the utilization of dietary local feed resources for moo lath pig in laos

1) The biological value of the protein in ensiled taro foliage was not recommended to have more than 10-15% of ensiled banana pseudo-stem in a diet based in ensiled t[r]

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

The thesis is completed at University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University

Supervised by:

1 A/Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Linh (major)

2 A/Prof Dr Du Thanh Hang (second)

This thesis can be found at:

- University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University

- National Library

- Online webpage: www.hueuni.edu.vn

1 Structure of the thesis

This thesis consists of 101 pages comprising of 5 chapters,

38 tables and 34 figures

An introduction (3 pages), objective, hypothesis and innovation of thesis (5 pages); Chapter 1 (literature reviews): 25 pages, Chapter 2 (paper 1): 8 pages, Chapter 3 (paper 2): 11 pages, Chapter 4 (paper 3): 11 pages, Chapter 5 (paper 4): 9 pages, and general discussion, conclusion, implication, further research and reference and list of published scientific paper: 8 pages In the table of content: chapter 1: 11 tables and 6 figures, chapter 2: 4 tables and 5 figures, chapter 3: 5 tables and 10 figures, chapter 4: 9 tables and 10 figures, chapter 5: 3 tables and

4 figures and list of abbreviation (1 page)

2 INTRODUCTION

Approximately 75% of production is produced in tradition

by rural pig farmers (Souriyasack, 2011) The typical smallholder pig farm relies on a scavenging system for forages and left-over food with little or no supplementation The results are low productivity (Stür et al., 2010) with growth rates often less than

100 g/day (Phengsavanh et al., 2010) and low reproductive performance of sows is marked by depressed litter size, a high mortality of piglet and outbreaks of disease For these reasons the two feed resources chosen for this research were banana pseudo

stem as source of energy and the Taro plant as the source of

protein 3-4% in DM (Floulkes et al.,1978) However, an unusual finding was reported presence of 3% of soluble sugars in the liquid fraction, it confirms that they are readily fermentable (Dao Thi My Tien et al., 2010)

Taro leaves are rich in protein (about 20% in DM) with a balance of essential amino acid close to that in an “ideal” protein (Rodríguez et al., 2006) The petioles are rich in sugars which facilitate ensiling the combined leaves and petioles to give a feed with 14-15% CP in the DM (Malavanh et al., 2008; Giang et al., 2010; Hai et al., 2013) Many experiments have demonstrated that ensiled taro foliage can be fed as a source of protein for pigs (Toan and Preston, 2010; Chittavong et al., 2012; Kaensombath and Lindberg, 2012; Hang et al., 2015) The limitation to the use

of taro foliage in diets for pigs is the presence of oxalates which form crystalline insoluble salts that cause irritation in the mouth of pigs when the foliage is consumed fresh However, this problem can be resolved by ensiling the taro before feeding (Hang et al., 2011)

Brewers’ spent grains’ and rice distiller soluble fed at low levels in the diet (4 to 5% as DM) were shown to protect cattle (Phanthavong et al., 2016; Sengsouly and Preston 2016; Binh et al., 2017) and goats (Binh et al., 2018) from HCN toxicity caused

by cyanogenic glucosides present in foliage of “bitter” varieties of cassava However, no any applied in pig with use these by-products Its’ properties are acting probiotics/prebiotics to replace antibiotics with either beneficial microorganisms such as

Lactobacilli and yeasts that enhance the normal microbial flora in

the animals’ digestive system In the latter category are compounds such as β-glucan that are present in the walls of cereals such as barley and rice, and of yeasts These appear to be

released in natural processes such as occur in the alcoholic fermentation with distillation to give beer and rice wine

Biochar, the by-product from the carbonization of fibrous residues at high temperatures of 500-1000 °C was originally identified as an ameliorating agent in soils and as a vehicle for sequestering atmospheric carbon (Lehmann, 2007) with associated beneficial effects on crop and plant growth (Lehman and Joseph, 2015; Preston, 2015) In pigs and chickens, it has been shown to

be effective as an agent to facilitate the degradation of phytotoxins and mycotoxins (Gallo et al., 2015; Prasai et al 2017), as well as providing habitat that enhances activities of microbial communities (Leng, 2017)

3 OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS

1) To determine the effect of replacing ensiled taro foliage with ensiled banana pseudo stem as foliage based die for Moo Lath pigs in Laos

2) To investigate the effect of a low concentration of rice distillers’ byproduct or brewers’ grains as additive feed in the foliage based diet for Moo Lath pigs

3) To evaluate the effect of rice distillers’ byproduct and biochar as additives on growing and feed conversion of native Moo Lath pigs in Laos

4 HYPOTHESES OF THE RESEARCH

1) Ensiled taro foliage combined with ensiled banana pseudo stem will be contributed suitable inclusive level as foliage based-diet supporting for digestibility and improving growing for Moo Lath pigs

2) Small amounts (4% of diet DM) of either brewers' grains

or rice distillers' byproduct (Quilao) supplemented in foliage based diets would support increased growth rate and reproductive performance in Moo Lath pigs

3) Supplementation of biochar in a forage-based diet would

be affected on growth performance and feed conversion of native Moo Lath pigs

5 INNOVATION OF THE DISSERTATION

The innovation of this dissertation is the use of low concentrations (4% of diet DM) of agro-industrial by-products such as brewers’ grains, rice distillers’ residues and addition of biochar (1% of diet DM) as additives feed that appear to act as

“prebiotics”, enhancing the growth and feed conversion of indigenous Moo Lath pigs fed on local feed resource of ensiled

foliage of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and banana pseudo-stem (Musa spp)

CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 The role of pig production

Smallholder farms are practice accounted for 86.5% of total pig production in 2017 (MAF, 2017) Around 64% of pig rising is for home consumption especially in cultural events, accumulation capital and generated cash income (Stür et al., 2002) Souriyasack (2011) implied that approximately 75 % of pigs are produced in small-scale systems and 25% is derived from commercial farms There are total number of pigs of 3.7 million heads in whole country, with local pigs are accounted of 3.2

million pigs (DLF, 2017) Meat required to consume for Lao people is 57 kg/capita, with pork are 14.6 kg in 2017

1.2 Currently typical pig farming in Laos

Pig rearing system in Laos can be clarified into three main categories such as smallholder pig production (small scale), semi-intensive (medium scale) and commercial scale (large scale) farming Smallholder pig farms are approximated of 86.5% of pig production (MAF, 2017) In this system, pig farmers are poor addition feeds for pigs, with no protected from disease, with poor nutrients Semi-intensive pig farming is defined as small family business farming system by raise pig including indigenous pig and cross breed pig It can definite relatively high level of inputs The commercial pig farms in Laos are arisen as enterprise sectors under domestic investors and the typical commercial pig farms Mostly pigs used are exotic breeds such as crossed breed of Large White, Landrace, Duroc Jersey and some of hybrid (Wilson,

2007)

1.3 Feeds and feeding practical management

Feeds derived from agricultural by-products mainly rice bran, broken rice, polished rice and also maize and cassava root are a source of energy diet for pigs The green plants are taro

foliage, banana pseudo stem, thick head, paper mulberry and

green amaranth, and vegetarians such as pumpkin tops and sweet potato leaves Feeds derived from leftover materials rice distillers’ waste and household scraps are traditional knowledge to use as feed for pigs

1.4 Utilization of forage-based diet for pigs

1.4.1 Taro as protein sources for pigs

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is traditionally forage that

cultivated by farmers, it also arises naturally in Laos It is contained a high potential source of protein in pig diets Taro is sources of amino acid closed to ideal protein with similar contents compare to soybean meal (Rodríguez et al., 2006) Use of taro was increased in CP digestibility and N retention (Rodríguez et al., 2009) Ensiled taro leaves could be replaced up to 50 % of the soybean protein by improving growth performance and carcass traits of crossbred large white pig and native Moo Lath Lao pigs (Kaensombath and Erik Lindberg, 2012).

1.4.2 Banana pseudo stem in pig diets

A mixture of ensiled banana pseudo stem and taro foliage has been contributed to improve intake for native Moo Lath pig (Manivanh and Preston, 2016) The researchers subjected to use banana pseudo stem combining to taro leave and also replacing with rice bran in traditionally performance by farmers for crossbreed pig and Mong Cai sows (Hang et al., 2014; Duyet et al., 2013), duck diets (Dao Thi My Tien et al., 2013) and pig diet (Chhay Ty et al., 2014) However, high fiber content appeared to decreased digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and N retention when ensiled banana pseudo-stem replaced taro foliage silage in crossbreed pig (Hang et al., 2014)

1.4.3 Brewers’ grain and distillers’ by-product

Rice distillers’ by-product (RDB) are the residue derived mainly from yeast fermentation process of rice of polished rice to make rice wine Rural smallholder farmers have been successfully used RDB as a protein sources for pigs (Manh et al., 2009;

Taysayavong and Preston, 2010; Manivanh et al., 2012; (Phiny et al., 2012) Brewers’ grains and rice distiller soluble fed at low levels in the diet (4 to 5% as DM) were shown to protect cattle (Phanthavong et al., 2016; Sengsouly and Preston 2016; Binh et al., 2017) and goats (Binh et al., 2018) from HCN toxicity caused

by cyanogenic glucosides present in foliage of “bitter” varieties of cassava However, no any applied in pig with use these by-products

1.4.4 Biochar as a feed additive in animals

Primarily study with 1 % of biochar is applied on the growth and feed conversion including reduction methan emission

in cattle (Leng et al., 2014; Sengsouly and Preston, 2016) and goats (Silivong et al., 2016; Le Thi Thuy Hang et a., 2018) The benefit of biochar is possibility bind toxins or degraded some organisms in the gut of animal microbiome (Leng, 2017) Prasai et

al (2016) that supplementation of biochar improved egg yield and feed conversion whilst, supplementation of 1 % rice husk biochar

in chicken diet reduced coliform bacteria and E-coli in faces, but

had no impact on live weight gain (Hien et al., 2018)

CHAPTER 2 EFFECT OF REPLACING ENSILED TARO FOLIAGE WITH ENSILED BANANA PSEUDO STEM ON INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION IN MOO

LATH PIGS Introduction

Banana pseudo stem is traditionally and commonly used

by farmers as feed for pigs, and cattle in Laos This research

aimed to test the effect of different proportion of ensiled banana

pseudo-stem combined with ensiled taro foliage on intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in growing Moo Lath pigs

Materials and Methods

Treatment, experimental design and feeding management

Four native Moo Lath pigs (LW at 30 kg  2.63 kg) were used with arranged in a 4x4 LSD with 4 pigs and 4 levels of ensiled banana pseudo stem (0, 5, 10 and 15% in DM basis) replacing ensiled taro foliage Experimental periods lasted 10 days: 5 days for adaptation and 5 days for collection of urine and feces

Sample collection and analysis

Feeds offered and refused were weighed daily The urine and feces were collected All samples were analysed for DM, CP,

CF and ash The data were analyzed (Minitab, 2016)

Results and discusion

Feed intake and apparent digestibility

Feed intake, coefficients of digestibility, daily N retention, and N retention as proportion of N digested, all declined linearly

as the proportion of ensiled banana pseudo-stem in the diet was increased with the trend being more pronounced in the case of crude fiber However, the data on N retention show clearly that the protein provided by ensiled taro foliage was superior biological value compared with the combination of banana pseudo-stem

Table 2.3 Intake and apparent digestibility of diets

 It is apparent that the biological value of the protein in the ensiled taro foliage is superior to that in the combination of ensiled banana pseudo-stem and soybean meal

CHAPTER 3

A LOW CONCENTRATION OF RICE DISTILLERS’ BYPRODUCT OR BREWERS’ GRAINS ON

DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION IN

NATIVE MOO LATH PIGS Introduction

Brewers' grains have been widely used as protein supplements in diets of pigs and cattle However, recent research Binh et al (2017) suggests that they may also provide other benefits, as a source of "prebiotics" The hypothesis that small

amounts (4% of diet DM) of either brewers' grains or rice distillers' byproduct would support increased growth rate in local Moo Lath pigs

Materials and methods

Treatments, design and Feeding management

Six pigs (native Moo Lath pig breed) with average initial live weight of 29.3  2.3 kg with 3 diets: CTL; BG 4% and RDB 4% A double 3*3 LSD with periods of 10 days: 5 days for adaptation and 5 days for measurement of data

Data collection and analysis

Feed offered and refused, Urine and feces were recorded daily The samples were analysed for DM, N, CF and ash (AOAC,

1990) The data were analysed (Minitab, 2014)

ab Mean values within rows with different superscript differ at P<0 05

Nitrogen balance

N intake and N retained was greater on the BG and RDB diets increases in DM intake induced by the supplements There was no advantage from supplementation with BG The biological value of the protein was increased by both BG and RDB

Table 3.5 Mean values for N balance by Moo Lath pigs

Previous research with BG (Amaefule et al., 2006) and RDB (Luu Huu Manh et al., 2003) have used as source of protein

As far as we are aware, this is the first report on the use of these supplements at low levels as source of prebiotics (Fuller, 1989; Vanbelle et al., 1990) It is suggested that presence in both the supplements of β-glucan, a carbohydrate component of the cell wall of cereal grains and fungi including yeasts

Conclusion

 BG and RDB, each at concentrations of 4% of diet DM, improved feed DM intake and apparent digestibility of DM, CP and CF N retention was increased by RDB but not by BG and the biological value of the protein was increased by both supplements

 It is suggested that the positive effects on pig performance,

of both BG and RDB, may have been due to the presence of glucan, a component of the cell wall of cereal grains and yeasts

β-CHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF A LOW CONCENTRATION OF RICE DISTILLERS’ BYPRODUCT OR BREWERS' GRAINS

ON PREGNANCY AND LACTATION OF NATIVE MOO LATH GILTS AND THEIR PROGENY Introduction

In a previous experiment Silvai and Preston (2017) showed that BG and RDB, each at concentrations of 4% improved

DM intake and digestibility in native Moo Lath pigs The objective was to test if these supplements would bring about similar benefits during pregnancy and lactation in native Moo Lath gilts

Materials and methods

Treatments and experimental design