Sa dl nhu vay la do yau td vupt qua d qua dupe thI hian rd ndt edn sang trong trudng hop nay lai hoin toin mang nghla hudng dfch va dd cung la If do tai sao trong trudng hpp niy chung [r]
Trang 1NGUr NGHIA COA SANG, QUA VA M O T S 6 VA'N Og
TRONG VI$C DAY T I § ' N G
Phgm Thi Uin Khoa Viit Nam hoc Trdng DH KHXH& N\\ DHQG Tp HCM
Ndi din ddng tir tieng Viat chiing ta khdng thI khdng ndi din Idp tir chi budng van ddng trong tieng Viat Mac dii sd lupng ciia n6 khdng nhilu (ed thI dim tran diu ngdn tay) nbimg nd lai cd vai U6 quan trpng trong eiu true ngiJ nghia, ngiJ phap ciia tiang Viat va tin si xuit hien ciia nd tuong ddi Idn va thudng xuyan nbit li Uong cic van ban ndi
Da cd rit nhilu cdng trinh ngbian cihi lian quan din Idp tir niy nbu cac cdng trinh ngbian curu ciia Nguyin Lai, La Bian Nguyin
Van Tu Hd La, Nguyin Thian Giip Trong pbam vi cua bii v\(i niy
chiing tdi chi tim bilu nhihig vin dl ngii* nghla xung quanh hai tir
sang va qua
Trudc khi di vio vin di ngi^ nghla ciia kai tir niy chdng ta cflng
cin phai dilm qua mdt sd khai niam co ban
Nhdm tir chi budng van ddng Uong tilng Viat li gi? VI ^ nghia khai quat do la nhirng tir chi van ddng mang y nghla boat ddng di chuyin, ddi chd
Nhu vay can ciir theo khai niam uan va cin cii thco quan niam
cua mdt sd tic gia khac ta, ta cd thI xep "sang, qua" vao nhdm tir chi
hudng van ddng Uong tieng Viat
Trong pham vi ciia bai vi^t nay, chiing tdi chi quan tim din nhihig net nghla chi hudng nbimg net nghla ma biy liu chiing u tudng nd hoan loan la gidng nhau
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Trang 2>
\g, qua Ui ddng tiir chi htfdng v$n ddng tieng Viet
DOng tir chi hudng la nhihig ddng tir cd kha nang ket hpp true
p vdi thuc tir chi dfch hay chi vat (thudng la danh tir chi noi ebon) dl
i hudng CO dfch
Vdi tu cich li li ddng tir chi hudng vin ddng, sang va qua cung
m nhan cbiic nang kilu nhu cic ddng tir chi hudng vin ddng khac
ing tilng Viat nhu di, di'n, vum, bang, len, xudng, ra, vdo cho nen
CO khi nang kit hpp true tiep vdi thuc tir chi dfch hay chi vat
rng la danh t& chi noi chdn) dl chi hudng cd dfch
Li ddng tir chi hudng vin ddng, sang, qua ciing diln ta boat ddng
chuyIn tir noi nay sang noi khac hay tir noi nay qua noi khac ling ta cd thI khii quit su di chuyin nay theo md hinh sau diy
Tir A sang B
liikqua^
Tif md hinh di chuyin tran, ta thiy dupe nhihig net nghla cbii yeu,
mg ddng giffa sang va qua la: chuyin ddng, tiep cin theo hudng iiyin ddng bin ndy - bin kia Tbim chf trong nhilu trudng hpp,
b xuit phit khdng dupe ndi den nhung chung ta cung cd the hieu
^ dilu do Nghla la chiing ta da liy mot diem nao dd, vi tri nao dd
rilm tuong ling, vi trf tuong ling vdi dfch dupe ndi den
Vfdu:
Tdi sang nha ban (vi tri chuyin ddng cd su tuong ling giiJa nha
tdi - nha ban)
Tdi qua nha ban
Tdi qua Phip (vi tri chuyin ddng cd su tuong ling giira Viet
Nam - Hiip)
Tdi sang Phip
Ban canh nhibig net nghla chung, ta thiy khdng gian cd vai trd
m Upng trong viae tao nan su khac biet nghla giiJa sang va qua Imang nhihig net nghla khdng gian cu thI hon sang Qua lam cho
mg ta tudng ra mdt khdng gian nhu dupe dan trai theo chieu ngang
•ng khi dd, sang lai mang net nghla tiep can, net nghla hudng dfch
^ hem va khdng mang tfnh hinh tuong nhu qua Cho nan ciing la
I
Trang 3cich ndi: sang'sdngjqua sdng; sang dxianglqua dudng nhung chic
chin sir tri nhan cua chiing ta cung cd phin khac nhau Sd di nhu v|y
li do d qua va sang edn mang mdt net nghla nihi ma theo nhu Nguyin Lai gpi dd la net nghla "vucjft qua" nhung net nghla nay d qua lai dui^c thI bian manh hon, cu thI hon d sang, Khi chiing ta ndi qua sdng/jonf sdng; qua dxsdng/sang dudng la chung ta phai vupt qua mdt khdng
gian nao dd thim ehi la cd phin khd kbin mdi cd thI da'n dfch dupe
Su khic nhau giiJa sang vk qua d net nghla nay dirpc thI bian rd qua
nhihig vfdu sau:
Anh qua khu rimg nay la din ling tdi
Tir khu rimg kia sang khu rimg nay cay edi that um tiim, ram
rap.(*)
Anh cu qua canh ddng nay la din xa Tam Cudng
Til canh ddng nay sang canh ddng kia mit nira tilng.(*)
Rd rang \k a diy da cd su khac nhau va cbiing ta khdng thI thay thI tir nay b^ng tir kia duac (ed chang la cich ndi phuong ngdn nhu 6 cac vf du (*)) Sa dl nhu vay la do yau td vupt qua d qua dupe thI hian
rd ndt edn sang trong trudng hop nay lai hoin toin mang nghla hudng
dfch va dd cung la If do tai sao trong trudng hpp niy chung ta ed thI
thay tha sang ihanb den ma khdng hi anh hudng dan nghla cua nd (Tiit khu rimg kia din khu rimg ndy cdy edi that um tiim ram rgp; tii cdnh ddng ndy den cdnh ddng kia mat khodng nua tii'ng) Chiing ta cd thI
diln ta su khac nhau nay theo md hmh chuylq ddng sau:
A qua B tdi (sang, den) C
A sang B
Mdt dilu dang cbii y la net nghla vU0 qua a qua khdng chi dun thuin la vay vU0 qua a day bao ham: vU0 qua bl mat hay xuyin qua
mdt khoang khdng gian mdt chudng ngai vat nao dd Trong khi dd dilu nay dupe thI bian rit md nhat, thim chi la khdng dupe thI hian 0
sang Vi du: Dimg qua mat tdi (net nghla vupt qua bl mat) hay qua
deo Hai Van la den Hul Va Uong nhihig uudng hpp nay chiing U
khdng tha thay thI bang tir sang dupe
Nhu vay cd thI ndi, qua vk sang deu mang nhihig n^t nghia chuyen ddng, tiip can, vugt qua nhung tuy theo ngiif canh ma nhihig
270
Trang 4niy du^c thI bian khdng gidng nhau Cd nhGng uudng hpp
d tir niy manh hon net nghia d tir kia va thim chi cd nhihig hpp cic nit nghla nay trong ciing mdt tir cung dupe thI hien gilng nhau (To nghla la cd su chi phdi ciia ngfi canh, ciia khdng [(nhu cic VI du da nau tran)
Vupt qua (rd)
Tia'p can (md)
Ti^p can (rd)
Vupt qua (md)
Su khic nhau giiia cic net nghla d sang va qua va dac biet la su
ic nhau d nit nghla vU0 qua dupe thI hien r5 net nbit, cu thI nbit
hang vk qua lim tir chi hudng cho cac chuyin ddng diing trudc nd
Bdi cich khic li khi chiing dung sau ddng tir Trong trudng hpp
•chiing tdi xet sang, qua vdi chiic ning lam phu tir
'^ting, qua vdi churc ndng lam phu tiir
ILa tir chi budng vin ddng tieng Viat qua, sang khong chi cd chiic
la ddng tir ma chiing edn cd chiic nang lam tir chi hudng cho cac Ijfin ddng diing trudc nd hay ndi each khac nd cd chiic nang lam
bl nghla true tia'p cho ddng tir diing trudc nd C!u thI nhit la
trudng hpp ka't hpp vdi tir di Vf du: di sang nha ban, di qua nha
Su khdc biat giiia sang va qua trong trudng hpp nay cd the md ta
)md hinh sau day:
iDi (t^ A) qua B tdi (sang, den) C
iDi(tirA)sangB
271
Trang 5Vfdu:
Di qua nbi Nam la tdi nha Mai
Di sang nha Lan choi
Trong VI du tran chiing ta khdng thI thay thI qua bing sang Nhihig uudng hpp kit hpp vdi ddng tir di chiing ta cd Ibl lupc bo ddng tir di ma khdng hi anh budng din nghla cua chiing Vi du: (di) sang nha ban bay (di) qua nha ban
Khi kit hop vdi cac ddng tir khac, qua va sang cung cd md hinh
di chuyin gidng nhu md hinh di chuyin khi kit hpp vdi ddng tir di Vi
du: chgy qua, nhdy qua, mang sang, budc qua, trio qua, trio qua, gui sang va su khac biat nghla giira qua va sang trong nhihig trudng hpp
nay ehi dupe thI hian cu thI rd net nbit khi chiing kit hpp vdi danh lir chi dich chi vai diing sau Vf du:
Bang qua rimg # bang sang rimg(*)
Trco qua niii # uao sang nui(*)
Vupt qua biln Thii Bmh Duong # vupt sang biln Thai Binh
Duongl*)
Qua eiu # sang ciu(*)
Trong cic vf du tran viae thay qua thanb sang \k hoin loan khian
cudng va khdng thI thay tbi dupe Xcl tbam cac vf du sau:
Ldi qua con sudi nay la dan ban lang
Ldi sang con sudi nay la din ban lan^.(*)
Chiing ta phai bay qua khu rimg nay mdi din viing thf nghiam
dupe
Chiing ta phai bay sang khu rimg nay mdi din viing thf nghiam
dupc.(*)
Nhu vay ta thiy, nhihig ddng tir nao dien ta boat ddng di chuyan qua mot khdng gian nao dd vi ed phin khd khan thi bau hit chiing kit
hop vdi qua edn na'u cd kit hop vdi sang thi nghla cua chiing ud nan
khac ban Chang ban xet cac vi du (*) d tran, ta thiy sir xuit hian cua
ve sau la hau nhu khdng ed Nlu cd thi nd chi xuit bian trong nhihig trudng hpp ehi dfch ma ihdi So sanh:
272
Trang 6(1) Ldi qua cii ao nay la dih
(2) Ldi sang cii ao nay nude that mat
Trong ciu (1) ta thiy ao la khdng gian cin phai vupt qua edn d (2) ao li dilm til^p cin Hay nhu nhung each ndi: qua ciu, ndi qua lai, di qua di lai vin dupe dung pbd bien ma d day hoan toan
ig c6 gi la thude vl vin dl phuong ngdn ca
Tom lai, khi qua va sang ka't hpp vdi cic ddng tir diing trudc, dua
nhihig net nghla vdn cd ciia chung, su khac biat nghla gii^a chiing phSn cfing la do ngO canh tao nan Va khi da cd ngii canh true tiep,
g rit nhilu trudng hpp chiing ta cd thi lupc di ddng tir diing trudc n^ khdng anh budng gi d^n nghla ciia van ban Ph6 biln la each
sang di, qua di thay vi phai ndi chui sang di, chui qua di; trio qua
io sang di
Cung cin lim y ring d day chiing tdi chi xet nghla ciia qua vdi
DC nang lam ixs chi hudng cho nhihig boat ddng dung trudc nd cbii tag xlt qua vdi chiic ning la phu tir vdi nghla: lam mdt viae gi dd fth, khdng dimg lai liu (Thing ban nhu: qua nha nd chiing ta cd thi
nha nd la dfch nhung cung cd tbI bilu nha nd chi la dilm vupt
Qifnh vi thi ma nghla ciia sang va dac biet cua qua chiu su tic
rit nhilu ciia ngi? canh ma d diy cbii yeu la cac danh tir chi noi
I dihig sau nd
dt s6' vin dl cin luu y trong viee day tieng
Phin tfch ngii nghla sang, qua va phin tfch su khac nhau vl
a giila chiing (nhu d tran da trinh bay) giiip cho chiing ta nit ra mdt sd luu y trong viee day hai tir nay Cu thi dd la:
+ Khdng nan kbing dinh su gidng nhau hoan toan giffa chiing ma
Ig ta nan chi ra nhihig trudng hpp nao chiing gidng nhau va nhihig
ig hpp nio chiing khdng gidng nhau
+ Trong trudng hpp qua va sang la ddng tir chi hudng hay la tir
ludng cho cic chuyin ddng diing trudc nd, chiing ta nan ve ra md chuyin ddng Dilu nay giiip chiing ta dl dang quan sat va dl phan biat dupe su khac nhau giiJa chiing
+ Chiing ta cung cin phai luu y nhihig trudng hpp thudc vl
^ ngdn giiia sang va qua
273
Trang 7TAI LifiU THAM K H A O
1 Diap Quang Ban, Ngd phdp tieng Viet phd thdng Tip 1, NXB
Giaoduc, 1996
2 La Bian, Td logi tii'ng Viet Men dgi, NXB Giio due, 1996
3 Nguyin Tai Cin, NgQphdp tii'ng Viet, NXB KHXH, 1975
4 Dinh Van Diic, NgQphdp tii'ng Viet, NXB DHQGHN, 2001
5 Nguyin Thian Giip, TQ vung hgc tii'ng Viit, NXB Giao due,
1998
6 Nguyin Lai, Nhdm td chi hudng van ddng tieng Viet Men dgi,
NXB KHXH, 2001
7^ Hoang Pha (chu bian), TQdien Tii'ng Viet, NXB Da Ning, 2005
8 Nguyin Kim Than, Ddng td trong tii'ng Viit, NXB KHXH, 1999
274