English vietnamese translation of international finance terminology dịch thuật ngữ anh việt về tài chính quốc tế

This paper investigated the English – Vietnamese translation of international finance terminologies. The study was conduct to find out the translation procedures and the most dominant one that were applied in translating international finance terminologies. To achieve this goal, qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized. The translation procedures and the most dominant one being applied to translate international finance terminologies were detected through data collection and analysis. Six translation procedures were found: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation and equivalence. The most dominant one was calque. However, there are still limitations of the study. Finally, some suggestions for further studies were mentioned as well.

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF

INTERNATIONAL FINANCE TERMINOLOGY

Supervisor: Nguyễn Thụy Phương Lan M.A Student : Lâm Diệu Linh

Course : QH2011.F1.E20

Hanoi, 2015

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

I hereby state that I: Lam Dieu Linh, QH2011.F1.E20, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited

in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research,

in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Signature

Date

I also take this chance to express my special thanks to lectures of Faculty of English Language Teacher Education in University of Languages and International Studies for useful lecture through my four years I also want

to thank my friends in class E20 in helping me finding important materials My completion of this study would not have been satisfactory without their supports

Lastly, my most heartfelt thanks would go to my parents who are always

my source of strength and motivation throughout the time

Lâm Diệu Linh

ABSTRACT

This paper investigated the English – Vietnamese translation of international finance terminologies The study was conduct to find out the translation procedures and the most dominant one that were applied in translating international finance terminologies To achieve this goal, qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized The translation procedures and the most dominant one being applied to translate international finance terminologies were detected through data collection and analysis

Six translation procedures were found: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation and equivalence The most dominant one was calque However, there are still limitations of the study Finally, some suggestions for further studies were mentioned as well

CONTENT

Chapter 1: Introduction

2.3 Overview of international finance terminology

2.3.1 Overview of international finance 16

Chapter 3: Methodology

References

Appendices

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 3: Analysis of cases of literal translation procedure being

applied

26

Table 7: Quantity and percentage of translation procedures found in

Terminologies

39

FIGURES

Figure 4.2 Percentage of translation procedures applied in

terminologies

40

1.1 Statement of the problem and rationale for the study

Since Vietnam has joined WTO, the demand for trading, investing and exchanging between Vietnam and other countries is on the increase Vietnam has also shown significant paces of economic growth thanks to international integration in various sectors such as tourism, agriculture, services, industry, etc Simultaneously, enterprises and financial corporations have been pushed into fierce global competition That requires investors, economists, policy-makers and other executives to have good knowledge of international finance, especially in the context that Vietnam is expanding the market and receiving many investment sources from other countries

In the meanwhile, English - the native language of economic powers has long been considered a global language and the language for communication of all types including contracts or various documents The problem is not all people involved master a working knowledge of English This means English-Vietnamese translation of international finance and relevant materials is increasingly important The demand for translation in general and technical translation in particular is raising as well due to the increasing trade and socio -economic development To meet the demand of the developing society, more professional translators are required of the work force However, it is not easy

to become a professional translator because a professional translator must not only be excellent in linguistics but also have a well-ranged background knowledge Of the linguistic aspects, terminology is hard to master while it plays an important part in technical translation of any field

The researcher, as a fourth-year fast-track student majored in Interpretation and Translation, has encountered some difficulties in studying and understanding finance terminologies in general and international finance terminologies in particular Nevertheless, these challenges have motivated the researcher to put more time and effort acquiring knowledge about those terminologies In the course of English for Finance and Banking, the researcher expresses special interest in learning international finance than other field

In addition, the researcher has realized that not many people have conducted researches on international finance terminology In fact, there has been no study on English-Vietnamese translation of international finance terminology even though it is obvious that a study of the field would help learners save a lot of time reading all other materials On the other hand, with great support of the supervisor, the researcher realizes that she will gain more knowledge in the field though it was not her major

As one attempt to partly tackle the above issues, the researcher has made

a decision to conduct a study on “English-Vietnamese translation of international finance terminology” with the hope of contributing and facilitating the translation of terminologies in international finance for readers

1.2 Aims of the study and research questions

The research aims at finding the appropriate translation procedures that are often used to translate international finance terms; and what translation procedures are most dominant that can be employed to translate English-Vietnamese international finance terminology

Hopefully, translators and other readers can have a better access to international finance terminologies and find it easier with the recommended procedures

To achieve these goals, the current research tries to answer the following questions:

1 What are translation procedures normally used to translate Vietnamese international finance terminology?

English-2 What are the most dominant procedures of translation employed when translating English –Vietnamese international finance terms?

1 3 Significance of the study

As a student majoring in Interpretation and Translation, the researcher has

to do much translation of documents and have many difficulties in translating documents related to economics in general and finance in particular The need

of having one research that analyses the international finance terminology enables not only researchers but other people to have more knowledge, skills and more confidence in the translation of documents in this field Moreover, readers are also provided with the procedures used when translating those terms As a result, readers not only gain knowledge but also save a lot of time reading many relevant materials Last but not least, it will be useful and practical for anyone who wants to go further in the field of i nternational finance

1.4 Scope of the study

As stated above, this study is aimed at pointing out procedures applied and the most dominant procedures used in English-Vietnamese translation of international finance terminologies Materials that are used as research sources are mainly taken from the book “International Financial Management” by Jeff Madura (2007) and its translated book “Tài chính quốc tế” (2012), “Finance and banking” by Nguyen Xuan Thom (1999)

1.5 Organization of the study

The study consists of five chapters as follows:

Chapter 1: Introduction presents the rationale, the aims and objectives, the significance and the scope of the study

Chapter 2: Literature Review provides theoretical background of the research, including the overview of translation, terminology and international finance terminology

Chapter 3: Methodology describes the sampling method, numbers and features of collected international finance terminology, research instruments as well as the procedures of data collection and analysis

Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion provides findings which are the answers the two research questions mentioned and discussion on the gained results

Chapter 5: Conclusion summarizes the main points of the research, looks at some of the research the limitations as well as provides suggestions for further studies

References

Appendices

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

In this section, overviews of translation, translation procedures and terminology are presented

2.1 Overview of translation

2.1.1 Definition of translation

Translation has long prevailed in ancient times, therefore its definition has been varied through its development In Oxford Advanced Learner' Dictionary, translation is defined as “a written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word or text in another language”

Meanwhile, Eugene Nida (1964, p 83) regards translation consist of

“reproducing the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style” Hartman and Stork (1972, p 713) considers translation as “the replace of a representation of a text in one language by as equivalent text in a second language”

Bell (1991, p.5) has another definition of translation as “the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in source”

Additionally, Crystal (1991, p 346) defines translation as a process in which “the meaning and expression in one language (source) is tuned with the meaning of another (target) whether the medium is spoken, written or signed” Meanwhile, according to Newmark (1995, p 5), translation “though not by any means always, is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”

2.1.2 Translation procedures

The number of translation procedures is varied based on different scholars‟ views though these procedures are either partially overlapped or just differed in

their names For this study, Vinay and Darbelnet‟s procedures will be chosen in

analyzing international finance terminologies as its influence “was enormous” (Munday, 2001) and still be followed by many other researchers: Ayora (1977), W.Friederich (1977), Mlotkowski (2006), Zahre-Bethtash, E and Firoozkoohi,

S (2009), Hover (2014)…

Newmark (1988, pp 81-93) mentioned the differences between translation methods and procedures as "[w]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" According Delisle (1999), translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the ST to the TT Therefore, the translation of international finance terminology should utilize the translat ion procedures rather than translation methods

2.1.2.1 Borrowing

Borrowing is “the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text” (Nord, 2003) This translation strategy has been variously referred to as preservation (Davies 2003), repetition (Aixela 1996), exoticism, cultural borrowing (Hervey

& Higgins 1992), and transference (Newmark 1988) (cited in Suh, 2005) Vinay and Darbenet (1995, p 31) consider borrowing to be the simplest of all translation procedures and used to bridge a gap, usually a metalinguistic one like a new technical process and unknown concept It is sometimes used to produce a stylistic effect to introduce the flavor of the SL culture into translation by means of foreign terms According to Baker (1992), translation

by the use of loan words is used not only because the concepts are unknown or not lexicalized in the TL culture Sometimes loan words are used because they may sound more modern and high class Nida (1964, p 214) shared his view as

“the borrowing of foreign-language words is often regarded as a safer practice than manufacturing terms with indigenous lexical components”, however, when becoming common in the borrowing culture “they are always subject to

change in meaning, often with quite drastic reorientations” Take café, menu, soufflé for example, those French words are no longer considered as borrowings in English

Newmark (1995, p.81) claims borrowing is for translating

…names of all living [….] and most dead people; geographical and topographical names including newly independent countries […] unless they already have recognized translation; names of periodicals and newspapers; titles of as yet translated literary works, plays, firms; names of private companies and institutions; names of public or nationalized institutions, unless they have recognized translations; street names, address, etc

Faced with a reference to an entity which has no close equivalent in the target culture, a translator may simply decide to retain the source text term in the translation

Illustrations for this procedure are various:

For example:

- Names: laptop, mobile, DJ, PG, smartphone

- Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, USB

2.1.2.2 Calque

Vinay and Darbenet (1995, p 85) defines calque as “special kind of borrowing where SL expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation” The scholars also note that both borrowing and calques often become fully integrated into the TL, albeit with semantic change SL is translated literally into TL but remained grammar structural form

Peter Newmark (1985, p 84) calls this procedure “through translation” and considered it as “the literal translation of common collocations, names of

organizations, the components of compounds […] and perhaps phrases…” The resulting calque either follows the syntactic structure of the TL to introduces a new mode of expression (a lexical calque), or introduces a completely new construction into the TL (a structural calque) (Mlotkowski cited Vinay and Darbelnet, 2006) Often they look and sound odd, although sometimes they become assimilated or adopted into the target language (Suh, 2005)

Through translation should be used for already recognized terms in the below examples:

AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Hội chứng suy giảm miễn dịch mắc phải

WTO: World Trade Organization: Tổ chức thương mại thế giới

Red meat: Thịt đỏ

2.1.2.3 Literal translation

According to Venuti and Baker (2000, p 86), literal translation o r often known as „word-for-word‟ translation is the “direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text” The translator‟s work is reduced to observing the adherence to linguistic servitude of the TL

Newmark (1988, p.75) considers literal translation as “a coincidental procedure, usd when the SL term is transparent or semantically motivated and

is in standardized language” He also affirms that this procedure is the basic one and translation initiates from this procedure

In the view of Vinay and Darbelnet, literal translation is the authors‟ prescription for good translation “literalness should only be sacrificed because

of structural and metalinguistic requirements and only after checking that the meaning is fully persevered” (1995, p 288) However, translator may judge literal translation to be “unacceptable” because it gives a different meaning, has

no meaning or is structurally impossible or does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the TL

Newmark (1995, p 76) brings one advice on dealing with this procedure

is that “it is sometimes advisable to retreat from literal translation when faced with SL general words for which there are no „satisfactory‟ one-to-one TL equivalents even though one is over-translating”

2.1.2.4 Transposition:

Transposition is a strategy, by means of which the translator changes the grammatical category of a given element for the TL rendition, without changing the overall meaning of the message “It is necessary when literal translation produces an “unnatural” passage” (Mlotkowski, 2006) Venuti and Baker (2000, p 88) also share the same view point as transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message and is deemed as a special translation procedure Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p 36) and Newmark (1995, p 85) further indicate the change of grammatical category in the TL in comparison with that in the SL For instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a

TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth (Newmark, 1988) Moreover, Newmark also claims that transposition demonstrates “a frequent tension between grammar and stress” and “is the only translation procedure concerned with grammar, and most translators make transpositions intuitively” (1995, p 87)

Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p 94) see transposition as “probably the most common structural change undertaken by translator” It is comprised of not only parts of speech but also syntactic transformations

- Despite her hard work, she still got bad result: Dù cô ấy đã chăm chỉ làm việc, kết quả thật là kém

- He is great cinema-goer: Anh ấy rất hay đi xem phim

2.1.2.5 Modulation

Modulation occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text through the change of perspective in its TL version

It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the

TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the

TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective (Newmark, 1988b, p 88) Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p 36) define this procedure as “a variation through

a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of though” Modulation can be adopted when, though literal or transposition translation results grammatically correct utterance, the patterns of TL are considered abnormal or awkward In addition, they distinguish between free or optional modulations and those that are fix and obligatory According to Venuti and Baker (2000, p 89), when a translator has a good knowledge of both the SL and TL, fixed modulation is often used as the translator will be aware of frequent use and the acceptance provided by a dictionary Free modulation are single instances not fix and sanctioned by usage and thus the procedure must be carried out anew each time

Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, pp 89-90) give eleven types of modulation: (i) abstract and concrete; (ii) cause and effect; (iii) the part for the whole; (iv) the whole for a part; (v) means and result; (vi) intervals and limits; (vii) sense and modulation; (viii) reserval of the point of view; (ix) change of comparison or symbol; (x) form, aspect, usage; (xi) geographical modulation

proverbs, idioms, clichés, nominal or adjectival phrases and the onomatopoeia

of animal sounds” They conclude by saying that “the need for creating equivalences arises from the situation, and it is the situation of the SL text that translators have to look at for a solution” (1995, p 255) Baker (1992, pp 11 -12) states that “equivalence can appear at word level and above word level, when translating from one language into another” Molina and Abir (2002, p 500) view equivalence as an account of the same situation using a completely different phrase and these include translation of proverbs and idiomatic expression Peter Newmark (1995, pp 82-83) divides equivalents into three types: cultural equivalents, functional equivalents and descriptive equivalents Cultural equivalent is defined as “an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word” While functional equivalent

is required “the use of a culture-free word Sometimes with a new specific terms; it therefore neutralizes or generalizes the SL word…”, descriptive equivalent is used to describe a SL expression and sometimes may affect the function of that expression Equivalence is often used when faced with idioms

or proverbs that are tricky to translate Equivalence replicates the same situation as that which is in original, using completely different wording

2.1.2.7 Adaptation

Adaptation is a procedures which should be used when a given source culture concept, represented by a SL item does not exist in the target culture, or does not have the same relevance or connotations as it does in the source context, then it falls on the translator to “create a new message which is as close to an equivalent of the original meaning as possible” (Mlotkowski, 2006) Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p 39) ranks adaption as an oblique translation procedure that is used “in those cases where type of situation referred to by the

SL message is unknown in the TL culture”, thereby necessitating some form of re-creation Therefore, Vinay and Darbelnet regard adaption as a special type

of equivalence – situational equivalence between the ST and LL Newmark (1988, p 46) refers to adaption as the “freest” form of translation Adaption tends to be objective and reliant on the translator‟s judgment He also has same

opinion that adaption rests on “the use of a recognized equivalent between two

situations” and regards it as “a matter of cultural equivalence”

2.2 Overview of terminology

2.2.1 Definition of terminology

According to Newmark (1995), terminology is the very central difficulty

in translating any kind of text Though accounting for only 5%-10% of the whole text‟s length, new terms always need to be mastered first if the translator wants to have a good translation For example: “The wholesale rate is increasing”, we do not know the meaning of “wholesale rate” as “tỷ giá bán buôn” so we can mistranslate or misunderstand this simple sentence into “tỷ giá tổng bán” Arnold (1994) stated that “when a word (or collection of words in several languages) designate a single concept in this way, it is called a term” and “examples of terms do not only include the names for materials objects, but for abstract things also” (p.101) Moreover, both simple words and multiword expressions can be terms For example, “balance”, “trade”, “senior debt”,

“hedge fund”, etc are all terms of international finance Meanwhile, Nguyen (1985) claimed that terminology is a special part of a language which includes words and fixed expression used as exact names for concepts and subjects in different specialized areas He gave illustrations such as “integral” in Math,

“surplus, and elasticity” in economics, “syllable”, “phoneme” in linguistics, etc Below are some examples in international finance, which may provide a clearer idea of terminology

Exchange rate Tỉ giá hối đoái

2.2.2 Basic features of terminology

Terms derive a number of features that other layers of vocabulary do not Stated by Nguyen (1985) and Do (1981), these features are accuracy, internationality and systematically

Accuracy is the most prominent feature of terminology A good term should be used to denote only one concept in a particular area (Nguyen, 2005, p.15) This helps avoid misunderstanding The accuracy of a term does not depend on the accuracy of the scientific concept denoted by it because of the development of human knowledge and social world The most important is that

a term used in a particular area, can direct the reader or hearer to that very thing

or phenomenon Additionally, because of accuracy, terms are typically free of connotative meaning and can avoid polysemy or homonymy

Below are also some characteristic of terms:

Internationality: Do (1981) stated that terms are international in both meaning and forms It is obvious that terms have internationality in meaning due to the fact knowledge is shared between peoples in the world and similarities among the forms of many terms in English and Vietnamese

Systematic: Objects and evens in reality do not exist in separation but in

a certain system with certain internal relations These relations determine their appearances, existence, and working mechanism, etc (Nguyen, 2005, p.17) A term‟s value is determined by its relations with other terms in the same system Being put separately, its technical meaning will no longer exist To make clear the position of a technical word in a whole system that word‟s from should be

able to differentiate it in terms of quality from the words of other series Its form should be able to distinguish that technical word in terms of relation from the others in the same series.1.2.3 Classifications of terms

According to Nguyen (2005), “Vietnamese terms can be divided into four main types, including simple terms, pure-compound terms, mixed-compound terms and acronyms” Each of these types, except acronyms, is able

to be further classified into sub-types basing on the original kind of language their components come from

Vietnamese terms are formed from three kinds of components: Pure –Vietnamese (V), Sino–Vietnamese (H), and Indo–European (A) words Stated

by Nguyen Van Tu (1968, p.21), Pure – Vietnamese words are the total number

of Vietnamese words that have existed for ages, for example: mua, bán, rủi ro, etc Whereas, Sino–Vietnamese words, as claimed also by Nguyen Van Tu are the Vietnamese words deriving from Vietnamese words of Chinese origin Examples can be taken such as “thị trường”, “tín dụng”, “kinh doanh”, etc This kind of word is rather prevalent in Vietnamese language due to the long history relation to Chinese Sino – Vietnamese words can help create formal style when in use Moreover, because of long period of integration, Sino-Vietnamese words are rather systematic This is why they account for a large percentage in Vietnamese terminology Lastly, Indo– European words are words borrowed from Indo–European languages There are some illustrations:

“séc” “bê tông” This type of words came into being since Vietnam‟s interaction with Western cultures, especially in late 18th century Most of them come from French Vietnamese words originating from Indo-European languages are normally not systematic due to the fact that they have just newly been created In addition, these words only belong to some limited areas, typically relating to science and technology A classification of Vietnamese terms basing on the original language of their components will make them easier to be analyzed and translated

Simple terms consist of one simple word, regardless of the SL text that words come from There are three sub-types in this kind of terms, including Pure-Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese and Indo-European terms

A Pure – Vietnamese term is formed by a simple pure Vietnamese word like “nguồn” (source), mua (buy) This type of term is easy to be understood However, some people believe that Pure – Vietnamese terminology fails to

systematically The fact is that this opinion is a bit arbitrary A Pure – Indo – European term is a term borrowed from other languages, mainly French, English, containing only one component

Pure-compound terms are the terms containing two components of the same original language There are three sub-types in this kind of terms, including V-V terms, H-H terms, and A-A terms V-V terms are combined from two Pure – Vietnamese component such as “trao đổi” (exchange), “mua bán” (trade), etc H-H term consist of two Sino – Vietnamese components, for example: “tiền tệ” (monetary), “tài khóa” (fiscal), etc because of their systematic, concise and formal characteristics, H-H terms are rather common in wide range of areas Finally, A-A terms is the combination of two Indo – European words

Mixed-compound terms are the combination of more than two different original languages The table below is drawn by Nguyen (2005, p.22) as examples for eight sub-types of mixed-compound terms:

A-V Portable camera Camera cầm tay

Acronym is a word formed from the initials or other parts of several words They help express typical concepts or objects in the specialized fields Acronym as proper name for institute can be transferred, but more often switched in each language For example, “Bộ Công Thương” as an acronym in Vietnamese is “Bộ CT” However, in English it should be translated into

“MOIT” (Ministry of Industry and Trade) Or UN (United Nations) should be rewritten in Vietnamese as LHQ (Liên Hợp Quốc) Changes here in form are advisable because they make the term easier to read and memorized Nevertheless, some international organizations‟ name as acronyms should not

be changed when used in other languages For instance, “ASEAN”,

“UNESCO”, “WTO”, etc Due to their internationalism, these names are understandable without any change in form For a technical writer, using acronyms considerately is advisable because of their simplicity and understandability

2.3 Overview of international finance terminology

2.3.1 Overview of international finance

According to Gandoflo (2002) and Pilbeam (2006), International finance is the branch of financial economics broadly concerned with money and macroeconomic interrelations between two or more countries International

finance examines the dynamics of the global financial system, international monetary systems, balance of payments, exchange rates, foreign direct investment and how these topics relate to international trade (Feenstra & Taylor, 2008)

2.3.2 Basic features of international finance terminology

As in other areas, international finance terms are formed from three kinds of components: Pure-Vietnamese (V), Sino-Vietnamese (H), and Indo-European (A)

As stated by Nguyen (1968, p.211), Pure-Vietnamese words are Vietnamese words that have existed for ages Many Pure-Vietnamese international finance terminology came into existence years ago, such as tỉ giá (rate), trao đổi (trade), etc

Sino-Vietnamese international finance terms, originating from Chinese, are popular due to their long time of existence and their prevalence in the language Examples are illustrated in the following table:

There are a lot of Vietnamese terms which also originate from Indo-European language However, this kinds of terms account for a small percentage in international finance

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOG Y

In this chapter, methodology of the study is to be clarified

3.1 Selection of subject

Materials are taken from three sources available in the reference, including the translated book “International Financial Management” by Jeff Madura (2007) and its translated version “Tài chính quốc tế”(2012) and the book “Finance and banking” by Nguyen Xuan Thom (1999) “Finance and banking” by Asscociate Professor Nguyen Xuan Thom is taught for students of Faculty of English Language Teacher Education and has been shown enormous influences through years Jeff Madura serves as the SunTrust Bank Professor of Finance at Florida Atlantic University The recipient of multiple awards for excellence in teaching and research, Dr Madura has written several successful finance texts His books are taught in many universities or are considered references for students “International Financial Management” is translated into Vietnamese by Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics and Law Therefore, the researcher decides to choose those reliable materials Then all the international finance terms will be collected for the study of the translation procedures of international finance from English to Vietnamese

3.2 Data collection method

At first, the researcher read the relevant materials to form a theoretical background for the study and applied all knowledge related to general translation and technical translation, general terminology and international finance terminology that the author has gained Then the author collected all the international finance terms in English and Vietnamese from the sources, calculated the prevalence of each translation procedure Therefore, the result of the study would have high reliability

3.3 Data collection procedures

The data collection procedure consists of two steps, including:

Step 1: Studying the books in both languages (English and Vietnamese)

to collect all international finance terminologies

Step 2: Arranging them in a table in the alphabet order as follows,

No English International

finance terms

Vietnamese equivalent Translation

procedure

3.4 Data analysis method

Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in data analysis

of this study Qualitative method was used to analyze the translation procedures which were found in the data Then, quantitative method was employed to find out the percentage of the most dominant types of translation procedure

3.5 Data analysis procedures

The data analysis procedure include two major steps as follows:

Step 1: Basing on the data collection procedure with international finance terms

of English and Vietnamese, qualitative approach will be applied to analyze data

Step 2: Then the researcher will calculate the prevalence of each translation procedure due to the collected statistics and find out the most dominant translation procedures for international finance terminology translation The formula for this statistic is as follows:

In which:

X = number of data in specified type of translation procedure

Y = total number of data

N = Percentage of each type of translation procedure found in the data

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, there are data analysis, findings and discussion of the stud y

4.1 Data analysis

Studies have shown that when translating terminologies in general,

international finance terms in particular, not all procedures of translation are

commonly applied Apparently from this investigation, with the scope of 322

international finance terms found, only six among seven procedures were found

applied in the translation, including borrowing, calque, literal translation,

transposition, modulation and equivalence Due to the limitation of the study,

only a number of terminologies are extracted and analyzed specifically in the

full text Other terminologies and the types of translation procedures applied

can be found in the Appendix at the end of this paper It is also noteworthy that

English definitions of some terminologies in the following analysis are taken

from Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary Therefore, the name of this

dictionary will not be repeated throughout the analysis

4.1.1 Borrowing

With the scope of 322 international finance terminologies, only four cases wer e

found in the international finance terminology translation, therefor e, borrowing

is the least procedures applied in the translation of international finance

terminology Only 4 cases were found, accounting for 1.2% The details of the

analysis can be seen in the table below

Table 1: Analysis of cases of borrowing procedure being applied

terminologies

Vietnamese equivalents

Analysis

to “ủy ban” in Vietnamese, however, the word Basel is not translated and

is borrowed

2 International

Fisher effect

Hiệu ứng Fisher quốc tế

translated into “hiệu ứng” and “quốc tế” However, the word “Fisher” is not translated and is borrowed

Vietnamese alphabet and J was

4.1.2 Calque

This procedure is favored in translating international finance terminologies

with 169 teminologies, accounting for 52.5% The table below shows the

analysis of the use of calque in translation of terminologies

Table 2: Analysis of cases of calque procedure being applied

terminologies

Vietnamese equivalents

Analysis

1 Documentary

credit

Vietnam Two components of the

according their definition in dictionary “Documentary” is an adjective and defined as “consisting

of documents”, which is translated into “chứng từ” and “credit” is translated into “tín dụng” The grammar structure form is remained

of another amount” is equivalent to

“tỷ giá” Meanwhile “cross” is literally translated into “chéo” So in

“cross exchange rate”, a V-H term applies calque procedure

system

Hệ thống dự trữ liên bang (Mỹ)

The original term is a concept from the U.S.A so this concept is imported into Vietnamese culture rather than

Moreover, the provided Vietnamese equivalent is exactly the literal translation of the original term with

“hệ thống”, “dự trữ”, and “liên bang”

“reserve” and “federal”

4 Balance of

payment

Cán cân thanh toán The phrase in SL was formed by

word-by-word of a word in TL language Balance is equivalent to

“cán cân” and “payment” is literally translated into “thanh toán” in Vietnamese “Balance of payment”

is a borrowed term in Vietnamese language and it has been translated from the English term “balance of payment” Therefore, calque is applied here as well

5 International

Monetary Fund

6 Purchasing Power

Parity (PPP)

Phương pháp ngang bằng sức mua

Parity is “the state of being equal” and its literal Vietnamese equivalent

“purchasing power” is equivalent to

“sức mua” and this word is also a borrowed concept

7 Conventional

pegged rate

Chế độ tỷ giá cố định thông thường

“Conventional” means “following what is traditional or the way something has been done for a long

time, normal and ordinary” and is

“Pegged” is “to fix or keep prices, wages, etc at a particular level” which is translated into “cố định”

As a result, borrowed concept “chế

độ tỷ giá cố định thông thường” is

“conventional pegged rate”

right

Quyền rút vốn đặc biệt

The target item is adopted from SL

by semantic translation of its part

“Special”, “drawing” and “right” shares similar meanings to “đặc biệt”, “rút vốn” and “quyền” in Vietnamese “Special drawing right”

is literally translated into “quyền rút vốn đặc biệt”, showing calque being applied

literally translated according their

definitions This terminology is not

of Vietnamese origin “Letter” and

“credit” respectively has equivalence

to “thư” and “tín dụng”

means “an instrument for weighing things” which is equivalent to “cán cân” Trade is also literally translated into “thương mại” “Trade balance”

is a universal term but just a loan word in Vietnamese language

The name of this custom is new in Vietnamese “Quy tắc thực hành thống nhất về tín dụng chứng từ” is the literal translation of “ Uniform

“documentary credit” respectively being equivalent to “thống nhất” “ quy tắc”, “thực hành” “tín dụng chứng từ”

4.1.3 Literal translation

There are altogether 41 cases of literal translation procedure detected being

applied, accounting for 12.7%

Table 3: Analysis of cases of literal translation procedure being applied