove nance model emphasizes co e p inciples such as expandingcitizen pa ticipation in state management activities; policymaking on the p inciple ofpublic consensus; building a esponsible and t anspa ent administ ation ith st ongaccountability efficiency and effectiveness that is fai unde the ule of la Thus, stategove nance is the exe cise ofpo e to se ve the people, ensu ing the ole and voice ofthepeople,building a st eamlined, dynamic, and effective administ ation The people a e f eeand encou aged to exe cise di ectly o indi ectly thei o ne ship in the p ocess th oughactive ep esentative entities In o de to achieve this, the gove nment appa atus must

al ays ensu e t anspa ency f om the p ocess of p oviding info mation to the p otection

of the fundamental ights of the citizens The mode n gove nmental system needs to

c eate a b oad consensus in society and must al ays st ive to inc ease the quality of life

of the people Fu the mo e, good gove nance must also cont ibute to the fight against

co uption and gove nment astefulness Expe ience sho s that capable gove nancestates a e also effective p evention and cont ol of co uption and pove ty Fightingagainst co uption and astefulness also cont ibutes to ensu ing the nation’s ise

Hie Indust ial Revolution 4 0 (o the Fou th Indust ial Revolution) stems f omthe concept of “Indust y 4 0” in a Ge man gove nment epo t in 20 3 Subsequently,Noha El-Mika y và Ingvild Oia, ‘Unde standing and P og amming fo Linkages: Democ atic Gove nance and Development’ Discussion Pape 8 UNDP Oslo Gove nance Cent e

2Ahmadzand Saleem A, ‘Impact of Gove nance on Human Development’ (20 4) Vol 8 (3) Pakistan Jou nal of Comme ce & Social Siences 6 2-628

Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _

Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce

Klaus Sch ab, founde and executive chai man ofthe Wo ld Economic Fo um has come

up ith a mo e efined concept: “The fi st indust ial evolution used ate and steamene gy to mechanize p oduction The second indust ial evolution took place thanks

to the application of elect icity fo mass p oduction The thi d indust ial evolutionused elect onics and info mation technology to automate p oduction No , the fou thindust ial evolution is eme ging f om the thi d evolution, b inging technologiestogethe , blu ing the lines bet een physics, digital technology, and biology ” Mo especifically, the fou th indust ial evolution as c eated by the conve gence of noveltechnologies such as IoT, o the Inte net of things, obotics, 3D p inting technology,cloud computing technology, i eless technology, (AI), nanotechnology, advancedmate ials science, ene gy sto age, and quantum computing Indust y Revolution 4 0ill take place in th ee main a eas, including biological tech, digital technology, andphysics The co e elements of digital technology in Indust y 4 0 ill be AI, Inte net

of Things (IoT), and Big Data The b eakth ough advancement of Indust y 4 0 is

no “unp ecedented in histo y” Compa ed to p evious indust ial evolutions, 4 0 isevolving in a function exponential athe than a linea ate

The t ansition f om t aditional/bad gove nance to mode n/good gove nance is

a necessa y and meaningful endeavo Moving gove nments f om state-cente ed tocitizen-cente ed, an essential ole ofpublic administ ation is to p ovide public se vices,and cu ent public administ ation can benefit immensely f om ecent scientific andtechnical advancement that helps eplace p ocesses that t aditionally ely on manuallabo The fou th indust ial evolution has a p ofound impact on all aspects ofsocial life, including ho public gove nance is st uctu ed Recent ne technologicaladvancements, especially intelligent technologies such as AI, has become an essentialand active ole in public gove nance Gove nance based on technology c eates anequal playing field bet een the state and its citizens, especially in the a ea of access

to info mation and supe vision by the public Mo eove , the digitalization of manygove nance p ocesses has helped the gove nment p omote t anspa ency, inc ease access

to info mation and hence inc ease accountability; public pa ticipation; and imp ovesthe quality of public se vices and activities The efo e, most of the ne app oaches ofmode n gove nance/good gove nance emphasize the need to unde stand, implement,

p omote, and fu the the advancement of technology It is easonable to assume that

Vu Cong Giao, Mode n State Gove nance: Some Theo etical and P actical issues’, in Nguyen Thi Que Anh,

Vu Cong Giao, Nguyen Hoang Anh, heories, models and perspective of tate overnance and Anti-corruption> Hong Due Publishing House, 20 8, p 36-52

the application of technological achievements, especially digital technologies, hasthe potential to t ansfo m and p omote eood gove nance in any o ganization o anycount y

Mode n society demands mode n equi ements of gove nance, such aseffectiveness, efficiency, and dive sity of se vices; disclosu e, t anspa ency, andaccountability, pe sonal secu ity, the ight to pa ticipate in the gove nance p ocess,

f ee election; the connectedness bet een the state and the people, the ight toinfo mation and access to info mation, the ight to monito and evaluate the quality

of public se vices, etc The application of info mation technology and communicationtechnology is a g eat ay to ealize these equi ements Achievements in info mationtechnology, communication technology and othe applications b ought about byIndust y 4 0 have many positive impacts on gove nance, such as stimulating changes

in public se vices, p omoting quality of public se vices and the quality of decisionmaking, and bolste ing supe vision and people’s ight to pa ticipation; and p omotingdemoc acy Digital-based gove nment (o Sma t Gove nance), ith the adaptation

of advance technology has cont ibuted eno mously to building and p omoting

t anspa ency, disclosu e, pa ticipation, and effective gove nance Ihe advancementand application of Indust y 4 0 have c eated many positive impacts on gove nanceand many ne gove nance st uctu es, such as e-gove nment, AI gove nment, opengove nment, open data, and sma t cities

'The application of info mation technology and communication technology inthe Indust y 4 0 e a in public gove nance is also ve y dive se Gene ally, e can dividethe use of technology to gove nance into t o app oaches:

hefirst, app oach is the top-do n app oach, in hich the gove nment makeseffo ts to make info mation mo e accessible, to use technology to each the public and

p omote the efficiency of gove nment activities th ough the use of technology

he second, app oach is the bottom-up app oach, in hich the e a e g ass ootseffo ts to connect the public to unify thei voices and empo e them to hold thegove nment mo e accountable

In the t ansition f om t aditional gove nance to mode n/good gove nance, the

Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _

Bhupende s Shhika a, ‘Good Gove nance: Role of Science, technology and innovations’ (20 5), 2( ), Integ ated Resea ch Advances, 22-30; Hasan AI-Shalabi, ‘Role of Info mation Technology fo Good Gove nance and Society’ (2005) (2) Jou nal of Social Science 8 -83

Indust ial Revolution 4 0 se ves as a catalyst to p omote ne equi ements of mode n/good gove nance, especiallyin p omoting disclosu e, t anspa ency, accountabilityin stategove nance, and the p evention of co uption Ho eve , the application of technology

to gove nance also has its d a backs Indust y 4 0 also c eated many challenges fo stateadminist ation such as ho to take advantage of the development and application of

AI to p omote efficiency in state gove nance, but also to ensu e the accountability of

o ganizations and individuals using AĨ in gove nance Simila ly, the development ofthe Inte net and inte net f eedom also c eate many challenges fo gove nance, such asensu ing f eedom of speech, p otect the ight to access info mation, p otect net o ksecu ity, and the handling of miss-info mation and fake and malicious ne s

In sum, the e a e many advantages and challenges in the use of the 4th Indust ialRevolution to t ansfo m and imp ove public gove nance to fight co uption, imp ovedemoc acy, p omote disclosu e, t anspa ency, and accountability, and to build t ust

f om the public

2 Appl cat o s from t e I dustr al Revolut o 4 0 to d sclosure, tra spare cy,

a d accou tab l ty state gover a ce a d a t -corrupt o

2 2 E- ovemment

The e a e many ays to define e-gove nment The O ganization fo EconomicCo-ope ation and Development (OECD) states that the te m e-gove nment efe s tothe use of ne communication technology to pe fo m va ious gove nment functions,

in hich the Inte net b ings about changes in gove nment st uctu e and mode ofope ation The United Nations O ganization (UN) and the Ame ican Administ ativeAssociation (ASPA) defines e-gove nment asthe gove nment’s utilization ofthe Inte netand Wo ld Wide Web ( ) to p ovide info mation and se vices to the public Inaddition to Inte net and eb applications, some schola s also b oaden e-gove nment

to the use of othe info mation technology, such as elect onic databases, net o ks,automated se vices, multimedia, and the use of technology in pe sonal identificationAnothe c itical vie is that e-gove nment is the elationship bet een gove nment as a

se vice p ovide , and othe custome s as se vice eceive s (such as businesses, citizens,and othe gove nments), and othe non-gove nment supplie s (such as businesses,citizens, and othe gove nments)

Gene ally, it can be unde stood that e-gove nment is a gove nment that activelyapplies the achievements of info mation and communication technology to “digitize”

_ Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _

! p ocedu es and “automate” o king p ocesses to imp ove efficiency, capacity, theeffectiveness of its administ ation and management, and p ovide public se vice di ectly

th ough the Inte net to its citizens and businesses In o de to pe fo m the function ofgove nance, administ ation, and p ovision ofpublic se vices, the e a e fou main types

of t ansactions in e-gove nment: Gove nment ith citizens (G2C); Gove nment ithbusiness (G2B); Gove nment ith gove nment agencies (G2G); Gove nment ithcivil se vants and officials (G2E)

T aditional gove nment, he e administ ative management ithin state agencies

a e done manually, takes up mo e effo t, time, and esou ces, and the public does nothave easy access to state gove nmental agencies With the help of mode n info mationtechnology, e-gove nment ill help the state administ ation achieve its goals, b ingsatisfaction to the people, inc ease the t anspa ency of the national administ ation,

st eamline the appa atus to educe gove nment spending, and imp ove the mo ality

of civil se vants

E-gove nment plays a vital ole in p omoting disclosu e, t anspa ency,and accountability Mo e specifically, by inc easing t anspa ency and disclosu e,e-gove nment can limit public officials’ ongdoing, limit the oppo tunity fo them to

ha ass and c eateunnecessa ydifficulties fo the citizens T anspa encyand disclosu e ine-gove nment management and se vice help fight co uption, bu eauc acy, monopoly,and educe the laziness of civil se vants Bybeing able to access and examine elect onicdata, heads of public agencies can identify, p ecisely and timely, those civil se vantsthat a e effective and efficient and hich civil se vants a e slo , putting up ed-tapesand ha ass the citizens and businesses Simple things, such as the timekeeping andmonito ing of the o king hou s of civil se vants, hich had to be done manuallybefo e, no can be mo e easily collected using mode n elect onic devices that canagg egate and t ansfe data to the heads of public agencies fo management Mo eimpo tantly, e-gove nment can quickly and effectively publicize and p ovide thenecessa y info mation to the people In a democ atic society, people must havecomplete cont ol and be able to monito the activities of thei elected gove nment

To monito and cont ol effectively, ho eve , the people must have complete, accu ate,and timely info mation about thei gove nment With technology, info mation f omand about the gove nment can be made public and dist ibuted much mo e efficiently,hich in tu n helps the people ca y out thei ole of supe vising and monito ing thegove nment much mo e effectively Fu the mo e, ith easily accessed info mation, the

Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _

public can pa ticipate in the discussion and fo mulation of public policies, denounceand epo t the misconduct of civil se vants to make gove nment’s ope ation mo e and

mo e effective

The Indust ial Revolution 4 0 as developed on the basis ofconstant imp ovement

of science and technology Hence, an essential equi ement of mode n gove nance

is to continually innovate in o de to imp ove the administ ative p ocess of stateagencies In the e a of the indust ial Revolution 4 0, the demand is not only to builde-gove nment, but also to adopt the most advanced technology to fo m the simplest,most convenient, and easiest to use an administ ative p ocess fo people Hie concept

of “a ne gene ation of e-gove nment” as c eated f om that need

In ecent yea s, AI, a co e issue of the Indust ial Revolution 4 0, has beenapplied to state administ ative activities in count ies a ound the o ld, such as the

US, Denma k, Dubai, and Hong Kong (China) The most p ominent application of

AI in gove nance is the consultation p ocess, p ovision of se vices and public goods,and the public t anspo t management The U S Citizenship and Immig ation Se vicesDepa tment is no using an online AI-based vi tual assistant to ans e questions f omcitizens and immig ants In Hong Kong (China), AI has been used in the p ovision

of gove nment public se vices Mo e specifically: “The AĨ system as deployed to

st eamline the enti e p ocess of document p ocessing ith automatic decision suppo theneve possible The main ob ectives of the AI module a e to: ( ) automaticallyevaluate simple cases, (2) p ovide decision suppo t fo complex cases hich need mo einfo mation to handle, and (3) lea ning “cu ent t ends and p actices” f om people”2

In Dubai, AI is utilized to assess citizen satisfaction ith the se vices p ovided

by state agencies When people come to ca y out administ ative p ocedu es at publicagencies, senso s installed at ent ances ead peoples faces to measu e the level ofsatisfaction th ough face featu es Inte estingly, ecent esea ch p oposes the ability of

AI to p event c ime, such as co uption3and money launde ing4 In addition, AI is also

Linh Anh, ‘Othe Count ies’ La s on : The Good Assistant of the Public Autho ity’, People’s Rep esentative Elect onic Ne spape <http:// daibieunhandan vn/default aspx?tabid=77&Ne sId=4 2 83> accessed 25 Septembe 20

2Dang Thi Thu Huong, ‘Application of in the p ovision of public se vices in Hong Kong’<http://aita gov dung-t i*tue-nhan-tao-t ong-viec-cung-cap-dich-vu-cong-tai-hong-kong> t uy cập ngày 25 tháng năm 20 3Such as B azil, Egypt, India See mo e: Le Hoang Anh Tuan, ‘Application of AI in Global Anti-co uption’

vn/ung-<https://b ao m oi co m /ap-dun g-t i-tue-nh an -tao-t o ng-con g-tac-pho ng-cho ng -tham 'nhu cau/c/27480552 epi> accessed 25 Septembe 20

ng-toan-4Nguyen Hoa, ‘South Ko ea is Dete mined to Become a Po e ful Count y on A Ĩ <http:// qdnd _ Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce

vn/thoi-Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce

being studied fo potential use in a eas such as litigation and c iminal enfo cement

Fo example, in the investigation and p osecution p ocess, AI can fo mulate mo ecomp ehensive and ob ective investigative hypotheses and analyze mo e systematicallythe small details, hich a e usually igno ed, intentionally o unintentionally, due tothe sub ective udgment o expe ience of the pe son in cha ge of the investigation o

p osecution

Some esea che s go as fa as p oposing that the application of AI to gove nanceill lead to the fo mation of “AI gove nment”2 “AĨ gove nment is a gove nment thatapplies AĨ to gove nance, administ ation, and development ofthe count y; AI suppo tsgove nment decision-making at all levels; AI suppo ts the p ovision of intelligentand automated public se vices to se ve citizens bette ”3Imagine at a mo e advancedlevel he e AI and obots become mo e sophisticated and idely available, and thismay lead to the eme gence of “ obot civil se vants” to eplace the ob positions ofcivil se vants today This possibility is not fiction, and it enti ely possible The case ofSophia, the obot that Saudi A abia has decided to ecognize as a citizen, is a move thatsho s that possibility exists

In sum, the int oduction ofe-gove nment in the context ofthe apid advancementofthe Indust ial Revolution 4 0canbe conside ed a evolution in the gove nance p ocessE-gove nment c eates a mode n, effective, and t anspa ent leade ship and enhancesthe level of satisfaction fo the people and business entities E-gove nment ove comesthe inhe ent eaknesses of the t aditional management system, such as bu eauc acy,autho ita ianism, co uption, and concealment ofinfo mation E-gove nment changesthe natu e of public administ ation f om “ uling the public” to “se ving the public”,and changes the natu e ofpublic administ ation f om the t aditional "solicit “handout”elationship to the “se vice p ovide -se vice consumption” elationship Buildinge-gove nment is an essential step in the p ocess of disclosu e, t anspa ency, inc easeaccountability, and anti-co uption in state gove nment of Vietnam

su-quoc-te/su-kien/han-quoc-quyet-tam-t o-thanh-cuong-quoc-ve-t i-tue-nhan-tao-53 370> accessed 25 Septembe 20

Nguyen Ih i Que Anh, Ngo Huy Cuong, Fourth Industrial Revolution and Issues Raised for Vietnam’s Legal Reform, T uth National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 20Ỉ8, p 227

2Conception “AI Gove nment” is made by the g oup of expe ts including Michael Dukakis, Nguyen Anh Tuan, Thomas Patte son, Nazii Chouc i

3 Bao T ung, ‘Hie AĨ gove nment ill c eate a tu ning point fo Vietnam’ <https://dant i com nghe/chinh-phu-ữi-tue-nhan-tao-se-tao- a-buoc-ngoat-lon-đio-viet-nam-20 80827 5540 287 htm> accessed 25 Septembe 20

vn/khoa-hoc-cong-Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce

2.2 Ope Data a d ope Gover me t Data

Open Data is not conside ed p ivate o pe sonal data, no is it ega ded statesec ets, open data is data that anyone has the f eedom to use and euse, dist ibute andedist ibute, customize, and oin ith othe data sets Mo e specifically, open data isdefined as machine- eadable data that can be f eely sha ed, used, and built ithoutany est ictions2, open data is often associated ith the public secto , p ovided by thestate, and called “open gove nment data” Fu the mo e, open data can also be p ovided

by inte national o ganizations, businesses, and social o ganizations3

Open Gove nment Data4is a te m used to efe to a concept, hich late became

a set of ules fo inc easing t anspa ency, accountability, and establishing values byequi ing the gove nment to opening its data to the public Gove nment agenciescollect and p ovide an eno mous amount of data f om the public By opening up theidatabases, gove nment agencies become mo e t anspa ent and accountable to the public

By encou aging the use, euse, and dist ibution of data, the state p omotes economicactivities, c eativity, and business activities5 Acco ding to the open Data Impact Map, anOpen Data O ganization fo DevelopmentNet o k (OD4D6)p o ect, 6 5 o ganizationsand 0 count ies have used open data systems in managing thei activities, mostlyfocusing on budget issues, advocacy p ocedu es7, open Gove nment Data is also based

on the cha acte istics of open Data: p oactive disclosu e; machine eadability, and theability to euse8 Ihe p inciples ofopen data continue to be elabo ated and supplemented

by seve al gove nments o o ganizations that advocate fo the open gove nment

Le T ung Nghia - Cente fo National Resea ch and Development on Open Technology unde the Minist y

of Science & Technology, ‘Int oduction of o pen Data’ <https:// slidesha e int o-5 68 52> accessed 25 Septembe 20

net/lnghia/open-data-2‘Open Data 0 ’ <https://open canada ca/en/open-data-p inciples> accessed 25 Septembe 20

3T Davis, F Pe ini and J M Alonso, ‘Resea ching the Eme ging Impacts of open Data: ODDC Conceptual

F ame o k’ (20 3) No ODDC Wo king Pape , Washington, DC: Wo ld Wide Web Foundation

4 The te m “Gove nment* in this concept is unde stood as the State, not ust confined to the meaning of the gove nment as a national executive body

5OECD, ‘Open Gove nment Data’<http:// oecd o g/gov/digital-govemment/open-gove nment-data htm> accessed 25 Septembe 20

6OD4D, ‘Open Data fo Development <https:// od4d net/> accessed 25 Septembe 20

7‘Open Data Impact Map’ <https://opendataimpactmap o g/index> accessed 25 Septembe 20

8‘Open Data and Imp oving Gove nance: Issues of Measu ement’ Open Data Resea ch Net o k <http:// opendata esea ch o g/content/20 3/546/open-data-and-imp oving-govemance-issues-measu ement html> accessed 25 Septembe 20 http:// opendata esea ch o g/content/20 3/546/open-data-and-imp oving- gove nance-issues-measu ement html

‘The 8 p inciples of op en Gove nment Data’ <https://opengovdata o g/>; ‘Open Data 0 * <https://open canada ca/en/open-data-p inciples> accessed 25 Septembe 20

Ope essy Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce

Open data is closely elated to many aspects of gove nance and can change thepublic’s pe ception of state gove nance in the follo ing ays:

Firsty open data allo s citizens to monito the state, because th ough open dataaccess, state activities become mo e t anspa ent, and citizens a e given the necessa ytools to exe cise thei ight to supe vise the gove nment

econd>open data p omotes the idea of a se vice democ acy, in hich citizens

pa ticipate in gove nance th ough pe sonal choices of public se vices Th ough opendata, citizens gain complete and detailed info mation about available public se vices,hich helps info m thei decision

hird, open data p omotes the coope ation bet een citizens, social o ganizations,businesses, and the gove nment, and helps imp ove the enactment and implementation

of public policies Gove nance is advanced hen no one in society is left out, and hen

mo e people a e involved in the decision p ocess that affects eve yone

Open data p omotes t anspa ency and accountability by facilitating citizens’decision-making p ocess, th ough access to t anspa ent info mation, d iven by anopen database, citizens can exe cise thei ights to supe vise and demand publicofficials to explain and take esponsibility fo decisions, the eby educing co uption Italso p omotes c eativity in the gove nance p ocess, as ell as in the p ovision of public

se vices, open data allo s info mation f om many diffe ent sou ces to be agg egated,utilized, and sha ed by many individuals and o ganizations to avoid the t aditional one-

ay dist ibution of info mation by the state Fo example, OpenSpending o g p ovidespublic access to info mation and p omotes citizen pa ticipation in fundamental issues,such as national budget decisions This site offe s evenue and expenditu e data f omgove nments th ough inte active cha ts and sea chable databases The ebsite noincludes data f om Nige ia, India, Kenya, South Af ica, and the United Kingdom,along ith seve al othe count ies that volunta ily oin the net o k2

Acco ding to a study by the O ganization fo Economic Co-ope ation andDevelopment (OECD)3, open data is elated to state gove nance in the follo ing

'Open Data and Imp oving Gove nance: Issues of Measu ement’ open Data Resea ch Net o k <http:// opendata esea ch o g/content/20 3/546/open-data-and-imp oving-gove nance-issues- aeasu ement html> accessed 25 Septembe 20

2T Davies, ‘Ho might open data cont ibute to good gove nance?’ <http:// opendataimpacts net/20 2/ 2/

ho -might-open-data-cont ibute-to-good-gove nance/> accessed 25 Septembe 20

3 OECD, ‘Compendium of good p atices on the use of open data fo Anti-co uption: To a ds data-d iven

fundamental aspects: inc eased t anspa ency and accountability; open data helpsimp ove the pe fo mance of gove nment; imp ove national competitiveness, and

p omote social pa ticipation Othe studies on the impact ofopen databasically confi mthe positive effects of gove nance Tim Davies and Fe nando Pe ini maintain that opendata cont ibute to ( ) t anspa ency and accountability; (2) C eativity, developmentand economic efficiency; and (3) not eliminate (inclusion) and empo e 2

Fu the mo e, open data is an excellent tool in the fight against co uptionGove nments a ound the o ld inc easingly pay attention to and utilize open data to

p event and educe co uption By p omoting t anspa ency in gove nment activities,such as evenue and expenditu e, open data has become an impo tant facto thathelps imp ove the accountability of the gove nment, open data not only minimizesthe mismanagement and misallocation of esou ces, but it also ensu es a mo e

t anspa ent and accountable exchange bet een gove nments and citizens The needand constant quest fo anti-co uption equi e gove nments to expand the use of opendata to inc ease t anspa ency inc easingly With thousands of GB of data gene ated bygove nments, o ganizations, and businesses a ound the o ld, ne tools and methods

a e no available in the fight against co uption When gove nment data and othe dataelated to gove nance a e publicly available, easily accessible, and inte active, the public

is given st onge monito ing capabilities to ensu e t anspa ency and accountability3OECD esea ch4finds that the use of open data has significantly educed co uption

public secto integ ity and civic auditing’ <http:// oecd o g/gov/public-innovation/open-gove nment-data htm > accessed 25 Septembe 20

This concept is unde stood as no one is excluded in society and State gove nance

2 T Davis, F Pe ini and J M Alonso, ‘Resea ching the Eme ging Impacts of Open Data: ODDC Conceptual

F ame o k* (20 3) No ODDC Wo king Pape , Washington, DC: Wo ld Wide Web Foundation 48- 78

3 T anspa ency Inte national, ‘Connecting the Dots: Building the Case fo Open Data to Fight Co uption’

<https:// t anspa ency o g/ hat edo/publication/connecting_the_dots_building_the_case_fo _open_ data_to_fight_co uption> accessed 25 Septembe 20

4 OECD, ‘Compendium of good p atices on the use of open data fo Anti-co uption: To a ds data-d iven public secto integ ity and civic auditing* <http:// oecd o g/gov/public-innovation/open-gove nment-data htm> accessed 25 Septembe 20

Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce

an open database efo m p og am th oughout its state system Cu ently, open data

is becoming a movement in many count ies a ound the o ld and inte national

o ganizations In Ap il 20 0, the Wo ld Bank opened an open data po tal, p ovidingaccess to hund eds of social and economic indicato s In July 20 , ith the suppo t ofthe Wo ld Bank> Kenya had opened its data po tal (opendata go ke), becoming one ofthe fi st developing count ies to have an open national database In Septembe 20 3,India began a t ial ve sion of data gov in open data has become an essential topic

in Open Gove nment Pa tne ship (OGP) , a multilate al initiative that as initiatedand un by many gove nments, social o ganizations of many count ies that focus ongove nance, t anspa ency, efficiency, and accountability2 One of OGP s action plans inJuly 20 6 indicates: “Ne technologies c eate oppo tunities fo info mation sha ing,public pa ticipation, and coope ation Welook fo a dto ha nessing these technologies

to make the info mation mo e public in ays that can help people unde stand hatthei gove nments do and influence decisions3”

2 3 I ter et Freedom

The Inte net is a ema kable media th ough hich people can exp ess and sha eideas The Inte net has become an inc easingly impo tant tool fo citizens to exe cisethei ight to pa ticipate in the democ atic p ocess, the supe vision ofpublic autho ities,and the p otection of human ights In todays technological age, the Inte net hasbecome a key platfo m fo sha ing info mation, advocating and p omoting humanights Eve yone has the ight to pa ticipate in the info mation society, and the efo ethe state no has the esponsibility of ensu ing the ight to access the Inte net IheInte net has become inc easingly indispensable fo people to pa ticipate in all aspects

of public life, such as political activities, economic activities, and cultu al and socialactivities As of Janua y 20 6, the numbe of Inte net use s globally is estimated

to be a ound 3,27 billion4 and the numbe of use s globally in social net o ks isestimated to be about 2,5 billion in 20 8, hich accounts fo one-thi d of the o ld’spopulation5 Acco ding to the Inte net Co po ation fo Assigned Names and Numbe s(ICANN) and DAMMIO - We A e Social (UK), as of 20 7, Vietnam has become

<https:// opengovpa tne ship o g/> accessed 25 Septembe 20

2T Davies, ‘Ho might open data cont ibute to good gove nance?’ <http:// opendataimpacts net/20 2/ 2/

ho -might-open-data-cont ibute-to-good-gove nance/> accessed 25 Septembe 20

3See mo e at <http://gIobalinteg ity o g/blog/ hats-in-OGP-action-plans> accessed 25 Septembe 20

4See mo e at <http:// inte netlivestats com/inte net-use s/> accessed 25 Septembe 20

5 See mo e at <http:// statista com/statistics/2784 4/numbe -of- o ld ide-social-net o k-use s/> accessed 25 Septembe 20

Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce

the 7th la gest count y in the o ld by the numbe of Inte net use s, hich accounts

fo nea ly 53% of the population, inc eased by about 6% ove the same pe iod in 20 6Vietnam has 46 million use s of social net o ks (Facebook, T itte , and Zaio), amongthe highest in the o ld Acco ding to one esea ch esult by Nikkei Ne spape (Japan)

on the Inte net speed ofAsia-Pacific count ies in 20 7, it has confi med that “India andVietnam a e fa ahead of developed count ies ” This advantage in Inte net speed illcontinue to inc ease as the Vietnamese gove nment is no focusing on developing its

o n digital economy Acco ding to the 20 7 global Inte net speed epo t of Amakai, acontent delive y net o k se vice p ovide (CDN) and cloud computing of the UnitedStates, Vietnam is cu ently anked 58 out of 3 count ies, up 8 % ove the same pe iod

in 20 6, the highest inc ease in the Asia-Pacific egion Cu ently, Vietnam is among thecount ies ith the highest numbe of Inte net use s in Asia, anked 2 among the 20states ith the highest Inte net use s Mo e than 20 yea s ago, on Novembe , 7, theVietnamese Inte netnet o kofficiallyconnected to the globalInte net net o k, ma king

an impo tant milestone in the histo y of Vietnam’s info mation and communicationindust y Since then, Vietnam has been taking full advantage ofthe Inte net in all aspects

of its development, and fu the its integ ation ith the o ld The numbe of Inte netuse s inc eases significantly f om 200,000 use s in the 0s to 3 million in 20 2, and

mo e than 50 million by 20 7 These numbe s demonst ate the impo tance off ee access

to the Inte net, ithout hich people ill be dep ived ofaccess to info mation as ell asthe ight to pa ticipate in political issues

Access to the Inte net and gua antee of access to the Inte net has becomeone of the most c itical policies in development Many count ies and inte national

o ganizations, such as the United Nations, a e no conside ing the ight to accessthe Inte net (that ties to the f eedom of exp ession) as one of the fundamentalhuman ights Count ies such as Finland and Estonia have defined Inte net access

as a fundamental ight of citizens Acco ding to a 20 0 BBC Wo ld Se vice su vey

of 27,000 people in 26 count ies, about 4 in 5 believe that accessing the Inte net is afundamental ight2 In 2003, the Wo ld Summit on the Info mation Society in Geneva

in 2003 and Tunis in 2005 all affi med “common desi e and commitment to build

a people-cent ed, inclusive and development-o iented Info mation Society, he e

F ank La Rue, the United Nations Special Rappo teu on the P omotion and P otection o fthe Right to F eedom

of Opinion and Exp ession, p esented to the UN Human Rights Council on 3 June 20Ỉ

2BBC Ne s, Inte net access is ‘a fundamental ight’ 08 Ma ch, 20 0 <http://ne s bbc co Uk/2/hi/8548 0 stm> accessed 25 Septembe 20

Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce