Các phương thức dịch được áp dụng trong bản dịch tiếng tác phẩm tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã của jack london

Even though The Call of the Wild is one of excellent works by Jack London with great impacts on American literature, there have been little to no research on the way professional translators translate it into Vietnamese. As an attempt to gain more insights into translation methods in literary translation, this research aims to investigate the translation methods used by the two translators Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong in translating the workThe Call of the Wildinto Vietnamese. Besides that, the research succeeds in identifying the frequency of every translation methods as well as their effectiveness. Finally, some suggestions would also be given. These goals were achieved by a study using document observation instrument. The findings from the study show that there are only 5 out of 8 translation methods according to Peter Newmark’s theory being used throughout the novel The Call of the Wild. The most common translation method applied is different in each chapter based on its own content and the writer’s purposes. For example, in Chapter VI which describes the sound urges Buck to return to the wild and its process of being wild, semantic translation method is used most dominantly. It was no surprise to the researcher that semantic and faithful translation methods are used most frequently in the work. And three other methods are communicative, free translation methods and adaptation. Last but not least, the researcher also suggests some better issues for further research

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

THE TRANSLATION METHODS APPLIED IN VIETNAMESE VERSION OF THE WORK “THE CALL OF THE WILD” BY JACK LONDON

Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Diệu Thúy Student: Nguyễn Thị Phương

Course: QH2011.F1.E20

HÀ NỘI – 2015

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

CÁC PHƯƠNG THỨC DỊCH ĐƯỢC ÁP DỤNG TRONG BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG TÁC PHẨM TIẾNG GỌI

NƠI HOANG DÃ CỦA JACK LONDON

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Nguyễn Thị Diệu Thúy

Sinh viên: Nguyễn Thị Phương Khóa: QH2011.F1.E20

HÀ NỘI – 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

1 Statement of the research and practical rationale for the study 1

3 Significance of the study 3

2.1 Definition of translation methods 7

4.3 Answer to research question 3 54

APPENDICES

ACCEPTANCE

I hereby state that I: Nguyễn Thị Phương, class QH2011.F.1.E20, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Signature

Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is my pleasure to thank those who make this thesis possible

First and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Nguyen Thi Dieu Thuy, M.A, Lecturer of Faculty of English Language Teacher Education, ULIS, VNU This thesis could have probably not completed without her patient, enthusiastic and instructive supervision and encouragement

I also would like to express my sincere thanks to all the lecturers in the Faculty of English Language Teacher Education for devoting time and efforts to enrich, broaden and deepen my knowledge, especially on the major of translation and interpretation over the past four years My special thanks go as well to the Faculty of English Language Teacher Education for giving me the opportunity and permission to implement this thesis and Mr Nguyen Duy Tuan for greatly helping me research skills and techniques

Besides, I am heartily thankful to my classmates, who have enthusiastically supported and provided me with valuable suggestions

I am also deeply indebted to my family and friends for their constant encouragement which motivated me to perform best during the thesis

Furthermore, I want to express my special thanks to Mr Doan Hai, Phu Thanh Construction & Investment JSC., who was my inspiration and supported

me during the time

Lastly, I would like to offer my regards and blessings to all the readers of this paper I appreciate all the constructive comments on it and hope that my study will be useful for those who also take interest in this subject

Nguyễn Thị Phương

ABSTRACT

Even though The Call of the Wild is one of excellent works by Jack London with

great impacts on American literature, there have been little to no research on the way professional translators translate it into Vietnamese As an attempt to gain more insights into translation methods in literary translation, this research aims to investigate the translation methods used by the two translators Nguyen Cong Ai

and Vu Tuan Phuong in translating the workThe Call of the Wildinto Vietnamese

Besides that, the research succeeds in identifying the frequency of every translation methods as well as their effectiveness Finally, some suggestions would also be given

These goals were achieved by a study using document observation instrument

The findings from the study show that there are only 5 out of 8 translation methods according to Peter Newmark’s theory being used throughout the novel

The Call of the Wild The most common translation method applied is different in

each chapter based on its own content and the writer’s purposes For example, in Chapter VI which describes the sound urges Buck to return to the wild and its process of being wild, semantic translation method is used most dominantly It was no surprise to the researcher that semantic and faithful translation methods are used most frequently in the work And three other methods are communicative, free translation methods and adaptation

Last but not least, the researcher also suggests some better issues for further research

LIST OF ABBREVIATION, TABLES, FIGURES

Page

SL Source Language

TL Target Language

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

This chapter will present the rationale, the aims and objectives, the significance, and the scope of the study Furthermore, research questions and organization of the research are also included in this chapter

1 Statement of the research and practical rationale for the study

The strong global integration recently, especially in the 21st century, has created many opportunities for each country and also led to a strongly increasing demand for information exchange among people and countries regardless of what their mother tongues are That is why the role of translation has become more and more important than ever before Realizing the need for well-qualified translators and interpreters for the future, in recent years, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (ULIS, VNU) has made great efforts and progress in enhancing the quality of training translators and interpreters

Translation itself is not purely the process of replacing a source text with a target text Instead, translation is a complicated academic field with a wide range of key concepts among which translation methods is a vital one Translation methods play a significant role in producing a good translation Despite the fact that this concept has been introduced for such a long time, it has not been outdated yet Furthermore, being aware of the importance of translation methods, any translator has to know about it This provides the main motivationfor the researcher in coming to the decision that the subject of the study is translation methods

For studying translation methods, such literary works as novels, stories, and poems are good choices because the contents that need to be conveyed in these works are various and flexible enough to allow researcher to make a profound analysis The researcher decides to choose the novel “The Call of the Wild” for

the research because of following reasons First and foremost, “The Call of the Wild” ranks 35th among the one hundreds best novels (McCrum, 2014) Moreover, the novel expresses many meaningful humanitarian messages At first, they pointed out the theory of the survival which implies that survivors are those who are most adaptable to the harshest conditions and that living instinct is the most powerful thing inside both human and animals They also provide clear evidences of the conflict between the brutality of the so-called civilization and the freedom of animals in the wildlife Simultaneously, the writer shows his opinion on love for animals that only by an endless love can human win and domesticate animals, even big and fierce ones As a result, the novel “The Call of the Wild” is chosen as the objective of the study On the other hands, its Vietnamese translated version by Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong (published in 1983) which was extracted in Literature textbook for grade 9 students is chosen to compare with the original version because it is the most common translated version in Vietnam which has left many generations of Vietnamese students with strong impression

For these reasons, the study “The translation methods applied in

Vietnamese version of the work “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London” is

carried out to provide a better view in term of translation methods

2 Aims and objectives of the study

By researching the work “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its Vietnamese version, the researcher aims to:

- Identify all the translation methods which two translators Nguyen Cong Ai and

Vu Tuan Phuong apply in the translated version of the work “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London

- Identify the outstanding translation methods the two translators applied in the translated version

- Draw some lessons about literary translation from the application of translation methods by Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong

In order to achieve the goals, the research aims to answer these following research questions:

Question 1: What are the translation methods Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan

Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of the work “The Call of the Wild”

by Jack London?

Question 2: What is the most common translation method Nguyen Cong Ai and

Vu Tuan Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of the work “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London?

Question 3: What lessons about literary translation can the researcher draw

from the application of translation methods by Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong in the Vietnamese translated version of the work “The Call of the Wild”?

3 Significance of the study

The researcher strongly hopes that the study will effectively support future translators of Translating and Interpretingmajor, Faculty of English Language Teacher Education, ULIS, VNU as well as translators in particular, and anyone with the same interest in literary translation

Firstly, the study is expected to provide readers with an overview on academic translation methods in Peter Newmark’s theory More distinctively, the study provides concepts, uses, and examples of all types of translation methods applied in Vietnamese version of the work “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London This, to some extent, can help to improve readers’ understanding about the translation methods in general and those are useful for translating “The Call

of the Wild” by Jack London in particular

Secondly, readers can find in this research the most dominant translation methods properly applied in the Vietnamese version of Jack London’s “The Call of the Wild” Consequently, the study provides anoverview about some specific translation methods useful for professional translators and researchers

in literary translation

Last but not least, some lessons about using translation methods for literary works will be drawn from the application of translation methods by Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong These lessons may help translators and anyone interested in this field, especially literary translation, to find best translation methods to use properly in their translations Furthermore, the findings of this research might provide researchers with some useful and reliable information for their further studies in the future

4 Scope of the study

From the title of the research, it is implied that the research will focus only on translation methods applied in the translated version of Jack London’s “The Call of the Wild” Consequently, the researcher will clearly mention and critically analyse all the main dimensions of translation methods consisting of word-by word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, free translation, adaptation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation

Furthermore, the researcher will extract quotations and examples all from the original English version and Vietnamese translated version of the work“The Call of the Wild” by Jack London

5 Organization of the study

The rest of the paper consists of five chapters as follows:

 Chapter 2 (Literature Review) presents theoretical background of the research including the definition of translation and translation methods

in general Additionally, this part also includes classification of translation methods based on Peter Newmark’s theory Some main details about Jack London and his “The Call of the Wild” are also available in this chapter

 Chapter 3 (Methodology) states methods used in the research including the sampling, research instruments, procedures of data collection and data analysis

 Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion) discusses the results of the research and explained how they are discovered before providing detailed answers to all research questions raised in the study

 Chapter 5 (Conclusion) summarizes all problems discussed in the paper, the limitations of the research, and some suggestions for further researches in this field

 References and appendices

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Unlike Newmark, Roger Bell (1991) focuses on equivalencies during translation He states that: “Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies” In the same book,

he also defines translation as “the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in s second language” Nida and Taber (1974) says that “translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of styles” (p.12)

In his famous book “A Linguistic Theory of Translation” (1965) which deals with the analysis and description of translation processes, Catford (1965) points out that “translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL)

by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) "

In a much simpler explanation, according to The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, “Translation” is:

1 The act or an instance of translating

2 A written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc

in another language

This first brand of the definition mentions the process of translating while the second one seems to focus on the style of the expression (written or spoken) However, translation is not merely a process of replacing a source text with a target text The translators have to not only pay attention to the quality of the translation but also care about other targeted effects especially linguistic and artistic effects of it

In a nutshell, translation is not only the process but also the product of language rendering It concerns equivalences, linguistic, cultural and aesthetic values of the work

2 Translation methods

2.1 The definition of translation methods

Peter Newmark (1988) stated that: “Translation methods refer to the overall strategy that a translator applies to a text as a whole.”

2.2 Typesof translation methods

In the Peter Newmark’s “A Textbook for Translation” (1995), he points out that there are eight main translation methods which he put into a flattened V diagram as below:

Below are definitions of each translation methods which can help the translators

to choose suitable ones for the best quality of his products

 Word- for- word translation

This method is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL word In this method, the SL word order is preserved,

words are translated singly by the most common meanings, out of context, and cultural words are translated literally Consequently, this method is commonly used to understand the mechanics of SL or to understand the meaning of a difficult text as a pre-translation process

Example:

 Literal translation

Unlike word-for-word translation method, in literal translation method, the

SL grammatical structures are converted to the nearest equivalent in the TL However, there are two similarities between word-for-word translation method and literal translation method Firstly, words are also translated singly and out of context Secondly, besides being used to identify problems to be solved, this method is also used as a pre-translation process

Example:

 Faithful translation

This method attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the ST within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures Words are translated in context but uncompromising to TL This method also attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions of SL writerbecause of the fact that it transferscultural

words but without naturalizing.As a result of its characteristics, this method is commonplace in translating technical documents

Example:

Source text Faithful Translation

 Semantic translation

Semantic translation ismore flexible than faithful translation Furthermore, semantic translation naturalizes word in order to achieve aesthetic effects and puts great focus on aesthetic features of ST Therefore, this method is usually used in expressive texts

Example:

So peremptorily did these shades

beckon him, that each day mankind and

the claims of mankind slipped farther

from him Deep in the forest a call was

sounding, and as often as he heard this

call, mysteriously thrilling and luring,

he felt compelled to turn his back upon

the fire and the beaten earth around it,

and to plunge into the forest, and on

and on, he knew not where or why; nor

did he wonder where or why, the call

sounding imperiously, deep in the

forest But as often as he gained the

soft unbroken earth and the green

shade, the love for John Thornton drew

him back to the fire again

Những bóng dáng hiển hiện ấy đã ra hiệu, vẫy gọi nó với 1 sức mạnh bức bách đến nỗi ngày trôi qua, loài người

và những đòi hỏi của loài người cứ tuột

ra xa khỏi nó Từ 1 nơi sâu thẳm trong rừng hoang 1 tiếng gọi thường cất lên, xốn xang và quyến rũ 1 cách huyền bí

Và do nó luôn luôn nghe thấy cái tiếng gọi đó, nó cảm thấy buộc phải quay lưng lại ngọn lửa của con người và nền đất đã được chân người nện chặt ở chung quanh, để lao vào rừng sâu, và

cứ lao tới, lao tới tới nơi nào và tại sao như vậy nó cũng không biết nữa Mà

nó cũng không tự hỏi là từ nơi nào và tại sao tiếng gọi kia lại đang vang lên khẩn thiết như vậy, ở đâu đó sâu thẳm trong rừng hoang Nhưng những khi nó chạy ra đến nơi đất hoang còn mềm

chưa ai đặt chân tới dưới bóng rừng xanh, thì tình yêu thương đối với Giôn Thoóctơn lại kéo nó trở lui về bên bếp lửa

 Adaptation

Newmark considered adaptation as the “freest” translation method He also points out that the main application of adaptation is for plays (comedies) and poetry Moreover, adaptation is regarded as a kind of rewriting the text in translation because the themes, characters, and plots are preserved; the SL culture

is converted to the TL culture and text written

Example:

Old longings nomadic leap,

Chafing at custom’s chain

Again from its brumal sleep

Wakens the ferine strain

Ôi khát vọng xưa đất trời rộng bước Giận thói thường xích chặt tựa lao tù Đêm đông lạnh từ giấc nồng mộng ước Lại bừng sôi huyết thống của hoang vu!

 Free translation (intralingual translation)

According to Newmark, this translation method reproduces the matter without the manner, the content without the formof the original Frequently, it is

a paraphrase that is much longer than the original Therefore, it is used for informative translation, in-house publication

Example:

cảm Việc nào ra việc nấy không thể

lẫn lộn được

 Idiomatic translation

This translation method reproduces the ‘message’ of the original which results in lively, ‘natural’ translation Moreover, this prefers colloquialisms and idioms which do not exist in the original

Example:

 Communicative translation

Communicative translation is freer than semantic translation and gives priority the effectiveness of the message to be communicated Resulting from its focuson readability and naturalness, this method enables both the content and the language to be readily acceptable and comprehensible to the reader Therefore, it

is widespread used for informative texts

Example:

Cha tôi là con trưởng nhà họ Nguyễn My father is the most senior child of the

Nguyen family line

3 Jack London and the work The Call of the Wild

3.1 Jack London

John Griffith Chaney (1876-1916), better known by his pen name Jack London,was a famous American author Born in San Francisco, California, he had to start work at early age He worked in a cannery in the Klondike as a sailor, oyster pirate, and fish patroller before returning home and beginning publishing his stories During his life, he was best famous for his three novels

“The Call of the Wild” (1903) and “White Fang (1906)” which enabled him to

be among the most popular American authors of his time Furthermore, he was also a journalist and an outspoken social activist in America

During his literary career, Jack London’s is most famous short stories and novels “To Build a Fire” is the best known of all his stories Some other highly evaluated short stories include “The Youth’s Companion” (1902) and “The Century Magazine” (1908) London's most famous novels include “The Call of the Wild”(1903), “The Sea-Wolf” (1904), “White Fang” (1906), “The Iron Heel” (1908), and“Martin Eden”(1909) With a large volume of literary works, Jack London is one of the most famous American author, journalist, and social activist at his time

Jack London contributed greatly to American literature During his life, he wrote 50 books and over 1,000 articles which show that he was a prolific writer However, London died at the age of 40, a very early age, which caused a

profound shock to many people as Ernest Hopkins wrote in San Francisco Bulletinon December 2, 1916: 'No writer, unless it were Mark Twain, ever had

a more romantic life than Jack London The untimely death of this most popular of American fictionists has profoundly shocked a world that expected him to live and work for many years longer.'

Jack London’s special style is not difficult to be realized through his works He shows many distractions in his works, especially in describing characteristics of both nature settings and human.For example, in “The Call of the Wild”: while the south represents the soft, materialistic world, the north symbolizes a world which is beyond civilization and is inherently competitive

There are also big diffeences in Buck’s life with different masters When he lives with Judge Miller, the house is like a palace, the life is extremely wonderful Meanwhile, when Buck lives Charles, Hal, and Mercedes, the camp that is dirty and Buck, together with other dogs, is badly maltreated However, when he lives with Thornton and his two companions, the camp is clean, and dogs are treated well Characters in this work are symbolic of types Charles, Hal and Mercedes symbolize vanity and ignorance, while Thornton and his companions represent loyalty, purity, and love

It is possible to trace London’s emotional and development through characters in his stories and the way they react with their environments He also varies his prose style to reflect their actions He wrote in an over-affected style when describing Charles, Hal, and Mercedes’s camp to reflect their intrusion in the wilderness In his description of Buck and his actions, London uses a style that is pared down and simple

Jack London’s life is clearly reflected in the story, espically in Buck’s life.Whatever Buck has to overcome, Jack London has overcome too London’s works are also full of depth For example, in his best work – The Call of the Wild- his allegoric useof Buck to represents the struggle of working class to maintain their dignity and protect their lives

3.2 The novel “The Call of the Wild”

Below is the summary of the novel“The Call of the Wild” by Jack London:

Buck, a powerful dog, half St Bernard and half sheepdog, living happily in California's Santa Clara Valley as the pet of Judge Miller is stolen by the gardener's assistant and sold to fund a gambling addiction Buck is then shipped

to Seattle Put in a crate, he is unfed and beaten by a cruel man When released,

he attacks the man but is badly beaten and taught to respect the law of the club Buck is then sold to a pair of French-Canadian dispatchers from the Canadian government, François and Perrault, who take him with them to the Klondike region of Canada where Buck is trained to be a post office sled dog From his

teammates, he quickly learns to survive cold winter nights and the pack society

A rivalry develops between Buck and the vicious, quarrelsome lead dog, Spitz Finally, Buck beats Spitz in a fight "to the death" Spitz is killed by the pack after his defeat by Buck which enables Buck to become the leader of the team

The team is then sold to a "Scottish half-breed" man working the mail service The dogs must carry a heavy load to the mining areas in tiresome and long journey One of the team, a morose husky named Dave, becomes sick and eventually has to be shot to end his misery

Buck's next owners are Hal, Charles, and Mercedes from the United States, who are inexperienced at surviving in the Northern wilderness They struggle to control the sled and ignore warnings of dangers from spring melt They over-feed the dogs and starve them when the food runs out On their journey they meet John Thornton, an experienced outdoorsman, who notices that the dogs have been poorly treated and are in a weakened condition He warns them against crossing the river, but they refuse his advice and order Buck to move on Exhausted, starving, and sensing the danger ahead, Buck refuses and continues to lie unmoving in the snow After Buck is beaten by Hal and being disgusted by the driver's treatment of Buck, Thornton stops Hal from further mistreatment of Buck and finally frees Buck from his traces After some argument, Hal, Charles, and Mercedes leave and try to cross the river, but the ice gives way and they all fall into the river and drown, along with the sled and neglected dogs

Thornton becomes Buck’s master, and Buck devotes himself totally to Thornton In details, he saves Thornton from drowning in a river, attacks a man who tries to start a fight with Thornton in a bar, and, most remarkably, wins a

$1,600 wager for his new master by pulling a sled with a thousand-pound load However, Buck’s love for Thornton is mixed with a growing attraction to the wild, and he feels as if he is being called away from civilization and into the wilderness This feeling grows stronger when he accompanies Thornton and his friends in search of a lost mine hidden deep in the Canadian forest and heexplores the wilderness and socializes with a timber wolf from a local forest

One day, he comes back to Thornton’s camp and finds that Yeehat Indians have attacked and killed his master Buck attacks the Indians, killing several and scattering the rest, and then heads off into the wild Since then, he becomes the leader of a pack of wolves and a legendary figure, a Ghost Dog, fathering countless cubs and inspiring fear in the Yeehats—but every year he returns to the place where Thornton died, to mourn his master before returning to his life in the wild

By researching the novel “The Call of the Wild” and finding out all the translation methods used, the researcher expects to bring real examples of the application of those translation methods to readers to as supplement to the previously pointed theories Consequently, the researcher hopes that readers can learn and remember not only the use but also can provide further examples when they learn translation theories for the first time or when being asked to revise knowledge The basis of this expectation is that: one we can provide example of

a certain theory, it proves our understanding of the theory which can then help us

to remember the theory better

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1 Sampling

This study is methodologically conducted by collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data on cases of translation methods applied in the novel of Jack London’s “The Call of the Wild” In accordance, data is collected from the English original version of the work and its Vietnamese version translated by Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong in 1983

2 Data collection procedures

First and foremost, the Vietnamese translated version of the work “The Call of the Wild” as well as their original source texts is carefully and critically read After the comprehending process, all dimensions of translation methods will be found The researcher then will choose and highlight all the most noticeable expressions, sentences, and paragraphs to analyze Afterward, the results collected become the subject for further research of the study

3 Data analysis procedures

The collected data will be analyzed the by following steps respectively:

Phase 1: Coding

In this phase, the researcher applied qualitative data analysis method After a process of meticulous reading and comprehending, all dimensions of translation methods were listed

Phase 2: Classifying and analyzing

To continue, the coded data was grouped into different categories in terms of translation methods used Then the researcher would analyze some examples of each translation method before finding out the translation method that is the most outstandingly applied

Phase 3: Lesson drawing

Last but not least, based on the application of translation methods by the two translators Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong, the researcher would draw some lessons about translation of literary works in general and in translating

“The Call of the Wild” in particular

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Answer to research question 1: What are the translation methods Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of the work “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London?

After the researcher has analyzed the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London, there are 5 of 8 translation methods introduced by Newmark are found They are namely adaptation, semantic, faithful, communicative, and free translation methods

4.1.1 Semantic translation

Semantic translation method is the most commonly applied by Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong in translating the novel “The Call of the Wild” According to Newmark’s theory, semantic translation is considered the most appropriate method for literary translation as it can fulfill the aim of literature translation which is to achieve aesthetic effects for the work For this reason, there are many paragraphs in which semantic translation method is fully utilized Following are some examples which are translatedsuccessfully by Nguyen Cong

Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong with semantic translation method:

Example 1:

Buck lived at a big house in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley Judge Miller's place, it was called It stood back from the road, half-hidden among the trees, through which glimpses could be caught of the wide cool veranda that ran around its four sides The house was approached

by graveled driveways which wound about through wide-spreading lawns and under the interlacing boughs of tall poplars At the rear things were on even a more spacious scale than at the front There were great stables, where a dozen grooms and boys held forth, rows of vine-clad servants' cottages, an endless and orderly array of outhouses, long grape arbors, green pastures, orchards, and berry patches Then there

was the pumping plant for the artesian well, and the big cement tank where Judge Miler's boys took their morning plunge and kept cool in the hot afternoon (London, 6)

Bấc sống trong 1khu nhà rộng lớn giữa thung lũng Kanta Clara ngập nắng Người ta gọi đó là trang trại của ngài thẩm phán Milơ Khu nhà

ở xa đường cái, hơi khuất trong lùm cây rậm Qua kẽ lá có thể nhìn thấy thấp thoáng hàng hiên rộng, mát rượi chạy suốt 4 bên nhà Từ ngoài vào đến nhà những con đường xe chạy rải sỏi, lượn quanh co qua mấy bãi cỏ rộng, dưới những lớp cành xen nhau của những hàng bạch dương cao lớn Khu đằng sau, đất đai còn rộng bát ngát hơn Có những chuồng ngựa lớn, ở đó hơn chục người chấn giữ ngựa hò hét ầm

ĩ, nhiều dãy lán trại cho đầy tớ ở có dây nhô leo kín mái, 1 dãy nhà ngang ngăn nắp dài dằng dặc, những chỗ ngồi mát dưới giàn nho dại, những bãi cả xanh rờn, vườn cây ăn quả và những khóm dâu Rồi thì còn có cả 1 trạm bơm cho chiếc giếng phun, và 1 bể lớn xây bằng xi- măng, là nơi các cậu con trai nhà thẩm phán Mi-lơ nhào lặn mỗi buổi sáng và ngâm mình cho mát trong những buổi chiều nóng nực

Judge Miller's house where Buck lives his comfortable life is described imagery The readers can imagine this house lying under a peaceful valley with a spacious campus and a wide range of structures for both living (graveled driveways, great stables, servants' cottages, outhouses) and entertainment (artesian well,cement tank)and a lot of trees surrounding (poplars, grape, green pastures, orchards, and berry patches, etc.)This depicts a harmonious green space and creates a pacifistic effect on the readers

In the following paragraph, by using semantic translation method, Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong are successful in depicting Buck’s wonderful life

in Judge Miler’s house as a trifle egotistical as well as his self – pride Through this example, the readers might find that Buck’s psychological development shown clearly via his self – pride resulting from his comfortable life and the respect of people is natural and proper:

Tuy nhiên, nặng 140 pao, lại cộng thêm vẻ chững chạc đường hoàng nhờ cuộc sống sung túc và được mọi loài kính nể, đã tạo cho Bấc 1 phong cách thật đúng là vương giả Trong 4 năm trời từ khi sinh ra, Bấc đã sống cuộc đời của 1 nhà quý tộc được thoả mãn mọi điều Nó rất đỗi kiêu hãnh về mình Thậm chí có phần nào tự cho mình là đấng độc tôn […]

The following example illustrates another use of semantic translation method – describing a person or an animal with his/ her own special characteristics or physical condition as above

Example 3:

Three days passed, by which time Buck and his mates found how really tired and weak they were Then, on the morning of the fourth day, two men from the States came along and bought them, harness and all, for

a song The men addressed each other as "Hal" and "Charles" Charles was a middle-aged, lightish colored man, with weak and watery eyes and a mustache that twisted fiercely and vigorously up, giving the lie

to the limply drooping lip it concealed Hal was a youngster of nineteen or twenty, with a big Colt's revolver and a hunting knife strapped about him on a belt that fairly bristled with cartridges This belt was the most salient thing about him It advertised his callowness a callowness sheer and unutterable Both men were manifestly out of place, and why such as they should adventure the North is part of the mystery of things that passes understanding (London, 46)

3 ngày trôi qua Trong thời gian 3 ngày ấy, Bấc và lũ bạn nghề của nó cảm thấy cơ thể chúng sao mà mệt và yếu lả đi đến thế Nhưng rồi đến sáng hôm thứ 4, có 2 gã đàn ông người Hoa Kỳ đến nơi này và mua chúng, cùng cả đại cương và mọi thứ, với 1 giá rẻ 2 người ấy gọi tên nhau là "Han" và "Sác" Sac là 1 gã trung niên, da nâu nhạt, có đôi mắt yếu đuối ươn trớt, 1 bộ ria xoắn lại và vểnh lên hung dữ, tương phản với nét môi ẻo lả ủ rủ cụp xuống khuất dưới bộ ria ấy Han là 1 tay trai trẻ trạc 19, 20, có 1 khẩu súng Còn to tướng và 1 con dao săn đeo ở chiếc thắt lưng cài tua tủa những đạn Chiếc thắt lưng ấy là vật tiêu biểu nhất ở con người của gã Nó thể hiện tính chất non nớt của

gã, 1 sự non nớt hoàn toàn và khó mà diễn tả được Cả 2 con người ấy

rõ ràng là rất lạc lõng đối với nơi này Vì lẽ gì mà họ phải mạo hiểm xông pha vào vùng đất phương Bắc này, điều đó là 1 phần trong màn

bí ẩn của vạn vật mà mọi người không thể hiểu nổi

It can be said that semantic translation is an ideal tool to successfully portray a person or an animal with his/ her own special characteristics or physical condition as above Pay attention to underlined phrases or sentences, readers can find that the appearances of Charles and Hal are translated properly and lively with such phrases as: weak and watery eyes and a mustache that twisted fiercely and vigorously up, giving the lie to the limply drooping lip, with a big Colt's revolver and a hunting knife strapped about him on a belt that fairly bristled with cartridges, and part of the mystery of things Additionally, the physical conditions of Buck and his mates are also briefly and concisely described with the phrase “really tired and weak” only And this phrase is not as lively and imagery as in the translated version by Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong

By choosing semantic translation method, the readers can clearly feel the tiredness of Buck and his lively psychological development Consequently, the translators create strong impression upon the readers To this extent, it can be said that translators have completedtheir roles very well in conveying the content

of the original version to their target readers

Buck’s appearance is also colorfully transferred through some following paragraphs:

Example 4:

He was older than the days he had seen and the breaths he had drawn He linked the past with the present, and the eternity behind him throbbed through him in a mighty rhythm to which he swayed as the tides and seasons swayed He sat by John Thornton's fire, a broad-breasted dog, white-fanged and long-furred; but behind him were the shades of all manner of dogs, half wolves and wild wolves, urgent and prompting, tasting the savor of the meat he ate, thirsting for the water he drank, scenting the wind with him, listening with him and telling him the sounds made by the wild life in the forest; dictating his moods, directing his actions, lying down to sleep with him when he lay down, and dreaming with him and beyond him and becoming themselves the stuff

of his dreams (London, 62)

Nó già đời hơn số nhưng năm tháng mà nó đã trái qua và số những hơi thở của lồng ngực nó Nó là mối dây nối liền quá khứ với hiện tại và cõi vĩnh cửu ngàn xưa phía đằng sau nó vẫn rộn ràng truyền qua nó 1 nhịp đập đầy uy lực mà nó dao động hoà theo, giống như sóng triều lên xuống

và 4 mùa tuần hoàn vẫn bằng dao động Nó ngồi cạnh bếp lửa của Giôn Thoóctơn, nó đấy, con chó ức nở rộng, nanh trắng, và lông mao dài rậm: nhưng đằng sau nó là bóng dáng của 1 loại chó, nửa sói hoang, hoặc sói hoang chính cống như thúc giục, như nhắc nhở, thưởng thức mùi vị miếng thịt nó ăn, thèm khát hớp nước nó uống, cùng nó đành hơi làn gió, cùng nó lắng tai nghe và mách cho nó xác định những tiếng động của sự sống hoang vu trong rừng thẳm, chỉ đạo tâm tính của nó, điều khiển hành vi của nó, cùng nằm xuống ngủ với nó khi nó nằm xuống cùng mơ

với nó và mơ còn xa hơn về kiếp sau của nó, và bản thân chúng còn trở thành những hình ảnh hiện lên ngay trong giấc mơ của nó

Through the translated version, the readers can easily imagine a dog with fantastic appearance and some characteristics of a wild wolf especially the thirst for tasting meat Apart from living under the shadow of a sled dog, Buck sometime dreams about something far away, something vague and mysterious of his life

However, Buck’s splendid appearance turns out to be more attractive and admirable until the following paragraph This is an outstanding advantage of semantic translation:

Example 5:

Murmurs of admiration at his splendid appearance went up He was in perfect condition, without an ounce of superfluous flesh, and the one hundred and fifty pounds that he weighed were so many pounds of grit and virility His furry coat shone with the sheen of silk Down the neck and across the shoulders, his mane, in repose as it was, half bristled and seemed to lift with every movement, as though excess of vigor made each particular hair alive and active The great breast and heavy fore legs were no more than in proportion with the rest of his body, where the muscles showed in tight rolls underneath the skin Men felt these muscles and proclaimed them hard as iron, and the odds went down to two to one (London, 68)

Hình dáng tuyệt vời của Bấc vừa xuất hiện thì những tiếng rì rầm thán phục nổi lên trong đám đông Thể trạng của Bấc đang giữa lúc hoàn hảo, không có lấy 1 lạng thịt thừa nào, và toàn bộ 150 pao trọng lượng của nó là bấy nhiêu pao can trường và sức mạnh Bộ lông dày của nó sáng bóng lên ánh mượt mà của tơ lụa Dọc cổ và trên đôi vai, lớp lông bờm của nó tuy đang lúc nằm yên nhưng vẫn hơi nghểnh lên chênh chếch, và hình như cứ dựng đứng lên theo mỗi cử động của thân mình

nó, như thể là sức lực thừa ứ của nó đã làm cho từng sợi lông riêng lẻ đều có sự sống và tính năng động Tấm ức rộng và đôi chân trước vạm

vỡ không to quá khổ mà thật là cân đối với phần còn lại của toàn thân,

và trên cơ thể Bấc những bắp thịt nổi lên thành từng cuộn bó chặt hằn rõ dưới làn da Người ta đưa tay sờ nắn thử các cơ bắp ấy rồi kháo nhau là

nó rắn như sắt, và thế là nước bạc đặt cược tụt xuống 2 ăn 1

Physical conditions of Buck are conveyed attractively with a variety of images Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong made a wise choice with semantic translation method because this method pays attention to the aesthetic values which enhance the outstanding appearance of Buck

Besides describing outside appearance, describing an action or the development

of an action is another fabulous use of semantic translation method Below are some examples:

Example 6:

Buck watched them apprehensively as they proceeded to take down the tent and load the sled There was a great deal of effort about their manner, but no businesslike method The tent was rolled into an awkward bundle three times as large as it should have been The tin dishes were packed away unwashed Mercedes continually fluttered in the way of her men and kept up an unbroken chattering of remonstrance and advice When they put a clothes-sack on the front of the sled, she suggested it should go on the back; and when they had it put on the back, and covered it over with a couple of the bundles, she discovered overlooked articles which could abide nowhere else but in that very sack, and they unloaded again (London, 47)

Bấc để ý theo dõi họ, thấp thỏm e ngại, trong khi họ tiến hành dỡ lều và chất đồ lề lên chiếc xe trượt tuyết Cung cách của họ phí rất nhiều công sức, mà chả có phương pháp ngăn nắp gì cả.Chiếc lều được cuộn thành

1 bó bùng nhùng, đáng lẽ ra có thể xếp gọn lại chỉ bằng 1 phần

3.Những chiếc đĩa thiếc chưa rửa, cứ thế gói lại đưa đi.Mecxêđét cứ liên tục xăng xít ngáng trở trước mặt 2 người đàn ông và luôn mồn huyên thiên can gián và góp ý Khi họ đặt 1 túi đựng quần áo lên đầu chiếc xe trượt, thì Mecxêđét lại gợi ý cho họ là phải đặt ở cuối xe Rồi khi đã đặt túi ấy vào thì ả lại muốn lôi cái túi ấy ra để bỏ vào đâu khác nữa Và thế là họ lại phải tháo dỡ đồ đoàn ra khỏi xe để lôi cái túi ấy lên

The actions of three people (Charles, Hal, and Mercedes), through the translated version of Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong seems to be very lively and funny as well They do the same work again and again many times They even change after following Mercedes’ advice Readers can easily imagine how they act and might burst into non-stop laugh immediately In addition, Buck’s action also seems to be consciously and intentional like a real person and totally different from that of a normal animal like that in the following brief sentences:

Example 7:

And here, lying by the river bank through the long spring days, watching the running water, listening lazily to the songs of birds and

the hum of nature, Buck slowly won back his strength (London, 59)

Và tại nơi đây, nằm cạnh bờ sông qua suốt những ngày xuân dài, dõi theo dòng nước chảy, nhàn nhã lắng nghe tiếng chim hót và tiếng rì rầm của thiên nhiên, Bấc dần lấy lại được sức lực

Buck, in this picture, knows to enjoy the songs of birds and the sounds

of the nature intentionally, not unintentionally as usual among wild animals

In the below paragraphs, Buck’s and the wolf’s time become a good

time for both through the two translators’ choosing proper words in the target language:

Example 8:

After some time of this the wolf started off at an easy lope in a manner that plainly showed he was going somewhere He made it clear to Buck that he was to come, and they ran side by side through the somber twilight, straight up the creek bed, into the gorge from which

it issued, and across the bleak divide where it took its rise

On the opposite slope of the watershed they came down into a level country where were great stretches of forest and many streams, and through these great stretches they ran steadily, hour after hour, the sun rising higher and the day growing warmer Buck was wildly glad He knew he was at last answering the call, running by the side of his wood brother toward the place from where the call surely came Old memories were coming upon him fast, and he was stirring to them as

of old he stirred to the realities of which they were the shadows He had done this thing before, somewhere in that other and dimly remembered world, and he was doing it again, now, running free in the open, the unpacked earth underfoot, the wide sky overhead (London, 76)

Sau khi nó đùa với nhau 1 lát, con chó sói bỏ đi, ung dung chạy những bước dài nhún nhẩy nhịp nhàng với 1 cung cách tỏ ra hắn đang nhằm

đi tới 1 nơi nào đó Hắn lại tỏ ý với Bấc là hắn muốn Bấc cùng đến nơi đó với hắn, và chúng chạy bên nhau trong bóng tối mờ mờ, ngược suốt theo lòng suối, đi vào hẻm núi nơi con suối chảy ra, và vượt qua đường phân thuỷ hoang vắng nơi con suối bắt nguồn

Qua sườn dốc bên kia đường phân thuỷ, chúng ta xuống 1 vùng bằng phẳng, có những dải rừng lớn và nhiều khe suối, và cứ thế mải miết chạy qua các dải rừng ấy hết giờ này sang giờ khác Mặt trời lên cao

và khí trời ấm dần.Bấc vui sướng như ngây như dại.Nó biết thế là cuối cùng nó đã đáp lại tiếng gọi, nó đang chạy bên cạnh kẻ anh em ruột thịt chốn núi rừng, và phía chắc chắn là nơi xuất xứ của tiếng gọi.Những ký ức tự thuở cổ xưa đang kéo về với nó nhanh chóng và

lòng nó đang náo nức với những ký ức ấy, cũng giống những điều thực tại mà chính các ký ức xa xưa ấy là cái bóng lồng theo Nó đã sống những giây phút như thế này thuở trước, đâu đó trong cái thế giới kia mà nó đang lờ mờ hồi tưởng lại, và giờ đây nó lại được sống những giây phút như vậy, tự do chạy thênh thênh giữa cõi thiên nhiên khoáng đãng, dưới chân là mặt đất còn tinh khôi nguyên vẹn, và trên đầu là bầu trời mở rộng bao la

Buck and his new friend play happily with each other like two children after long time not meet each other By using semantic translation method to transfer the original text to the source text, Buck’s and his friend’s emotions are properly conveyed to the readers The surrounding sceneries are pristine and peaceable Furthermore, translation is also smooth and natural

Buck’s hunting time also marks a success of Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong in using semantic translation method Here, Buck spends time hunting in the forest and gains many feats which then strongly arouse his ferocity when he fiercely fights with his spoils before killing them Buck’s actions are naturally transferred to the target readers because, at any rate, Buck is a dog with half of a wild wolf and therefore, his ferocity, even though covered inside, will be quickly

developed when possible

Example 9:

[…] killing his meat as he traveled and traveling with the long, easy lope that seems never to tire He fished for salmon in a broad stream that emptied somewhere into the sea, and by this stream he killed a large black bear, blinded by the mosquitoes while likewise fishing, and raging through the forest helpless and terrible Even so, it was a hard fight, and it aroused the last latent remnants of Buck's ferocity And two days later, when he returned to his kill and found a dozen wolverines quarreling over the spoil, he scattered them like chaff; and

those that fled left two behind who would quarrel no more (London, 77)

[…] Nó vừa đi vừa săn mồi để ăn, và trên đường nay đây mai đó nó khoan thai chạy những bước dài nhún nhẩy nhịp nhàng hình như không bao giờ biết mệt.Nó săn bắt cá hồi trong 1 dòng suối rộng đang trút ra đâu đây nơi biển cả, và cạnh dòng suối này nó giết chết 1 con gấu đen to lớn Con gấu này cũng đang bắt cá như nó thì bị muỗi xúm lại đốt mù cả mắt, và giữa lúc này thì Bấc bị tấn công Gấu ta đã gầm thét dữ dội phóng qua rừng rậm bỏ chạy, nom thật khủng khiếp nhưng hoàn toàn bất lực Mặc dù vậy, cuộc chiến đấu cũng khá gay go, và trận đánh quyết liệt này đã khơi dậy hết những tàn dư tiềm tàng cuối cùng của tính hung dữ truyền lại bên trong Bấc Và 2 ngày sau, khi Bấc trở lên bên con vật nó đã giết chết, nhìn thấy khoảng chục con chồn gulô đang tranh giành nhau ăn xác con mồi, nó đã xông vào đánh lũ chồn chạy tan tác bỏ lại 2 con gục xuống đấy không còn bao giờ biết tranh giành gì nữa

In chapter 7, the picture that Buck sees after coming back from the forest is interpreted properly:

Example 10:

A hundred yards farther on, Buck came upon one of the sled dogs Thornton had bought in Dawson This dog was thrashing about in a death-struggle, directly on the trail, and Buck passed around him without stopping From the camp came the faint sound of many voices, rising and falling in a sing-song chant Bellying forward to the edge of the clearing, he found Hans, lying on his face, feathered with

arrows like a porcupine (London, 82)

Chạy thêm độ được khoảng 100 mã, Bấc bắt gặp 1 trong những con chó kéo xe mà Thoóctơn đã mua ở Đoxân Con chó này đang vật vã

trong cơn giẫy chết ngay trên vệt đường mòn Bấc chạy vòng qua bên

nó không dừng lại Từ phía khu trại vẳng đến tiếng lao xao của nhiều giọng người, khi trầm khi bổng trong 1 điệu hát đều đều ê a

With semantic translation method, Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong do a good job when translatethe death of one of Thorton’s dog effectively and naturally The sound of the Yeehats is sensed lively It is a “raising and falling” sound in “a song chant”, not a stable one This method enables readers to imagine the death of the dog as well as the sounds by the Yeehats easily and exactly with no confusion

After that, his fight agaist the Yeehats to be in revenge for the death of his master, under the pen of the two translators, seems to be fiercer and imagery than

in the original version of London:

Example 11:

The Yeehats were dancing about the wreckage of the spruce-bough lodge when they heard a fearful roaring and saw rushing upon them an animal the like of which they had never seen before It was Buck, a live hurricane of fury, hurling himself upon them in a frenzy to destroy He sprang at the foremost man it was the chief of the Yeehats ripping the throat wide open till the rent jugular spouted a fountain of blood He did not pause to worry the victim, but ripped in passing, with the next bound tearing wide the throat of a second man There was no withstanding him He plunged about in their very midst, tearing, rending, destroying, in constant and terrific motion which defied the arrows they discharged at him In fact, so inconceivably rapid were his movements, and so closely were the Indians tangled together, that they shot one another with the arrows; and one young hunter, hurling a spear at Buck in mid-air, drove it through the chest

of another hunter with such force that the point broke through the skin

of the back and stood out beyond then a panic seized the Yeehats, and

they fled in terror to the woods, proclaiming as they fled the advent of the Evil Spirit (London, 82)

Bọn người da đỏ thuộc bộ tộc Yhét được nhảy múa quanh đống đổ nát của chiếc làn làm bằng cành bách bỗng nghe 1 tiêng rống ghê rợn và nhìn thấy 1 con vật đâm bổ vào chúng, 1 loại thú vật chúng chưa từng nhìn thấy bao giờ Đó là Bấc, 1 luồng bão tố giận dữ biểu hiện thành

sự sống, lao mình vào chúng trong 1 cơn cuồng loạn chỉ quyết huỷ diệt Nó nhảy xổ vào 1 tên mà nó thấy là nổi bật nhất (đó chính là thủ lĩnh của đám người Yhét), cắn rách toang cổ họng y cho đến khi máu ùng ục tuôn ra như suốit từ mạch máu cổ bị xé nát.Bấc không dừng lại

để tiếp tục nhay xé tên này, mà cứ vọt tới, vừa phóng qua vừa cắn xe, thêm 1 bước nữa là xé rạch toan họng thêm 1 tên thứ 2.Không có gì chống lại được nó.Nó cứ thế nhào lộn ngay giữa bọn chúng, cắn toạc,

xé nát, huỷ diêt, chuyển động vùn vụt, khủng khiếp, bất chấp những mũi tên mà chúng bắt loạn xạ vào nó Thực tế là vì những động tác của bấc nhanh đến mức không thể lường được và vì bọn người da đỏ dồn đống lại túm tụm với nhau rối bời cả lên, nên những mũi tên chúng phóng ra đều bắn cả vào người nhau; và 1 ngọn giáo trong tay

1 gã trai trẻ nhắm phóng vào Bấc, trong khi Bấc đang lao giữa không trung lại cắm phập vào ngực 1 tên khác, mũi giao đâm mạnh đến nỗi

nó xuyên hẳn qua thòi ra sau lưng tên này Thế là bọn người Yhét rú lên khiếp đảm, kinh hoàng tháo chạy vào rừng, vừa chạy vừa kêu ầm lên là Hung Thần hiện hình

Semantic translation method enables the translators to create profound impressions on the readersfor instance, in this example, by applying semantic translation method, Buck’s attack and Yeehats’ panics are translated lively and logically Additionally, the effects of this method on the target readers are asstrong as those when watching that scene from a film or video

In the translated version of Nguyen Cong Ai and Vu Tuan Phuong, psychological

methods The example below describes Thornton’s psychological development when Buck is beaten before his eyes.Firstly, he tries to keep calmThen, sometimes he wants to raise his voice to protect Buck However, he changes his mind at last Then, Hal continues to beat Buck and that’s last straw The story reaches the peak when Thorton warns Hal

Example 12:

The whip flashed out, here and there, on its merciless errands John Thornton compressed his lips Several times Thornton started, as though to speak, but changed his mind A moisture came into his eyes, and, as the whipping continued, he arose and walked irresolutely up and down And then, suddenly, without warning, uttering a cry that was inarticulate and more like the cry of an animal, John Thornton sprang upon the man who wielded the club Hal was hurled backward,

as though struck by a falling tree Mercedes screamed Charles looked

on wistfully, wiped his watery eyes, but did not get up because of his stiffness

John Thornton stood over Buck, struggling to control himself, too convulsed with rage to speak "If you strike that dog again, I'll kill you," he at last managed to say in a choking voice (London, 56-57)

Chiếc roi vun vút quất xuống loang loáng, hết chỗ này lại chỗ nọ vung vãi không thương xót.Giôn Thoóctơn mím chặt môi.Nhiều lần Thoóctơn quay ngoắt sang định lên tiếng, nhưng anh lại thôi Nước mắt anh ứa ra cay cay trong mắt, và trong khi ngọn roi cứ tiếp tục vụt xuống tới tấp, anh đứng dậy và đi đi lại lại bồn chồn, lưỡng lự.Thế rồi, đột nhiên, không 1 dấu hiệu báo trước gào lên 1 tiếng lạc giọng nghe như tiếng rú của loài thú Giôn Thoóctơn đâm bổ vào con người đang vung chiếc dùi cui.Han bị hất bật nhào về phía sau, như bị 1 thân cây đổ quật ngã.Mecxêđét thét lên 1 tiếng thất thanh Sác nhìn

sửng sốt, lau vội đôi mắt ướt nhoà nhưng cả người cứng đơ không đứng dậy được

Giôn Thoóctơn đứng sát bên mình Bấc, gắng sức để tự kiềm chế, cơn giận làm anh run, không thốt được ra lời

Cuối cùng, anh nói lên được bằng 1 giọng tắc nghẹn:

-Nếu mày còn đánh con chó này nữa, tao sẽ giết mày

Thornton’s psychological development is complicated with many different changes However, those changes are transferred successfully and reasonably There are no weird details or unnatural ones in his psychological development

Following are some more examples in which the translators successfully describe psychological development of Buck:

Firstly, when he is beaten terribly:

of the thin and rotten ice he had felt under his feet all day, it seemed that he sensed disaster close at hand, out there ahead on the ice where his master was trying to drive him He refused to stir So greatly had

he suffered, and so far gone was he, that the blows did not hurt much And as they continued to fall upon him, the spark of life within