Nhu vay, neu d Khdng Tu, vi'n dd dua tien ngudi da khuat cdng la mdt trong nhdng each the hien dao hieu v i di lidn vcii do, Khdng Tu cdng nhic nhd dua ma la su bat thudng, cho ndn [r]
Trang 1TRIET HOC, SO 7 (218), T H A N G 7 - 2009
MOT SO NOI IDUMG CO BAN (CUA FMAM IHRlD "'IHIIIEU"
IHRONG NIHIO G ] L 4 0 SO IKY
TRAN TH! LAN HUONGH TRIEU QUANG MINH(**)
Bai viel trinh bay boh ndi dung ca bin cua pham tru hieu trong Nho giao sa ky Thu nhat, vi
n udi dudng, kinh trpng cha me, Khdng Tu va cac hpc trd cua dng diu cho rdng, trong su bao hieu cua ngudi eon ddi vdi cha mc, nudi dudng phil di lien vdi kinh trpng Thu hai, giu gin than the minh de nudi chi hudng cua dng cha cung la su bao hieu cac bac sinh thanh Thd ba, lam eon thi phai vang ldi cha me, nhung khi cha me sai lim thi eon ciing phai biet ean ngan Thd tu, hieu klidng chi the hien d Idng kinh yeu khi cha me cdn sdng, ma cdn the hien a Idng lice thuong va viec hanh li khdng cau thi, khdng thii qua cua ngudi con khi cha me qua ddi
ghdng tbuiing, Nho giao t u Khdng Tu
den Manh Tu, Tuan Tu dugc gpi la
Nho Tien Tan, Nho giao nguyen
thuy hay Nho giao sa ky, dd phan biet vcii
cic biet phai cua Nho giao vd sau, nhu
Han Nho, Tdng Nho, Minh Nho Nho
giao sa ky ban nhieu vd hieu dd v i cdng
tdn nhidu cdng phu de giing giai, dinh rd
ndi dung ciia hidu, nhung khdng dua ra
mpt dinh nghia chung Tuy theo tdng
trudng hcpp cu thd m i ndi dung cua hieu
dugc giang giai khac nhau Song, tuu
trung lai, hicu trong quan niem cua Nho
giao so ky cd nhdng ncii dung ca ban sau:
1 Nudi dudng, kinh irgng cha me
Thdi Tay Chu, hidu chu ydu dugc
ddng nhu mcpt pham tru cua tdn giao de
chi viec thuc hien nhdng nguyen t i c thd
cung td tien v i duy tri dugc ndi gidng ndi
ddi tdng dudng De'n thdi Khdng Tii, y
nghia tdn giio cua hieu dugc dem g i n lien
vdi y nghia luan ly, dao due gia tdc Cdng
tu day trd di, cac quan he, pham tru dao
due (trong dd cd quan be cha me - con cii,
pham tru hieu) thudng bi chinh tri h o i
Cac nha cim quydn thudng khdn kheo
chuyen hieu thanh t r u n g de bien trung,
hieu t h i n h cdng cu phuc vu cho nen thd'ng
tri ciia minh Nhin chung, trong xa hdi
phong kien luc bay gid, hieu dao, vcii ndi
h i m rdng hem ban chat cua chinh nd, dugc
coi l i ca sd tinh t h i n cua xa hdi, duy tri su
dn dinh cua che dp gia tdc
Den thdi Xuan thu - Chien qud'c, che dci tdng phap Tay Chu tan ra khien cho vi tri va quyen luc cua dai tdng bi giam di, vi tri ddc l i p cua tieu gia dinh dugc xic lip, phu quydn trong tieu gia dinh dugc de cao Ben canh dd, y thuc xa hdi cdng da phin nao duge ly tinh hoa, con ngudi khdng cdn
q u i le thudc, sg hai cac ydu td sieu nhien, quy than mipt each mu q u i n g Chiu i n h hucmg cua dieu kien xa hcii dd, tuy Khdng Tii khdng bac bd, phu dinh boat ddng td td tdng theo nghia hieu dao l i truy hieu, song dng coi dao hieu trudc bet l i luan ly gia dinh v i viec phung dudng cha me la ti't yeu theo dung chuan muc l u i n ly dao due Khdng Tii v i cic hpc trd cua dng ddu
k h i n g dinh r i n g , trach nhiem cua ngudi
l i m con l i phai phung dudng cha me, nhung nudi ma khdng kinh thi khdng phai
l i b i o hieu Cho nen, trong thicn Vi chinh, khi Tu Du hdi ve dao bleu, Khdng
Tu ndi: "Ngay nay, t h a y ai cd the nudi (*) Thac si, Trudng Dai hpc 1VI6 - Dia chat (**) Thac si, Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh khu vuc I
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Trang 2MOT S O NOI D U N G CO BAN C U A P H A M TRU "HIEU'
dudng dugc cha me, thi ngucri ta gpi la cd
hieu Nhung den n h u gidng chd ngua thi
ngucri ta cdng nudi dugc vay Cho nen neu
khdng cd Idng hieu kinh cha me trong khi
nudi dudng, thi nudi cha me v i nudi chd
ngua cd gi khac nhau?"(l) Nghia la, ddi
vcri cha me, ngudi cd cdng sinh thanh
ducing due minh, ngudi con phai cd trach
nhiem nudi dudng cha me khi cha me gia
yeu Nhung, viec thuc hien t r i c h nhiem
ay phai gin lidn vcii mdt tam y kinh trpng
Do cung la diem khac biet gida each dd'i
xu cua con ngudi vdi con ngucii va con
ngucii vcii con vat Cach so sanh cd p h i n
thing t h i n nay cua Khdng Tii khdng he
lam giim y nghia cua viec nudi dudng,
kinh trpng cha me, ma cdn l i m cho viec
thuc hanh dao hieu theo dung nghia cua
no trd nen rat thuc Su thd'ng nhat gida
hanh dpng va tu duy khien cho viec lam
iron dao hicu khdng don thuan la hoan
thanh trach nhiem, ma hon the, dd la mdt
viec xua't phat tu tinh cim yeu thuong,
tran trpng cua ngucri con ddi vcii cha me
Viec Khdng Tu g i n lien net hieu vol net
de (kinh trpng) cho thay dng rat de cao cai
gdc de lam ngudi T i t nhien, theo tu tucing
ciia Khdng Tu, kinh khdng chi la kinh
trpng cha mc, ma cdn l i kinh nhudng bac
huynh trudng, tuc ngucri Icin tudi hon
minh Song, chi rieng t u tucing g i n kdt
viec nudi dudng vcii viec kinh trpng cha
me cua Khdng Tu cdng da du de khien cho
nhiing ngucri lam con p h i i suy ngim lai su
ddi xii cua minh ddi vdi cha me
Khdng nhdng the, trong quan niem
cua Khdng Tu, mdi ngudi con deu phai
thay dugc ring, vice nudi dudng, kinh
trpng cha me hoin t o i n khdng phii va
khong the la mdt hanh dpng nha't thdi, bd
ngoai, ma dd la viec t u giac thuc hien trong
mpt qui trinh lau dai Ve diem nay, khi Tu
Ha hdi vd dao hieu, Khdng Tu ndi: "Dieu
khd nhat la con cai ddi vcii cha me cd gid dugc ve hoa vui mai mai hay khdng Chu cdn nhu cd viec gi can lam, con cai lam thay cho cha me, cd gi ngon thi mdi cha me
an, day chic gi da la cd hidu?"(2) Nhu vay,
cd the thay, vcii xua't phat dicm mang yeu
td duy vat nhung khdng he sieu hinh, cue doan, Khdng Tu yeu ciu ngucii lam con vd'n phii cd tam hidu de thuc h i n h dao hieu nhu mpt le tat nhien trong sudt cudc ddi Dang tide la, cac the he n h i Nho ve sau it chd y den yeu ciu nay, ma thudng nang vd thuc hanh le nghi ddi vdi cha me theo nhung quy t i c , chuan muc da cd
Manh Tii da nha't quan va tidp tuc
p h i t trien ham y trdn cua Khdng Tu trong luan thuyet cua minh vcri viec dng dua ra nam dieu coi la b i t bleu, do la: "Tay chan ching chiu cu dipng ma lam bat cd viec gi
de cham sdc nudi dudng cha me khi gia yeu, dd la dieu b i t hieu thu nha't Ham mo
cd bac rucpu che ma quen mat vice cham sdc nudi dudng cha mp khi gia ydu, do la dieu bat hieu thu hai Chay theo cua cii, chi biet Io cho vg con m i quen mat viec cham sdc nudi dudng cha mp, dd la dieu
b i t hidu thu ba Thich dan hat, ham sic dep m i lam nhdng viec de cha me hi nhuc nha, dd la didu bat hieu thd tu Thich danh nhau va tranh dau bao tpn ma khidn cha me bi tdn that nguy hai, dd la didu bat hieu thu nam"(3) Theo dd, vice khdng nudi dudng, cham sdc cha mc dugc Manh
Tu chi ra trudc bet va coi la dieu b i t hieu
sd mdt Ben canh dd, mac dd khdng true tiep k h i n g dinh vd "kinh" cua vin dd, nhung trong sach Manh Tu, chuong 9,
Van chuong chuong cu thugng, Manh Tu
cdng k h i n g dinh: "Cai chd chi cua ngudi
(1) Trdn Trpng Sam, Kieu Bach Vu Thuan ibien
dich) Td thu Nxb Quiin dpi nhan dan, Ha Npi,
2003, tr 127,
(2) Sdd., tr,127-128,
(3) Sdd., tr,689
67
Trang 3TRAN THJ LAN HUONG - TRIEU QUANG MINH
con khdng gi Idn b i n g l i m cho cha me
dugc tdn trgng, khdng gi Idn bang dem c i
thien ha ra m i phung dudng cha me"(4)
Ve sau, T u i n Tu cdng thang t h i n nhi'n
manh: "cim thu cd cha con m i khdng cd
tinh phu tu, cd gidng due gidng cai m i
khdng cd nghia Ida ddi Cho nen dao lim
nguiii la p h i i biet bien blet"(5)
Nhu vay, cd the thay, c i Khdng Tu,
Manh Tu v i Tuan Tu ddu n h i n manh de'n
"tinh nhan" de phan biet ranh gidl, d i n g
cap, cdng nhu su g i n lidn gida hai yeu td:
con va ngucii Neu viec bao hieu cha me chi
dung d nudi dudng veil tdn chi cd't cho an
no, an ngon, thi mcii chi la cham tcri ducing
bien cua nghia vu, chd chua den dugc vdi
b i n chat ngudi dich thuc Tuy nhien, de cd
thd phung dudng v i kinh trpng cha me thi
theo Khdng Tii, khi "cha me gia cdn sdng"
ngudi con "khdng dugc di chcri xa", "neu cd
di thi phii ndi rd noi n i o cu the"(6) Tuy
yeu cau nay khdng dugc dat thanh mpt npi
dung rieng biet, nhung lai cd tinh chi't chi
phdi manh me ddi vdi hanh ddng cua cac
n h i Nho Vd co ban, Nho giao sa ky yeu
ciu phan lam con di phai bao, ve p h i i vao
trinh de cha me dugc biet va cdng la de
van hdi cha me xem ngucii cd dieu gi can
dan hay khdng Quan diem nay cd y nghia
giao due sau sic, nhung vd sau, cac n h i
Nho lai thucing hieu la khi cha me cdn
sd'ng, phan lam con gid chd hieu khdng
dugc di xa Chinh vi vay, nd lai trd thanh
mdt trong nhdng nguyen nhan kim ham
su phat trien cua con ngucii, ddi khi lai la
cai cd de ngudi ta lan t r i n h t r i c h nhiem
ddi vdi cdng ddng, xa hcpi
2 Giu gin than the minh dc ndi chi
hudng cua dng cha
Gid gin than the minh de ndi chi
hudng cua dng cha cdng la the hien su
ham on ddi vdi cac bac sinh t h i n h Ndi
dung n i y xua't p h i t t u su sung kinh ddi
vcii cii due sinh sdi, tiep ndi v i coi trpng cai gd'c cua ngucii Trung Hoa Theo dd, sinh menh cua ngudi con l i do cha me trao cho Ngucil con cd t r i c h nhiem quy trpng b i n than minh va tiep ndi q u i trinh sinh t h i n h ma dng cha da tao dung dugc
Theo Hieu kinh, t d hinh hai de'n tdc,
da cua ngucii con deu l i cua me cha cho va
do vay, ngudi con phai cd t r i c h nhiem giu gin t h i n the minh Sau nay, khi phat trien quan diem dd cua Khdng Tii, Manh Tu,
trong chuong Ly lau chuong cd thugng,
cho r i n g : "Trong cic viec cin phung su thi vice n i o l i quan trgng nhi't? Viec phung
su cha me l i quan trpng nhat Trong nhdng viec phai giu gin thi viec n i o la quan trpng nhi't? Viec gid gin than the cua minh l i quan trpng nhi't Ke c h i n g biet gid gin, lai cdn huy hoai than the minh cho ddn mang benh vucing tat, the m i lai cd the phung su cha me chi hidu, dieu n i y ta chua tung dugc nghe ndi bao gld"(7) Rd rang, hieu theo nghia n i y khac b i n vdi nhdng cau chuyen "ngu hidu", nhu xeo thit ddi, khdc mang, n i m bang ma h i u Nho
vd sau thudng vien d i n ra de lam tam gucmg hieu Ben canh dd, quan diem nay cdn thd hien tinh nhan van, tam Idng cua cha me ddi veil con cai, beri theo Khdng Tu:
"Lam cha me chi lo sg con mang benh tat
ma thdi"(8) Cha me khdng yeu ciu ngudi con thuc h i n h dao hieu p h i i hy sinh tam
t h i n minh, c i n g khdng cho phep ngudi eon
tu coi re b i n t h i n Than the l i cha me cho minh, nang niu cham b i m t u ti'm he, ngudi con phai gid gin than the cua minh,
dd la tidn de khdng the thieu de ngudi con tdn tai va thuc hien dao hieu
(4) Sdd., tr.710
(5) Nguyfen Hien Le - Clan Chi Tuan Td Nxb Van
hoa, Ha Noi, 1994, tr.236
(6) Xem: T r i n Trpng Sam, Kieu Bach Vu T h u a n (bien dich) 5rfrf.,tr.176
(7) Sdd., tr.668
(8) 5c/rf., tr.127
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Trang 4MOT SO NQI DUNG CO BAN CUA PHAM TRU "HIEU"
Quan niem cua Nho giao sa ky coi gid
gin than the la mdt ndi dung cua hieu dao
mang yeu td duy vat va cho thay tinh bien
chiing sau sic Theo chudi bien chiing vd
cung ay, xuat p h i t diem cua tdn tai cdng
chinh l i tdn tai trong q u i trinh sinh
thanh Chinh vi vay, dao hidu quy dinh
ngudi con khdng chi phai quy trpng sinh
menh cua minh, ma cdn phii cd trach
nhiem tiep ndi sinh menh cua td tien Ve
sau, h i m y tiep ndi sinh menh b i n g each
sinh con ndi ddi dugc tach ra thanh mdt
npi dung dcic lap Do dd, gid gin than the
minh dugc xem la cai gd'c cua sinh thanh,
theo nghia duy tri tdn tai rieng de ndi tidp
chi hucing su nghiep chung cua td tien
Theo Khdng Tu, khi ngucri cha cdn
sdng thi quan sat chi hudng cua ngucii
con, khi nguiii cha chet thi quan s i t hanh
vi cua ngudi con Neu ba nam sau khi cha
mat, ngudi con khdng thay ddi nhung quy
tic ciia dao lam con ddi vdi cha, nhu vay
dugc gpi la ngudi con cd hieu vay(9) Tuc
la, phan lam con, luc cha cdn sdng thi
nhat dinh phai xem cai chi hudng dd va cd
ging hoan thanh su nghiep ma cha dng
khdi dung Khi cha mat di, neu ngudi con
cd dinh thay ddi gi thi nhat dinh cdng
phai dgi bet ba nam tang che, trudc la td
long hieu kinh vcii cha, sau la cd thdi gian
de dinh hinh su thay ddi cho can than
Nhung, ngucii ddi sau it ban vd y n i y cua
Khdng Tii, ma thucmg nhan manh de'n
viec lam con phii thi dugc ra lam quan de
lam tdn trpng, rang danh cho cha me;
nghia la, lim cho cha minh td lam cha ciia
mpt ngudi thucmg trd thanh lam cha cua
quan to, tham chi trd t h i n h lam cha cua
thien tii, la cich bao hieu trpn ven nhat
Mot mat, quan niem n i y cua Nho giao so
ky cd tac dung khuyen khich mpi ngucii ra
sue hpc tap, phan da'u de dugc duong danh
hien thin; mat khac, nd tao ra xu hucing
trpng chuc tudc, quydn luc, it gin vao b i n chat cua vice thuc banh dao hieu theo ddng nghia
3 Can ngan cha me khi hg sai lam
Cac nha Nho sa ky cho rang, lam con thi phii vang ldi cha me, nhung khdng yeu ciu thuc hanh hieu mdt each thu dpng Cling nhic, mdt chidu Cdng gidng nhu trung vcii vua phai biet nghe theo vua, vu d i n vua di theo nhan chinh, ngudi con cd hieu phii biet vang Idi cha, che Idi cho cha, nhung cdng phai biet can ngan cha de tranh sai l i m Didu dd dugc coi la hcpp dao Bdi the, khi Diep Cdng - Cdng sai tri huyen Dipp, nude Sd, ke chuyen mdt ngudi cha b i t trdm de, con di td cao, coi dd
la tam guong ngay thang, Khdng Tu khdng ddng y va cho ring, tinh ngay thang da ngu trong viec cha dau ldi cho con, con da'u ldi cho cha Nhung, trong
sach Hieu kinh, chuong 15, Giin trinh
(Can ngan) lai n h i c nhd: "Tdng phu chi lenh, huu an die vi hieu hd"( 10) Nghia l i , con theo cha chua chic da l i hieu Vay phii chang tu tudng cua Khdng Tu cd mau
t h u i n ? That ra, tu tudng Khdng Tu ve vice ddi nhan xu the r i t bien chiing, linh ddng, mdm deo Theo dd, ngucii con hieu
t h i o nghia la phii tuy trucing hcpp, hoan cinh m i thuc hien dao hidu theo cac quy tic, chuan muc da cd, chu khdng phii nha't nhat vang theo Icri cha Ndi each khac, cic nha Nho so ky cho rang, lam con thi p h i i vang Idi cha me theo dung nguyen t i c cua "kinh", nhung khdng yeu ciu thuc h i n h hidu mipt each thu dipng Cling nhic, mpt chidu Ngucii con cd hieu ngoai viec vang ldi cha cdn phii biet can ngan, chi ve de cha tranh sai lam, tranh mang tieng bat nghia vio than Dieu dd dugc coi la hcpp dao
(9) Xem: ^rfrf., tr.l 15
(10) Doan T r u n g C^on, Huyen IMac Dao Nhon (dich)
Hieu kinh Nxb Tdng hcyp, D6ng Nai, 2003, tr,78
69
Trang 5TRAN Till LAN HUONG - TRIEU QUANG MINH
Ve sau, Tuan Tu giii thich ky hon y
cua Khdng Tu vd viec con khdng theo menh
cha nhu sau: "Tdng menh t i c t h i n nguy,
b i t tdng menh t i c t h i n an, hieu t u b i t
tdng menh nai chung; tdng menh t i c t h i n
nhuc, bat tdng menh t i c than vinh, hieu t u
bat tdng menh nai nghia; tdng menh t i c
cim thd, bat tdng menh t i c tu sue, hieu t u
bat tdng menh nai kinh"(ll) Nghia l i , cd
ba trudng hcpp con khdng vang menh cha:
mdt li, vang menh thi ngudi than nguy,
khdng vang menh thi ngucii than yen Gap
trudng hcpp nay, ngudi con bieu khdng
vang menh la dung Hai li, vang menh thi
ngucri than nhuc, khdng vang menh thi
ngudi than vinh Gap trucing hcpp nay,
ngucii con hieu khdng vang menh la nghia
Ba li, vang menh thi khdng khac gi loii
cim thu, khdng vang menh thi hcpp l i giao
Gap trudng hgp nay, ngudi con khdng vang
menh la kinh Ndi each khac, cd nhdng viec
nen tdng ma bat tdng l i bat hidu, khdng
nen tdng ma tdng thi d i n den bat chung
(khdng dung) Trong ba trucing hgp cu the
tren, ngudi con khdng theo menh cha lai la:
dung, nghia, kinh
Vd ly va vd tinh, con p h i i vang ldi cha
me, nhung neu vang ldi mcit cich thu
dpng, cdng nhic, theo ea y sai, gay anh
hudng de'n ca cha me thi lai la hai cha me
Chinh vi vay, b i n than ngudi con cdng
phii ludn cd g i n g hpc hdi de cd kien thuc
phan biet cic hanh ddng dung sai, phai
trai Chi khi nhan thuc dugc dung b i n
chat vi'n de thi ngucii con mdi biet nen
vang menh cha, hay can ngan cha Mac du
day l i quan diem tich cue, cd tinh hai
chidu, mem deo v i bao ham ydu td d i n chu
cua Nho giio sa ky, nhung cd the thay, khi
dugc trien khai tren thuc te thi tinh phuc
tung cua ngudi con ddi vdi cha me v i n
dugc yeu ciu nang hon C h i n g ban, khi
cha sai thi ngudi con p h i i het muc khuyen
ean, nhung neu khuyen khdng dugc thi
p h i i kinh ma khdng dugc trai, neu cha me
cd gian ma b i t chiu khd sd cdng khdng dugc o i n than Day cdng cd the coi la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan khien cho Nho giao thudng hi nhin nhan g i n veil tinh gia trucing, b i o thu, mdt chieu nhieu hon l i vcii tinh tien bd, linh boat, bien chiing trong viec xu ly cac mdi quan he xa hdi
4 Tetu theo le, khdng cau thi, khdng thai qui
Theo quan diem cua Nho giao so ky, Idng kinh yeu ddi vdi cha me l i gd'c cua bleu Nhung, hieu khdng chi the hien d long kinh yeu khi cha me cdn sd'ng, m i cdn the hien d Idng tide thuong v i viec
h i n h Id khi cha me qua dcii Vd viec nay,
"cd lan Tu Cdng hdi: NgucM chdt rdi cd biet
gi nda khdng? Khdng Tu tra ldi: Ndu ta ndi ngudi chet rdi ma cdn biet thi sg nhdng con c h i u hieu t h i o lieu chet theo dng cha; neu ta ndi ngucii chet rdi ma khdng biet gi thi sg con chau b i t hieu, cha
me chet bd khdng chdn"(12) Nghia la, cai quan trpng khdng phai l i cd cdng tim xem ngudi chet da sang the gidi ben kia cdn biet gi ve the gidi n i y hay khdng, ma van
dd la viec hanh Id cua con chau sau khi cha me qua ddi Khdng Tu coi vice con
c h i u tidn cha me sang the gicii k h i c l i cii chi hieu t h u i n , nhung dng cdng ludn nhic nhd r i n g , mpi vice deu khdng dugc t h i i
q u i , b i t cap, c h i n g han: khdng an mac dep de, loe loet; khdng khdc ldc ni non; khdng lua didu van ve de ndi ; cdng khdng vi thuong cha me mi't m i khdng coi trpng ban than, bd an, bd ngu ba ngiy Quan nipm nay thd'ng nha't vdi npi dung yeu c i u ngudi con hieu thao phai biet t r i n trpng b i n than minh, ddng thdi edng the
(11) Nguyen Hien Le, Gian Chi Tuan Td Sdd,,
t r l 5 9 ,
(12) Xem: T r a n Trpng Kim, Nho giao trpn bd Nxb
Van hpc Ha Ncii, 2003, tr,62
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Trang 6MOT SO NOI DUNG CO BAN CUA PHAM TRU "HIEU"
hien mdt trong nhiing dac diem chung cua
triet thuyet Trung Hoa cd dai la coi trpng
su can bing, hai boa, phan ddi mpi su pha
each, vucpt ngudng
Sau dd, Manh Tu phat trien quan diem
ciia Khdng Tu va nhan manh r i n g , viec
phung dudng cha me khi cha me cdn sdng
chua dang ke l i viec Icrii lao cua ke lam con,
mai tang cha me trong con tu biet mcii la
viec trpng dai hon bet cua ngudi con cd
hieu Gidng Manh Tu, Tuan Tu cdng cho
ring, te tu l i td cai tinh y, tucing nhd, ham
mp cii long trung tin, kinh ai rat muc, l i
nghi 11 giai bay Idng trung t h i n h , cung
kinh mdt each trang trpng nhat v i do dd,
cin thd ngudi chet nhu thd ngudi sdng, suy
td long thd ngudi sdng m i tdng tang ngudi
chet, khdng coi chet khic sdng, khdng col
mat khac cdn, cho su cham diit vcri b i t diu
la mpt Dd chinh la cai nghi thuc de hoan
thanh dao lam ngudi De td cai tinh cua
ngudi sd'ng ddi vcri ngucii chdt, cin lam cho
su chet them phin trang trpng
Nhu vay, neu d Khdng Tu, vi'n dd dua
tien ngudi da khuat cdng la mdt trong
nhdng each the hien dao hieu v i di lidn vcii
do, Khdng Tu cdng nhic nhd dua ma la su
bat thudng, cho ndn tranh an mac dpp,
khdng khdc ldc vat va, khdng tau nhac dn
ao, cang khdng dugc vi dau xdt m i khdng
thiet den tam than minh , thi cac hpc trd
ciia dng lai thucing lam cho viec "thd thac"
thanh rucim ra, ciing nhic, tham chi cdn
vucpt qua gicii han ba nam, khien cho viec
thuc hanh dao hieu theo nghia n i y trd
thanh quy dinh k h i t khe den khic nghiet,
gay ra nhidu hau qua dang tide
Thuc banh dao hieu theo quan diem
ciia Nho giio sg ky thay ddi tuy noi, tuy
luc, song ludn dugc dat d vi tri quan trpng
nhat Tuy nhien, chd hidu d day chu ydu
ndi ve dao bieu cua dang nam nhi, chu
khdng phii dao hieu chung cho ta't c i mpi
ngudi; hieu chu yeu l i vcii cha, chu khdng
phii vcW c i me T h i n h ra, quan diem cua Nho giao so ky vd hieu v i n the hien nhieu tinh d i n g cap va thai dp trpng nam khinh
nd Khdng nhdng the, theo quan niem cua Nho giao so ky, "bat hieu cd ba didu, trong
dd khdng cd ngudi ndi ddi l i dieu bat hieu Icin nha't"(13) Nhiing ndi dung nay v i n cdn tdn tai va cd mdt anh hucing khdng nhd trong xa hpi ngay nay v i la mipt trong nhiing nguyen nhan can ban lam giim tinh tich cue, nhan dao cua pham tru hieu ndi rieng va cua Nho giao so ky ndi chung Mac du cdn nhieu y kien khac nhau ve
"cdng" va "tdi" cua Nho giio trong lich su, song gat sang mdt ben nhdng milt ban che nha't dinh, quan niem vd hieu cua Nho giao so ky da thuc su de lai nhdng gia tri dang tran trgng, vucpt thcM gian Trong khi
dd, "Ddi vcii ngudi Viet Nam, Nho giao cdn hon la mcit hpc thuye't ghi chep trong sach cua thanh hien; dd la mdt di s i n cua lich
su, mdt di s i n co b i n de tiep thu, de chdng lai, de vugt qua trong qua trinh chuyen bien lich su ma da't nude dang phai trai qua trong thcri dai hien nay"(14) Su khang dinh nay cd thd chua that su thoa dang, song rd rang, vice trd lai nghien ciiu v i khai thac sau hon nhiing ndi dung co ban cua pham trd hieu trong Nho giao so ky ndi rieng va Nho giio ndi chung khdng chi
cd y nghia ly luan, m i cdn cd gia tri thuc tidn sau sic ddi viii su phat trien cua xa hcii Viet Nam hien dai - mpt xa hpi dang phii ddi mat vdi khdng it v i n de nan giai,
ma de t r i Icri dupe nhdng van dd dd thi rat cin phii trd lai vdi nhung gia tri nhan tinh
CO b i n de lam ngucri Trong bing gii tri nhan tinh dd, due hieu v i n ludn duoc coi la diem xua't p h i t v i cdng l i chuan muc de
d i n h gii nhdng gia tri khacQ
(13) Tran Trpng Sam, Kieu Bach Vu T h u a n (bien
dich) Tu thu Sdd., tr.670
(14) Nguydn KhAc Vien, Ban vi dao Nho Nxb Thd
gicji Ha Noi, 2003, tr,4
71