It is therefore important to evaluate the use of chemical pesticides in tea growing, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of bio- pesticides on tea plants,[r]
Trang 1ASSESSING CURRENT USING AND ENHANCING FARMER’S AWARENESS ABOUT BIO-PESTICIDE ON TEA IN HONG THAI 2 VILLAGE,
TAN CUONG COMMUNE, THAI NGUYEN CITY
International School - TNU
ABSTRACT
Tea is the main source of income for farmers in Tan Cuong commune, Thai Nguyen city Due to high market demand and tea prices, farmers use more pesticides to protect their tea from insect damages and to increase tea productivity To ensure tea production, farmers often use chemical pesticides over allowed dose However, the use of chemical pesticides leads to environmental and farmer’s health risks Recently, bio-pesticides have been extensively used throughout the world because some researches have shown that the use of bio-pesticides has positive environmental effects Bio-pesticide residues do not affect agricultural products, do not pollute the surrounding environment and affect human health This study aims to investigate the use situation of bio-pesticides in Hong Thai 2 village, Tan Cuong commune, Thai Nguyen city, Thai Nguyen province Sixty-two tea farmers were selected randomly in Hong Thai 2 village for interview the use of bio-pesticides
The results indicated that the proportion of farmers using bio-pesticides was 93.5% Among 4 farmers did not apply bio- pesticides, 2 farmers did not attend any training course and 2 other farmers just attended training course once a year
Accordingly, 74% of famers using bio-pesticide was male, the most popular age group of using bio-pesticides was from 30 to 50 years old, and 75.8% of household having 3 to 5 members used pesticide Besides, the income of household also has significant effect on the use of bio-pesticides
Based on this study, it can raise people’s awareness and responsibility of local administrator Therefore, suggest a better policy, strictly law also encouragement to farmer and local authority to have mechanisms in supporting farmers to use bio-pesticides on tea plants
Key words: tea cultivation, tea yield, pesticides, bio-pesticides, tea crops, tea plantation.
INTRODUCTION*
Using chemical pesticides can bring positive
and negative aspects to the environment and
the human health It is the main cause of
ecological imbalance and environmental
pollution, even affect human health too [1]
Due to these problems, many countries
around the world have applied bio- pesticides
to replace chemical pesticides
It was reported that pests destroyed up to 33%
of the world’s food crop during growth,
harvesting, and storages, and these loses were
much higher in developing nations However,
over using chemical pesticide has caused
many negative impacts for famers, one to five
million cases of pesticide and herbicides
poisoning each year lead to 20,000 deaths
* Email: hoangha@tnu.edu.vn
among agricultural workers, most of these poisonings occur in developing countries [6]
At that time, in Tan Cuong commune, there is implementing a project on planting clean tea under VietGAP model To produce clean tea under the VietGAP model, bio-pesticides are being used to replace chemical pesticides The difference between chemical pesticides and bio-pesticides is indicated by their effects
on pests and other natural enemies Chemical pesticides kill almost all insect species and beneficial organisms as natural enemies, while bio-pesticides only kill harmful pests and do not kill natural enemies In any case, chemical pesticides can harm or even kill beneficial ones
Bio-pesticides are biochemical pesticides that are naturally occurring substances that control pests by nontoxic mechanisms Bio-pesticides
Trang 2are living organisms (natural enemies) or their
products (phytochemicals, microbial
products) or byproducts (semiochemicals)
which can be used for the management of
pests that are injurious to plants
Bio-pesticides based on the causative
microorganism specificity for target pest to
provide ecological and environmentally
friendly solution for pest problems, therefore,
less threatening to the environment and
human health
The potential benefits to agriculture and
public health programs through the use of
bio-pesticides are considerable [3]
- Less damage to the environment
- Only affects a specific pest or in some cases
are few organisms with intent
- Usually effective although only spray a very
small amount and decay rapidly, leading to
the phenomenon of low-exposure and avoid
polluting
Plant protection chemicals (Herbicide) was
interested in biological research, put in use in
Vietnam since the early 80's decade of the last
century and has brought positive results for
farmers, reduce environmental pollution in
the past In particular, since 1990, the study
and application of biological pesticide has
been State and scientific agencies interested
in investing and have achieved initial results
The study and application of biological origin
pesticide in Vietnam also encountered many
difficulties Therefore, when constructing the
orientation for future development, it is
necessary to determine the long-term
roadmap, and consider the specific conditions
and the selection of feasible directions
Take advantage of the available source
material as the vegetable oil, essential oils
from plants to study the extraction, separation
or converted into active products in the room
except for the insect damage (in agriculture
and health) [2]
Tea is a perennial crop and grown as a monoculture on large contiguous areas [4] It
is therefore important to evaluate the use of chemical pesticides in tea growing, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of bio-pesticides on tea plants, which is reason why
we conducted a study “Assessing current using and enhancing farmer’s awareness about bio-pesticide on tea in Hong Thai 2 Village, Tan Cuong Commune, Thai Nguyen city” with the hope that we can
recommendations in encouraging farmers to use bio-pesticides
METHODOLOGY Collecting information in the offices of Tan Cuong commune regard to some relevant documents such as natural conditions of the locality and socio-economic in Hong Thai 2 village
Reading books, newspapers, internet, and scientific research
A questionnaire with 20 questions was conducted to interview tea farmers about their current bio-pesticide using situation, and reasons why they select bio-pesticide on farming
Conducting interviews:
Interviewees: households and individuals Scope of interviews: Farmer, who directly use pesticides; 62 respondents were selected from
62 households planting tea in Hong Thai 2 village by random method
Interview form: direct interview, questionnaire
Sampling
Non-probability convenience sampling technique was employed in this research because of limited resources and no sampling frame, this technique is considered to be easiest, cheapest and least time-consuming Subjects in this technique selected simply because it is convenient, easily accessible and readily available to collect data
Trang 3Method of data analysis
Using Microsoft Excel to records raw data,
analyze statistic and draw figures
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Demography is one of the factors affecting
tea production process as well as the use of
pesticides Demography has four main factors
as gender, age, number of family members
and income that influence the use of
bio-pesticides
The proportion of male farmers spraying
pesticide accounted for 74%, and 26% is
female farmers, which was explained as using
pesticide is a hard work, and it acquires men
who have better health condition to work and
spray pesticide This indicated that men were
the main laborers for hard work in tea
cultivation
The survey showed that among 5 group of
ages being surveyed, as under 30, 30 to 40, 41
to 50, 51 to 60, and over 60 years old, most of
farmers spraying pesticides are in middle-age
range, mainly ranges from 30 to 50 years old
It could mean that mostly middle-age people
cultivate tea Perhaps because they are in
working age and acquire good health to work
and spray pesticide
Number of family household was also a factor
affecting the use of bio-pesticides Most of
respondents for using pesticides were the
families of 3, 4, and 5 members with the rate
are 24.2%, 30.6% and 21%, respectively Just
24.2% of them were from families of less
than 3 and more than 5 members It could be
explained as the families with less than 3
members hadn’t enough man-power,
therefore, they decided to use chemical
pesticides instead of bio-pesticide so as to
reduce the time of praying Accordingly, the
different distribution of number of family
members affects the use of bio-pesticides
The household's monthly income has a
significant effect on the use of bio-pesticides
because the price of bio-pesticides is more
expensive than chemical pesticides
The most of tea farmers had medium and good income with 53.2% of households having monthly income of 10 - 20 million VND and 35.5% of them had monthly income from 20 to 30 million VND Compared to the average income of Vietnam is 50 million VND per person per year It can be seen that the income of tea farmers in Hong Thai 2 village is quite good This shows that safe tea production in Hong Thai 2 village has brought a better life with stable income for tea farmers
Tea cultivation in Hong Thai 2 Village – Tan Cuong Commune
Tan Cuong is a suburban commune in the south west of Thai Nguyen city, northern of Vietnam with total area is 14.83 km2 Tan Cuong commune has agricultural area of 650
ha, while tea farming land covers 450 ha which is equivalent to 69.2% of total agricultural land It has favorable natural conditions for tea cultivation which is famous for Tan Cuong tea brand to meet domestic demand and export
The commune has 16 villages, 1,398 households, with total population of 5,893 people [8]
Seasonal tea cultivation: The season of tea is
different from other crops Average time of a tea season is from 28 to 32 days However, depending on weather factors, in winter, a season of tea can last longer from 40 to 60 days Farmers harvest about 6 seasons every year
Yield and production: Hong Thai 2 village
consists 174 households and all of them are cultivating tea At present, there are more than 70 hectares of tea plantations, of which the average tea yield is 3.2 tons/ ha/year, the average production is 224 tons/year
According to Tan Cuong’s Committee (2017), area, yield and production of tea in Hong Thai
2 village compared with the whole Tan Cuong commune in 2016 were presented in table 1 below
Trang 4Table 1 Area, yield and production of tea in Hong Thai 2 village compared with the whole Tan Cuong
Commune in 2016
(Tan Cuong annual Report 2016)[5]
Table 2 Common bio-pesticides are being applied
applied
Percentages (%)
1 SOKUPI 0.5SL Matrine Scirtothrips dorsalis
Hood, Tetranychus sp, Empoasca flavescens F
2 APHOPHIS 5EC Matrine Scirtothrips dorsalis
Hood, Empoasca flavescens F.,
3 ELINCOL 12ME Abamectin +
Azadirachtin + Emamectin benzoate
Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Tetranychus sp, Empoasca flavescens F
Hood, Tetranychus sp, Empoasca flavescens F
According to the data, Hong Thai 2 is
cultivating 70 hectares tea of a total of 450
hectares in Tan Cuong commune, which
occupied 15% of the total area of tea
plantation in the commune However, it can
be seen that the yield of Hong Thai 2 village
is higher than the average yield of the whole
commune is 3.2 (tons/ha/year) compared to
3.0 (tons/ha/year)
Tea cultivation technique: Recently, Tan
Cuong as well as many other tea areas in Thai
Nguyen is now using the advanced technique
Farmers use bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides
to replace chemical fertilizers and chemical
pesticides Therefore, applying advanced
technique not only helped to increase tea
production but also increased quality of tea
Assessing current using of bio-pesticide on
tea in Hong Thai 2 Village
The first question to assess the current use of
bio-pesticides is proportion farmers who are
using bio-pesticides at local area
The majority numbers of tea farmers are
applying bio-pesticides to protect tea trees
from pests with 58 households now are using
bio- pesticides in tea cultivation occupied 93.5% of total interviewees Just 4 others households are still using chemical pesticides with minority proportion of 6.5% From the above data, it can be seen that bio-pesticides were widely used in Hong Thai 2 village
As a result of the survey, it can be seen that tea farmers in Hong Thai 2 village only focus
on the use of certain bio-pesticides as SOKUPI 0.5SL, APHOPHIS 5EC and ELINCOL 12ME Whereas SOKUPI 0.5SL was the most common used
One finding indicates that among 36 farmers who were using SOKUPI 0.5SL They said that SOKUPI 0.5SL bio-pesticide was so effective that it can be used only with less than the specified dose, but it still effectively eliminates pests
Good quality and reasonable price of SOKUPI 0.5SL were mentioned by many tea famers Meanwhile, some farmers said that ELINCOL 12ME was only effective when sprayed twice or more than twice each season This indicates that this ELINCOL 12ME was less effective when compared to SOKUPI 0.5SL and APHOPHIS 5EC
Trang 5Table 3 Frequency of bio-pesticides use by tea farmers in Hong Thai 2 village
Table 4 Assessing bio-pesticide use dosage of tea farmers
Data in Table 3 shows the frequency use of
bio-pesticide in Hong Thai 2 village It
indicates that tea farmers mostly sprayed 6
times and 7 times per year, which had
significant proportion of 43.1% and 20.7%
respectively While proportion of spraying 4
times, 5 times and 8 times occupied a
minority proportion of total farmers with
13.8%, 12.1% and 10.3% respectively
On the other hand, all 15 farmers who used
bio-pesticide less than 6 times per year said
that SOKUPI 0.5SL bio-pesticide was so
effective that it can be used only 4 times each
year, but it still effectively controls pests
It indicated that 31% of the total farmers were
using more than 6 times a year equivalent to
one third total farmers were using
bio-pesticides over allowed frequency Therefore,
it is necessary to recommend farmers to use
bio-pesticides with allowed frequency
As shown in Table 4, more than a half of tea
farmers use bio-pesticide properly is with
56.9% which indicates that the farmers are
careful in the use of bio-pesticide They
understand and follow the instruction
correctly On the other hand, a significant
proportion of tea farmers use bio-pesticide
with less than the specified dose
Among 18 farmers who applied less than the
standard, they are all using SOKUPI 0.5SL
They said that SOKUPI 0.5SL bio-pesticide is
so effective that it can be used only with less
than the specified dose, but it still effectively eliminates pests
Among the bio-pesticide user, there are just 7 farmers who applied more than the specified dose which occupied a minority proportion of total tea famers with 12.1% The question was given that why they used with over dose and what kind of pesticide did they use Some people said that they used ELINCOL 12ME because it is cheaper than other bio- pesticides
Reason for use of bio-pesticide
Most of the people are involved in training Only 9.7% of the total farmers did not attend However, among 92.3% of the total number
of participants, the percentage of famers attended just only once a year accounted for 48.4% The number of farmers who participated in the training twice and three times had lower proportion with 29% and 12.9% respectively
On the other hand, frequency of people's participation had not high as expected which may not have enough impact on people's perceptions of bio-pesticides
Farmer attended training course 2 times and 3 times are all using bio-pesticides compared to those who did not attend training and just attended once a year In particular, among 4 farmers did not apply bio-pesticides, 2 farmers did not attend any training course and
2 other farmers just attended training course
Trang 6once a year By comparison, it can be seen
that tea farmers were likely to apply
bio-pesticide on tea farming as the frequency they
attend training course repeatedly
Being absent at the training course is one of
the causes leading to the use of other
pesticides not bio-pesticides Another finding
indicated that attending only once a year is
not enough, because two farmers those
attended only once a year are still using other
pesticides without bio-pesticides
Farmers' awareness on the benefits of
bio-pesticides
When farmers were asked what was the main
benefit of using the bio-pesticides on tea
plants? 41.1% of the tea farmers said that
bio-pesticides are safer than chemical bio-pesticides
While 29.3% of total farmer said that the
value of tea products is higher when using
bio-pesticides to produce clean tea products
Only 6.9% of interviewees agreed that the
main benefit of pesticides is the cheaper cost
And 17.2% said that short isolation time is the
main benefit of bio-pesticides
Many farmers said that safety is the most
important factor that they care about
pesticides This indicated that farmers are
very concerned about their health and the
safety of the tea product
RECOMMENDATION
The number of tea farmer utilizing
bio-pesticide indicates that the most of people
have understood and widely applied
bio-pesticides on tea cultivation Only 6.5% of
people are still using chemical pesticides
Most of the people participated in training
how to apply bio-pesticide in farming
However, among the 92.3% of the total
number of participants, the percentage of
famers attended just only once a year
accounted for 48.4%
One of the reasons that tea farmers choose bio-pesticides is its advantages compared with chemical pesticides They found that bio-pesticides is safer, and bring them more economic benefit than chemical pesticides Among the types of used pesticides, SOKUPI 0.5SL is the most widely used by tea farmers
in Hong Thai 2 village with 36 interviewees answer that they are applying SOKUPI 0.5SL occupied 62.1% total tea farmers
As the result, farmers should actively participate in trainings at least twice each year
to improve tea productivity, tea product quality and effectively use pesticide Government should organize more training course and add more information about bio- pesticides into training courses Pesticide sellers in Hong Thai 2 also should participate
in trainings regularly to help tea farmers use bio-pesticides correctly and efficiently
REFERENCES
1 Al Zadjali S., Morse S., Chenoweth J., & Deadman M (2014), “Factors determining pesticide use practices by farmers in the Sultanate
of Oman”, Science of the Total Environment,
476-477, pp 505-512
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.040
2 Dao Van Hoang (2011), “The science and Technology-Industry, Medicine and biological origin: Herbicide applications of green chemistry
for sustainable agriculture”, Journal of the chemical industry, 9/2011, pp 5-16
3 Gupta S., Dikshit A K (2010),
“Biopesticides: An eco-friendly approach for pest
control”, Journal of Biopesticides, 3(1 Special
Issue), pp 186 – 188
4 Mamun M S A and Ahmed M (2011),
“Prospect of indigenous plant extracts in tea pest management”, International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation & Technology,
vol.1, No 1-2, pp 16-23
5.Thai Nguyen Province, (2016), Office annual report of Tan Cuong people committee Commune
6 World Health Organization (WHO) (1990),
Public health impacts of pesticides used in agriculture.
Trang 7TÓM TẮT
ĐÁNH GIÁ HIỆN TRẠNG VÀ NÂNG CAO Ý THỨC CỦA NGƯỜI DÂN VỀ
VIỆC SỬ DỤNG THUỐC TRỪ SÂU SINH HỌC TRONG TRỒNG CHÈ TẠI
XÓM HỒNG THÁI 2, XÃ TÂN CƯƠNG, THÀNH PHỐ THÁI NGUYÊN
Khoa Quốc tế - ĐH Thái Nguyên
Trong nhiều năm qua, sản xuất chè đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc tăng thu nhập của người dân tại vùng chè Tân Cương, Thái Nguyên Người trồng chè nhằm tăng sản lượng chè, diệt trừ các loài sâu, bệnh phá hoại mùa màng, nên đang ngày càng sử sụng lượng lớn các loại thuốc bảo vệ thực vật hóa học độc hại bởi nhu cầu thị trường lớn, cùng với việc giá chè thành phẩm ngày càng cao Tuy nhiên, chính những loại thuốc bảo vệ thực vật hóa học này lại gây nên những ảnh hưởng rất xấu đến môi trường thiên nhiên, và cả sức khỏe con người Bởi vậy, thuốc bảo vệ thực vật sinh học đã được nghiên cứu sản xuất và đưa vào sử dụng rộng rãi trên khắp thế giới, nhằm bảo vệ mùa màng mà không gây ảnh hưởng đến môi trường và sức khỏe con người Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá hiện trạng sử dụng thuốc bảo vệ thực vật sinh học tại xóm Hồng Thái 2, xã Tân cương, Thành phố Thái nguyên
Bằng phương pháp phỏng vấn trực tiếp 62 hộ trồng chè trên địa bàn, kết quả chỉ ra cho thấy có 4 yếu tố ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến hiện trạng sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu sinh học trên địa bàn, đó là giới tính, độ tuổi, số thành viên trong gia đình và bình quân thu nhập Kết quả cho thấy có tới 93,5% số hộ dân sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu sinh học, số còn lại do không tham gia tập huấn sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu sinh học, hoặc tham gia rất ít, chỉ một lần trong năm, bởi vậy nên họ chưa có ý thức về các ưu thế mà loại thuốc bảo vệ thực phẩm này mang đến cho mùa màng, cũng như cho môi trường tự nhiên
Theo đó, 74% số nông dân sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu là nam giới, và độ tuổi phổ biến của các nông dân sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu là từ 30 tuổi đến 50 tuổi Bên cạnh đó, hộ gia đình có từ 3 đến 5 thành viên chiếm tới 75,8% trên tổng số hộ sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu sinh học Thu nhập bình quân của các hộ dân hàng tháng cũng góp phần ảnh hưởng tới hiện trạng sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu sinh học trên địa bàn
Key words: sản xuất chè, sản lượng chè, thuốc trừ sâu, thuốc trừ sâu sinh học, cây chè
Ngày nhận bài: 27/8/2018; Ngày phản biện: 10/9/2018; Ngày duyệt đăng: 12/10/2018
* Email: hoangha@tnu.edu.vn