Viae quan trpng d nhutig gid phat im diu tien la chiing ta pbai cd gang phi v5 dupe thdi quen phat im tieng me de ciia sinh vien, ching ban sinh vian Trung Qud'c se ddng nhit phu am /d[r]
Trang 1MOT SO VAN OE LI§N QUAN DEN VI§C DAY P H A T AM,
TLf VLfNG VA N G Q P H A P T I E N G V I ^ T
Nguyen Thiin Nam
Trudng Dai hgc Khoa hoc Xd hoi vd Nhdn vdn
Trong bai via't nay chung tdi mudn cung c i p cho cac ban giao vian mdi vao ngbl mdt so kinh ngbiam, thu thuit co ban cua viae day tieng Viet cho ngudi nude ngoai ban quan tdi ba ndi dung: phat am, tir vung, ngu phap Chiing tdi se khdng trao d6i vl If thuylt day tilng ma trao ddi true liep vao nhung vin dl cu thl thudng gap
1 DAY PHAT AM
Yau c^u:
- Giao vicn cin nim dupe nhung khd khan ciia sinh yian vl phat am
- Cin CO nhung ki nang chi^a phat am don gian, co ban dl giup sinh vian tien bo
- Cin bilu ring, phat am diing thanh dieu tiffng Viet la rit quan Upng
Day phat im la day cho sinh vian bit chudc each phat am ngdn ngu dich cua giao vian, cua bang dia, cua ngudi ban ngC Cich bilu c6 phin truyin thong nay, den nay vin dung
Tieng Viet la mot thur tieng cd thanh dieu Ha thd'ng 6 thanh diau cung vdi he thdng 11 nguyen am va 20 am dau la nhung khd khan chu yeu ddi vdi ngudi nude ngoai bit dau hoc tieng Viat, dac biat rit phuc tap ddi vdi nhung sinh vien cd ban ngu it nguyen am hoac c6 nhieu am khong tuong duong Vi du, tieng Nbat chi cd 5 nguyan am
va 14 am dau, khi ngudi Nbat bpc tieng Viet, bo se pbai hpc dl tao ra mdt sd lupng im mdi gdn bing so am trong tieng me de cua hp Chinh dieu nay da tao nan nhung "sdc" ngdn ngu Uong giai doan diu
Trang 2Tuy^i^n, khdng cdn each nao khac la chung ta pbai day phat
am ngay tir gid hpc diu tien Neu cd ai do bd qua phin phat am ma day ngay vao phin luyan ndi thi trir mdt vai trudng hop dac biet, chic chan hiu hit se thit bai, sinh vian se phat im khdng chuin, va se anb hudng din chit lupng giao tiep do nhilu nguyen nhin nhimg nguyen nhan rit co ban la thanh dieu trong tieng Viet cd gia tri khu biet nghla
Nhilu ngudi nude ngoai hpc tieng Viet d phd, hpc truyin khiu,
bo qua phin phat im co ban thudng khdng thl phat im dung dupe va 16i thanh dieu trd thanh mot cd tat rat khd khic phuc Khi hp vao Khoa tilng Viat hpc vdi mong mudn chOa Idi phat am thi nhilu trudng hpp
da qua mudn, cac giao vien diu khdng thl khic phuc dupe
Viae quan trpng d nhutig gid phat im diu tien la chiing ta pbai cd gang phi v5 dupe thdi quen phat im tieng me de ciia sinh vien, ching ban sinh vian Trung Qud'c se ddng nhit phu am /d/ thanh A/, /b/ thanh
/pA sinh vian Nbat dl nbim /f/ thanh /h/, /o/ thanh 161,.,, sinh vian
Campuchia dl phit im mdt sd vin thanh nhung td hpp im mdi khdng
CO trong tieng Viat nhimg cd trong tilng Kho me: ao, iu, hoac viec phan biet /t/ va /tb/ vdi rit nhilu sinh vien cac nude
VI thanh dieu, chiing ta nen liy thanh ngang (thanh khdng dau lam chuin, vf du: ddi vdi cac im sau: "ma, ma, ma, ma, ma, ma", khi ngudi hpc bi "trupt thanh dieu", ngay lap tiic, chiing ta giiip hp trd vl vdi cao dp ciia thanh ngang, tiic thanh xuit phat ciia he thd'ng thanh diau tieng Viat
Viec tao ra mot in tupng vl cao dp ciia cac thanh trong tieng Viat Uong nhung gid hpc diu tian rit quan trpng Neu chiing ta de dang bd qua Idi cao dp, sinh vien se dl bi thanh tat, vl sau rat khd chiJa Trong khi dd, ddi vdi nguyen im, phu im, chiing ta lai can rat nhilu thdi gian mdi cd thl giiip sinh vian phat am chuin dupe
Cin luyen tip md rpng din: tijr tir timg am mot roi nhung ciu ngin 2 chff, 3 chO, 4 chii'
(Tdn rit nhilu dilu de ndi vl viec day phit im, nhung cd mdt dilu quan Upng nhit khi day phat im la chiing ta phai luu y tdi ba dac trung cua ngO im la (1) Vi trf ciia ludi, (2) Dp md ciia mieng, (3) Hinh ding ddi mdi Vf du, dl phin biet /an/ va /ang/, chic chin chiing ta se
289
Trang 3da giup sinh vian bon khi cho hp bilt vi tri ciia diu ludi khi kit thiic
am tilt Chiing ta cin lim y sinh vian chii y tdi Idiiu hinh ciia giao vian trong nhung gid phat im diu tian Thuc ra, neu diing phuong phap, chi cin khoang 5-10 gid dl day phin phat im co sd (tiiy vao sd lupng sinh vian) Sau khi phin phat im nay ket thiic, ngudi bpc cd thl dpc dung
CO ban cic thanh dieu Di nhian, viec luyan tip ngQ im pbai la mdt qui trinb lian tuc cho da'n khi thanh thao Di day phit im td't, giao vian
cin pbai cd du'c kian nbin, biet kilm che Trong nhOng gid day phiit
am diu tian, cd thl cho sinh vian hpc mdt vai ciu chao hoi, cam on
xin Idi, sd dim don gian d diu vi cudi gid dl thay dSi khdng khf vi
tao cam giac tien bd vl giao tiep
2 DAY Tir VUNG
Yau ciu:
- Giio vian cin biet dupe tim quan Upng ciia y nghia nhQng tir mdi, each diing cOa tir trong ngu canh
- Giao vian cin bilt dupe cac thii phap giang tiir
- Giao vian cin ning tin suit su dung nhOng don vi tir vung mdi hpc Nhung each giang tir thdng thudng:
- Dich tir sang ban ngir ciia sinh vian rdi luyen tip
- Yau ciu sinh vian chuin bi tim bilu tir tnrdc d nha bang tir diln hoac bang tir cho sin •
- Sir dung Uanh anh, hinh ve vdi nhimg bian vat cu thl
- Dpc tir mdi roi viet timg tir lan bang
- Cho vf du vl each sir dung tir trong cau
- Dat cau hoi cd sijr dung tir mdi
Thuc ra cd bai each thdng dung nhit: (1) dich rdi luyan tip, (2) giang tir trong ngir canh, sir dung nhutig tir da biet dl giai tbfeb nhOng tir mdi, cho vf du rdi sinh vian tu doan nghla, luyan tap
Ddi vdi nhimg tir, khai niem khi trim tupng, khd giang bang tieng Viet hoac bing cac each giai thich khac thi tdt nhit la diing giai phiip dich lir vung Tuy nhian, djch tir vung khdng pbai la giai phap du
Trang 4va an toJta vi thdng thudng khdng cd su tuong dng mdt vl nghia tir
vung giffa bai iM tiling Vi viy, tiir pbai dupe xuit hien trong ngu canh
vi timg budc, nghla ngiJ dung cua tir cin dupe chii y dl giang cho sinh vita
Vf du, tir '"mat chuf trong ti&g Viat la mdt i\x dl din d^n Idi vi
no khdng thl tuong duong 100% vdi "a little'' trong tieng Anh hay
"c/w//o" trong tilfng Nbat
3.DAYNG0PHAP
Ngfi phip la mdt khai niam trung tim ciia giao hpc phap day tilng Trong bai vil^t tai hdi thao nam ngoai, chiing tdi da ndi den nhflng thang trim vl vi trf ciia ngfi phap trong tien trinb day tieng Hian nay, mpi chuyan dudng nhu da tam nga ngu: Ngu phap chiem mdt vi Uf quan trpng trong dudng hudng giang day giao tia'p Giao vian cin giang day cho sinh vian nbihig ndi dung ngi? phap ngudi hpc cin nIm dupe dl boin thanh nbOng nhiem vu giao tia'p Dilu nay, di nhian,
vl CO ban la nhiam vu ciia ngudi soan tai liau giang day
3.L Day mot ciu true ngOr phap mdi
Cin bilu dupe ciu triic dupe ciu tao nhu the' nao? Bilu thi y nghla gi? Dupe dung nhu tha' nao? VI mat ngdn ngO hpc, day la ba ylu td cu hpc, nghia hpc, dung hpc
Cd thl diing cilr chi, hinh ve dl giai thich y nghia ciia ciu tnic, vf
du ciu tnic so sinh tfnh tiir Cd thl diing ngiJ canh Tuy nhien, each dl
lam nhit va vin hiau qua nhit la dich nhimg ciu tnic dd sang ban ngvt
Ciia sinh vian rdi luyan tip Tuy nhien, chiing ta pbai chii y mot dieu,
dd chi la cich diing ddi vdi nhutig ciu true don gian co ban Cdn nhutig ciu tnic pbiJc tap bon va nhit la nhutig ciu tnic bilu thi y nghla
nhan manh thi pbai sis dung thii phap ddi lip so sinh, dong nghia cii
phap, tuy ciu Uiic, vf du ciu tnic khing dinh "tiJ dl hoi + cung", "tir dihoi + cha"
Tuy nhian, dii giang theo each nao thi cac vf du dua ra vin rit quan Upng Vi viy, khi ta via't mdt ciu Uiic, hoac md hinh ciu tnic lan
291
Trang 5bang thi cin cho ft nhit ba vf du Cin chu y da'n tinh thuc tl" ciia nhfldg
vf du nay Thuc ra, trong cac muc ngir phap cua sach giao khoa da co sin vf du, nhung nhGng vf du niy nhilu khi khdng phii hpp vdi tinh hudng thuc te cua Idp hpc va ciia sinh vian, vi vay, khi via't vf du lan bang dl minh hpa cho ciu tnic mdi, chiing ta cin diu tu suy nghi cho
vf du Nhutig VI du hpp If, ngin gpn, hay, se giup sinh vian bilu nhanh nhit Neu cin giai tbfeb ki, d trinb dp co sd, chiing ta cd thl diing ban ngir cua sinh vian, trong dilu kien cd thl, vi ngdn ngi? dung dl giai thfch ciu tnic thudng phijrc tap bon ban thin ciu tnic dd Tuy nhian chi
cd thl coi day nhu su lua ebon cudi ciing vi du sao cung vin pbai tilt chi viae nay
3.2 Mot sd thu phip giai thfch ciu true ngiir phip
3.2.1 Dich cau true
Day la thu phap thdng thudng, dl ap dung nhit Hi gap ciu Uuc ngQ phap mdi thi ta dich ciu tnic dd sang tieng Anh hoic ngdn ngi? thu nhit cua sinh vian rdi cho bp luyan tap Tuy nhian, nlu giao vian khdng biat ngdn ngu thii nhit cua sinh vian hoac ca giao vian vi sinh vian khdng thl giao tilp bing mdt ngdn ngir khac thi khdng thl diing thu phap nay Hon nua, neu chi dich don thuin thi cung khdng du, vi
du khi cin thiet pbai phan biet giCra "neu, hi, gii nhu, udc gi, phai chi, .thi/la " Vi vay ta cin sir dung ca bai thu phap tiep theo
3.2.2 Thu phdp **d6ng nghia cu phdp"
Ddng nghla cii phap tiic la nhutig ciu tnic khac nhau nhung c6 thl bilu thi nghia tuong duong hoac gin nghla
Vf du, khi day ciu tnic "tir dl hdi + cung", ta cd thl sir dung ciu Uiic "tit ca deu " hoac khi day ciu "Can ban la hdm qua trdi mua thanh ra tdi khdng den dupe", ta cd thl ndi la cau nay gidng cau "Vi hdm qua trdi mua nen tdi khdng den dupe" Budc tilp theo cua phip ddng nghia cu phap nay la phan biet nbihig ylu td khac nhau va each diing cua bai cau tnic ddng nghia dd Vf du khi diing "can ban la thanh ra " thi cau dd mang tfnh ngdn ngu' ndi, khdng mang nghi thiic
xa giao, va nghe "cd ve gidi" bon
Trang 63J.3' Thi phdp ddi lap - so sdnh
Tilng Viat la mdt ngdn ngiJ thian vl ngiJ phap ngiJ nghla, tiic la lupng ngO* nghia nim trong cac thanh td ngir phap rit nhilu Vf du, be thing tilu tir diit ciu ciia ti^ng Viat khi phong phii, cd mdt sd thii tilng khac (tilng Kho me, tieng Thai, ti^ng Lao, tieng Nbat) cCing vay Tby nhian ta khdng thl ddi dich 100% lupng nghia cua nhtbig tilu tir niy gifi'a bai thii tia'ng Tir "nhe" trong tia'ng Viat va tir "ne" trong tieng Nhat, tfif "na" trong tia'ng Kho me cd liic tuong duong nhung cd liic khdng tuong duong Vi viy ta phai diing thii phap ddi lap, so sinh de lam nli rd nghia cua timg hien tupng ngff phap
Vf du: "nhe" trong "Tdi di nbe" va "Em ngu ngon nbe" la khac nhau Hoac trong cau "Trudc day, tdi Ididng thiy thfch an bing dua nhung gid lai thiy thfch an bing dua", neu ngudi hpc hdi "lai" la gi, thi ta dung thii phap ddi lip dl giai thfch se hieu qua bon
Tran day la mdt sd vin dl nit ra tir thuc tiln giang day tieng Viet nhilu nim qua, chic se bd fch cho cac ddng nghiap tre trong giang day tilng Viat hian nay
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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Cambridge University Press in association with The British Cbuncil
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Kramsch (Eds.), Foreign language research in crosscullural perspective (pp 39-52), Amsterdam: John Benjamins
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Oxford University Press
10 Tii'ng Viet vd Viet Nam hgc, NXB DHQG Ha Ndi, 2006