- Research on indices of morphology, physical strength and physiology of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province (weight, height, chest circumference, head circumference, BMI [r]
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PREFACE
1 THE NECESSITY OF THE THESIS
In the process of social development, the human factor plays an important role, especially the children - the future owners of the country The growth and development of human beings go through many stages, in which the childhood age is the most important This
is the foundation stage for development later The physical and intellectual development of the child is assessed through the morphological indices such as height, weight, chest circumference, head circumference, thigh circumference, arm circumference, body mass index (BMI), Pignet, etc, intelligence index (IQ) or physiological indices such as blood pressure, vital capacity
Biological indicators, especially the anthropometric indicators, are usually carried out every 10 years From 1975 up to now, Vietnam's economy has changed so it has affected the physical and intellectual development of children Therefore, in order to contribute to understanding the developmental status of children in Binh Dinh
Province, we carried out the study "Research on some biological characteristics of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province”
2 OBJECTIVE OF THESIS
- Evaluate the growth of some biological characteristics of primary school pupils in some specific areas of Binh Dinh Province in the current period
- Evaluate the correlations between some indices of morphology, physiology, nutrition, and high-level nervous activities through indices of determining intellectual faculties in primary pupils
in Binh Dinh Province
3 RESEARCH CONTENT
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- Research on indices of morphology, physical strength and physiology of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province (weight, height, chest circumference, head circumference, BMI and Pignet, heart frequency, blood pressure, vital capacity, eyesight and hearing)
- Evaluate nutritional status according to BMI of primary children in Binh Dinh Province
- Research on some high-level nervous activities of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province (IQ, visual memory, hearing memory)
- Determine the correlation between biological indices of primary pupils and propose some solutions to improve the stature, physical strength and intellectual faculties of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province
4 NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
- Add some indices of morphology, physiology and intellect of children from 6 to 10 years old in the Central Region - Western Highlands, contribute to the enrichment of the database of the Vietnamese biological value
- The research results of the thesis will serve as a basis for health care agencies and organizations to propose measures to promote the stature, physical strength and intellectual faculties of children
5 SCIENTIFIC MEANING OF THESIS
With 132 pages, 51 tables and 39 figures, the thesis contributes to the evaluation of indices of morphology and function of Binh Dinh primary pupils The data in the thesis can be used as a reference in research and teaching on developmental characteristics of primary children The results of the thesis are also a scientific basis for assessing the physical fitness, physical growth as well as intellectual faculties of primary pupils in different regions of the province These results can help schools use interactive and individualized teaching method more effectively
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Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENTS
1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN 1.1.1 Growth and development of children from 6 to 10 years of age 1.1.2 Some biological characteristics of children from 6 to 10 years of age 1.1.2.1 Morphological characteristics
1.1.2.2 Physiological characteristics
1.1.2.3 Nutritional characteristics
1.1.2.4 Characteristics of high - level nervous activities
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY PUPILS
1.2.1 Morphological studies in the world and in Vietnam
1.2.2 Physiological studies in the world and in Vietnam
1.2.3 Nutrition studies in the world and in Vietnam
1.2.4 Studies on high-level nervous activities in the world and in Vietnam 1.3 SOME FEATURES OF BINH DINH PROVINCE
Chapter 2 RESEARCH SUBJECT AND METHODS
2.3.1 Study design: Cross - sectional comparative study
2.3.2.Data collection method: Direct measurement, use of
questionnaire and intellectual test
2.3.3 Sample size: 6.514 pupils in three areas: the urban area (2.335), the rural area (2.139) and the mountainous area (2.040 children), including 3.298 male pupils and 3.216 female pupils Due
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to the research conditions, the index of vital capacity was carried out
on 250 children and the index of hearing was carried out on 902 children in Quy Nhon City
2.3.4 Sampling techniques: Stratified sampling and cluster sampling 2.4 DEFINITIONS OF PARAMETERS, RESEARCH INDICES AND METHODS OF DETERMINING
- Height: Use UNICEF wooden ruler, accurate to 0,1 cm
- Weight: Use Japan's TANITA weight, accurate to 0,1 kg
- Chest, head circumference: Use China's non - stretching tapes
with accuracy up to 0,1 cm
- Body Mass Index (BMI): BMI = Weight (kg) / [Height (meter)] 2
- Pignet index: Pignet index = vertical (cm) - [weight (kg) + average chest (cm)]
- Heart frequency and arterial blood pressure: Determined by the
HEM 8712 Omron Blood Pressure Monitor
- Vital capacity (VC): Determined by the Italian SPIROLAB III
- Vision: Visual acuity is determined by the LANDOLT table with a C
- Hearing: Screening for 902 children with hearing exams The
tympanogram is measured for suspected cases
- Nutrition status: Based on BMI
- Intelligence Index (IQ): IQ is determined by the Raven test point
- Memory: Determined by the Nechaiev method
2.5 ERROR AND ERROR CONTROLS
2.6 DATA PROCESSING METHODS
The data collected was processed by using Epi Data 3.1 and moved to Stata 10.0 for analysis
2.7 RESEARCH MORALITY
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Chapter 3 RESEARCH RESULTS 3.1 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BINH DINH PRIMARY PUPILS 3.1.1 Morphological characteristics
3.1.1.1 Height of primary pupils
Table 3.1 Height of primary pupils by age and sex
Age
Height (cm)
1 - 2 p General (n =6.514) Male (n 1 = 3.298) Female(n 2 =3.216)
X±SD Increase X±SD Increase X ±SD Increase
Table 3.3 The centesimal rate of height of Binh Dinh primary pupils The
The results showed that the height of the pupils increased gradually from 6 to 10 years old Male pupils were higher than female pupils, but at the age of 10, female pupils were higher than male pupils (p <0.05) Urban pupils were higher than rural pupils and rural pupils were higher than those in mountainous areas (p <0.05) Binh Dinh primary children had a height increase at the age of 8, earlier than previous studies (9 or
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Table 3.4 Weight of primary pupils by age and sex
Age
General(n=6.514) Male (n 1 = 3.298) Female(n 2 =3.216)
X± SD Increase 1 ±SD Increase 2 ±SD Increase
Table 3.6 The centesimal rate of weight of Binh Dinh primary pupils
* Note : The centesimal rate is counted in kilogram
The weight of primary pupils increased gradually with age Urban pupils had the highest weight in the three studied areas (p < 0.05) Average increase is 2.88 kg/year The highest increase was in female pupils at the age of 8 and in males at the age of 10 Therefore, living conditions, especially nutrition, had an impact on children's weight
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3.1.1.3 The chest circumference of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Table 3.7 The chest circumference of primary pupils by age and sex
Age
General (n= 6.514) Male (n 1 = 3.298) Female(n 2 =3.216)
X± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase
Pupils' chest circumference increased gradually with age The males’ chest circumference were bigger than that of female pupils at the age of 6, 7, 9 and 10 (p <0.05) At the age of 8, female pupils’ chest circumference were bigger than that of males (p> 0.05) The average annual increase in chest circumference is 2.20 cm in which males increased less than females Urban pupils had the biggest chest circumference measurements in the three studied areas (p < 0.05)
3.1.1.4 Head circumference of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Table 3.9 Head circumference of primary pupils by age and sex
Age
Head circumference (cm)
1 - 2 p General (n = 6.514) Male (n 1 = 3.298) Female(n 2 =
The research results of the head circumference index of 6,514 primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province showed that, the head
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circumference of pupils increased from 6 to 10 years old At the age
of 6, the head circumference measurement was 51.48 ± 1.67 cm; at
10 years old it was 53.29 ± 1.82 cm The head circumference increase every year was 0.45 cm Urban pupils had the biggest head circumference measurements in the three studied areas (p <0.05) The head circumference measurement is the morphological indicator
of expressing the brain development
3.1.1.5 BMI of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Table 3.11 BMI of primary pupils by age and sex
Age
2 p General (n= 6.514) Male (n 1 = 3.298) Female(n 2 = 3.216)
X± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase
BMI in male pupils at the age of 6, 7, 9 and 10 years was higher than female pupils (p <0.05) The average annual increase in BMI for both sexes was 0.36 At 8 years of age, the BMI of girls increased more sharply than that of boys (p <0.05) Like other morphological indices, the BMI of pupils in different ecological areas was also different Urban pupils had the highest BMI, followed by rural pupils and the lowest in mountainous areas (p <0.05)
3.1.1.6 Pignet index of Binh Dinh primary pupils
The Pignet index of pupils from 6 to 10 years old in Binh Dinh had sometimes increased and decreased The biggest decrease was in children at the age of 8 At the same age, the Pignet index of male pupils was lower than that of female pupils, suggesting that boys are physically stronger than
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3.1.2 Physiological functional indices
3.1.2.1 Heart frequency of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province
Table 3.15 Heart frequency of primary pupils by age and sex
Age
Heart frequency (bpm)
1
General (n = 6.514) Male (n 1 = 3.298) Female (n 2 = 3.216)
X ± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase
The heart frequency of primary pupils decreased with age The 6 year - old children having an average heart frequency was 92.08 ± 9.04 bpm; the 10 year - old children was 83.35 ± 8.89 bpm The average annual decrease was 2.18 bpm each year The heart beat of pupils in urban, rural and mountain areas was not much different (p > 0.05)
3.1.2.2 Blood pressure of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Table 3.17 showed that children’s systolic blood pressure increased gradually from 6 to 10 years old Systolic blood pressure in
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children at the age of 6 and 10 was 102.58 ± 5,98 mmHg and 110.22
± 9.77 mmHg respectively The average annual increase was1.91 mmHg There was no difference in systolic blood pressure at all ages
in urban, rural and mountainous areas (p> 0.05)
Table 3.17.Systolic blood pressure of primary pupils by age and sex
X ± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase
Table 3.19 Primary diastolic blood pressure of primary pupils by age and sex
X ± SD Increase 1 ±SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase
Pupils’ diastolic blood pressure increased gradually from 6 to 10 years old There was no difference in diastolic blood pressure in the three studied areas (p < 0,05)
3.1.2.3 Vital capacity of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Pupils’vital capacity increased with age as shown in table 3.21 The 6 year - old children having an average vital capacity was 1.13 ± 0.30 liters and 10 year - old children having an average vital capacity was 2.00 ± 0.49 liters The average annual increase was 0,22 liter Vital capacity in males was higher than that of female pupils in the same age (p < 0.05) Based on the height and age, it is possible to
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Age
General (n = 250) Male (n 1 = 126) Female (n 2 = 124)
X±SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase
3.1.2.4 The vision of Binh Dinh primary pupils
The rate of left eye impairment (17.16%) was higher than that of the right eye (16.84%) The rate of pupils with right eye impairment was highest in urban areas (23.94%), followed by rural (15.05%) and lowest in mountainous areas (10.59%) (p <0.05 ) The rate of pupils with left eye impairment was highest in urban areas (23.68%), followed by mountainous areas (17.16%) and lowest in rural areas (16.60%) (p <0.05 ) The rate of visual impairment of Binh Dinh primary pupils was by 14.42%
3.1.2.5 Hearing of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Pupils with normal hearing accounted for 99.67%, only 0.33% of pupils suffered from mild, moderate and severe hearing impairment
3.1.3 Nutritional status according to BMI of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Severe malnutrition rate was 2.66% in which 10-year-old children accounted for the highest (3.25%) The underweight rate was 8.54%,
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in which 7-year-old children accounted for the highest (9.44%) Normal nutritional status accounted for 58.70% and reached the highest level in 9-year-old children (61.96%) Overweight children accounted for 16.60%, in which 10-year-old children accounted for the highest rate (17.68%) Obesity accounted for 13.51%, 6-year-old children had the highest obese rate (17.01%) This is not good for the public health because it rejuvenates the risk of blood pressure, diabetes, even cancer in the future The pupils in mountainous area had the highest malnutrition rate (11.20%) Urban pupils had the highest overweight - obese rate (27.19% and 29.89% respectively)
3.1.4 High-level nervous activities of Binh Dinh primary pupils
3.1.4.1 IQ of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Table 3.27 IQ of primary pupils by age and sex
Based on the Raven test, the IQ of 6,514 Binh Dinh pupils was determined The results showed that the IQ of pupils increased gradually with age, at 6 years old was 87.46 ± 9.57 and at 10 years old was 110.81
± 10.50, the average increase was 5.86 each year The IQ of pupils in the three areas increased gradually and it was different (p < 0.05)
3.1.4.2 Short-term memory of Binh Dinh primary pupils
- Visual short-term memory of primary pupils
Research showed that the ability to see and remember 4 figures accounted for the highest rate in both males and females, but males were
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less than females (18.68% for males and 19.09% for females) Females had the ability to see and remember from 8 to 12 figures higher than males (44.35% for females and 41.88% for males) with p > 0.05 Therefore, schoolgirls have better visual memory than schoolboys The 6-year-old children seeing and remembering 2 figures accounted for the highest rate (28.43%) Children of 7 and 8 years old who saw and remembered 4 figures accounted for the highest rate (24.10% and 21.89%, respectively) The 9-year-old children seeing and remembering 5 figures accounted for the highest rate (20.31%) The 10-year-old children seeing and remembering 6 figures accounted for the highest rate (19.30%).Therefore, the more the children grow up, the more visual memory increases
Children living in different ecological areas have different visual memory The ability to see and remember from 0 to 3 figures is highest in mountainous pupils (43.54% in mountainous areas, 37.68% in rural areas, 33.54% in urban areas) Seeing and remembering 4 and 5 figures accounted for the highest rate in rural pupils (rural areas: 37.82%, urban areas: 33.19%, mountainous areas: 31.91%) Seeing and remembering 6 figures or more accounted for the highest rate in urban pupils ( urban areas : 33.28%, mountainous areas: 24.56%, rural areas: 24.50%), with p <0.05 Therefore, the more children grow up, the more visual memory increases Urban pupils had the best visual memory in the three areas (p <0.05)
- Hearing short-term memory of Binh Dinh primary pupils
The research results showed that in males the ability to hear and remember two figures accounted for the highest rate (21.65%) In female pupils, the ability to hear and remember three figures accounted for the highest rate (19.43%) The rate of males who heard and remembered 0, 2, 3 and 4 figures was higher than that of females; the rest of the cases females accounted for higher rate.Thus, schoolgirls have better hearing memory than schoolboys