Loai tbii nhii nhiiu nhix, cung la don thuSn nh^t. Ta Bd Di ciia Ddng Phuong Sdc, vinh sicudL Ban Cd', vinh ^w'ciia Vuong Xan v.v,.. d^u la tho loai nay. Con dudng phat tri^n cua no sau[r]
Trang 1Gidl THIEU CUON SACH:
"CO DAI V!NH sCf THI TINH TUYEN DIEM BINH"
Bdi Duy DOB Khoa Tiihg Viit vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngUdi nudc ngoU
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha N6i
Da cd bang ngan trang vift, hon chue edng trinh nghien cihi \i Xha vinb sir van hpc trung dai Viet Nam, trong dd cac tac gia da de cAp nhieu vin de ve ndi dung va nghe thuat ciia Id'i tho vinb sijr Viet Nam
vdn cd gdc gac tir Trung Qud'e Tho vinb sir cd ngudn gdc tiJr bao gicf? Tie'n trinh ciia no phat trie'n ra sao? Tai sao van hpc nghe thuat lai c6 nbu ciu ra ddi mdt the' loai sir vinb ben canh cac th^ loai kbac? M6i duyen giQa lich sir va thi ca da md ra mdt llnh vuc mdi cho thi ca c6 di^n Viet Nam, hinh thanh nen mdt mang tho ddc lap, dd la tho vjnh sir, cd gidng va khae nhau gi vdi tho van cd di^n Trung Qudc khdng?
Bai gidi thieu v^ cudn sach nay, ngd hSu ddng gdp mdt tu lifiu nbd cho cac nha nghien cihi ddi chieu, so sanh tho vinb sir Trung Qu6c
va Viet Nam
Cudn sach viet bang tieng Trung cd ten la: "Co dai vinh si tU tinh tuyen diem binh "
Ngudi bien soan: Nhge Hi Nhdn
Nha xuat ban: Quang Tay Su pham Dai hpc; Xua't ban ISn thii nha't thang 10 nam 1996; In Ian dau thang 10 nam 1996
Quy each: Sach khd 14x20 gdm 346 trang ndi dung, 12 Uang Idi ndi dau, 1 trang Muc luc va gdm 332.000 chdHdn c
Cudn sach chia lam bai phan: ^i
PhSn I: LI luan chung ve tho vinb sir ' ,
-90
Trang 2Phin 11: Tinh tuyin nhihig bai tho vinb sdm nh^t va hay nh^t ciia van hpc c6 6iin Trung Qu6c
Trong khudn kh6 bai vie^t cd tinh cbS^t gidi thieu chiing tdi ebi
xin dupe gidi thieu mdt vin 66 ma tac gia Nbac Hi Nhan da viet dd la:
Su phan loai tho vinb sit
Xet vi ndi dung tho vinb sii cd Xhi chia lam 3 loai:
1 Chuyen vinb mdt ngudi mdt viee;
2 Phi^m vinb ngudi xua;
3 Chuyen vinb dao diic trong lich sijr;
Loai tbii nhii nhiiu nhix, cung la don thuSn nh^t Ta Bd Di ciia Ddng Phuong Sdc, vinh sicudL Ban Cd', vinh ^w'ciia Vuong Xan v.v,
d^u la tho loai nay Con dudng phat tri^n cua no sau nay cung ngay mdt tbinh
Loai thd bai ddtig thur bai v^ sd lupng, dd cblnb la con dudng tho
vinh si ciia Tir Tu
Loai thiJ ba cQng it hon loai thii bai v^ sd lupng, tac pb^m tieu
bie'u nhu Ddc si ciia cac nha tho Vuong An Thach, Pham Dai Thanh
Ba loai nay bd sung Iln nhau, diem va dien ke't hpp nhau, ca biet
va thdng thudng bd sung nhau, cung nhau hoan thanh each cue ciia tho vinb siir
Xet v^ mat sang tao y nghia, tho vinh sir cung cd the phan chia
ba loai, phan biet diing ba loai phuong phap th^ bien y dd sang tac:
1 Phuong phap lat gid chuyen xua;
2 Phuong phap suy rdng;
3 Phuong phap xua dung nay;
Tac phim van dung phuong phap thii nha't lix nhieu, cbang ban nhu Xich Bich, De O Giang dinh ciia Y)b Muc, Tdy Thi ciia La An, Hiiu ddng Cdn Ducmg cdthdnh ciia Hach Kinh v.v d day edn cd tac phim lat gid cua lat gid, nhu 6 Giang dinh ciia Vuong An Thach la lat
gid ddi vdi tac p h ^ ciing ten ciia Dd Muc Phuong phap lat gid khie'n ngudi ta cd cam giac tir trong cai cu dupe th^y cai mdi
Trang 3Tac phim van dung phuong phap suy rdng v6 mat sd lupng la nhieu nha't, nd suy rdng, di sau, xit su that lich sii 6\sac vinh, ma dua ra ke't luan cd tinh quy luat, tir dd lam cho tac phim thang boa, dat din tam cao tu tudng nb^t dinh Ching ban cac tac pham Vinh Nhi Sa, Vinh Kinh Kha ciia Dao Uyen Minh, Ngu Qudn Vinh ciia Nhan Dit^
Chi v.v
Cac tac phim van dung phuong phap xua ddng nay, ve sd lupng cung khdng ft, dd chinb la cac tac phim ten d^ la vinh si nhung thuc
lai la tho vinb boai, ching ban cac tac pham bat dSu tir Ddng Phuong Sdc, Ta Tu
Xet ve each viet, tho vinh sir chii yeu van dung mdt sd phuong pbdp sau:
1 DI ngd qudt si: Cung cbinh la ndi, tac gia khdng mieu thuftt
qua nhi6u ddi vdi su that Ijcb sir dupe vinb, ma ebi la'y vai Idi kin dio bao quat su that lich sir Nam bat gdc rl nghi luan, cdn ddc gia mu6n dpc hieu bai tho thi c^n phai cd su hieu biet tha'u triet ddi vdi su thfit Ijcb sir tuong quan, ne'u khdng se khd hi^u rd bai tho Day la phucmg phdp sir dung phd bien Loai tac pha'm nay cd su kbac biet co ban v6i cac tac ph£m vjnh sir" tu thuat ma khdng thoat ra khdi y minh"
2 Chi dung nghi luan: Txic tac gia iSfy l^y su that lich sir ma ddc
gia da biet rd lam di^u kien tien de, khdng bao phi cdng siJc vao vide miru thuat su that Ijcb sir, ma true tiep di thang vao nghi luan lich s6,
lay kie'n giai ciia minh ca'u thanh thien chuong nhu 6 Giang dinh cua
Dd Muc
3 Lay si thuat si: Tac gia 6i\\ tu phin Idn cdng siJc ciia minh
khai thuat cupc ddi nhan vat boac su kien dupe vinh, thdng qua van tu khai thuat ngdn gpn, khien cho nhan vat boac su kien dupe vjnh hi^n
hien mot each rd rang, sinh ddng trudc mdt ddc gia Tren ca sd nay
hpa long diem nhan, dung nghi luan ket thuc, khien cho canh gidi hi6n
ra loan dien Chang ban nhu tac pb£m Doc Trdn Thdng truyin cua
Khua't Dai Quan
4 Lay si ching si: Tuc diing nhan vat boac su kien cd sd phto
tuong ddng boac cd tinh chat tuong tu ta chimg nhan vat hay su kien dupe vinh, lay sir luan sir, dimg loai chumg phap quan triet y dd sing
92
Trang 4tac, thfl dupe bifu qua Idi ft y nhi^u Chang ban tac pbim DeDdo Hoa Phu Nhdn mieu cua Dd Muc, Dieu ddi ciia Truong Thu v.v
Xua nay, ban vi x6 chix ciia lucmg s6 cd thuyet "dure, tai, hpc,
tbiirc", cho rang thi^u mdt cung khdng dupe, dd la su ban luan toan ven, mac dii cd su giai tbich kbac vdi 4 tieu chi tren Ki thuc, khdng rieng
six gia nbu the', tac gia tho vinh sir cung phai cd dii nhihig to ch^t dd,
n^u khdng thi vi^t tho vinh sir khdng hay Duong nhien tho vinh sii rot cudc cung la tho, la van hpc, vi the' tac gia cdn phai la thi nhan tinh
tham thi dao Khdng cd dii td chiX luong sir, thi tac phim cudi eiing khdng trd thanh tac phim vinh sir hay dupe, song khdng cd tu dudng ciia thi nhan thi tac phim cung khdng phai la tho vinb sir, ma la sii
luan Su ke't hcrp hihi co giiJa tai nang sir va tai nang tho se sang tao ra tho vinh sir hay Trong 4 td cha't tren, td chat c^n phai cd nha't cho tac gia tho vinh sir la "tbiic", tiJc tri thu'c, kien thiic lich sir Ciing ehinb la ndi, phai cd con mat rieng, nhin nhan lai lich sir, neu len nhimg dieu mpi ngudi ebua ndi, vach ra quy luat phat tri^n cua lich sir va tinh thdn nghIa kbi nhan sinh, tra lai dien mao vdn cd ciia lich sir Tbie'u tri thirc lich sir, tho vinh sir ta't nhien binh thudng Trong lich sii thi ca, thi nhan lao tam khd tu* sang tac tho vinh su, cudi cung cd thi tap rieng vinh sii thi, nhung tac ph^m cua hp ngupe lai khdng xua't sac, ddng thdi khdng dupe ngudi ddi biet de'n, truyin tung, anb hudng cdn xa mdi bang mdt thi nhan chi dung mdt it cdng phu siic luc sang tac tho vinb sir, nguyen
nhan dai khai la vi thieu tri thiic lich sis Dieu dd rat cd the ndi rd van
de, sang tac d at vi t^t da cd dupe siic anb hudng lau dai
Nhung ehiing ta ngupe lai da phat bien dupe mdt kieu "tap doan oanh tac" dd la nhihig de tai ndng hoi nhieu Ian Ipt vao mat xanh ciia thi nhan cac ddi Trong lich sii phat trien hon 2000 nam ciia tho vinh sir, su thuc lich sir dupe vinh qua thuc rat phong phu da dang, nhung cd mdt sd de tai lich sii, tham chi la tuong ddi xa vang, song ddng thdi lai dem den a'n tuong rd rang, manh liet cho eon ngudi, dd chinh la mot sd nhan vat va su kien ndi tie'ng, Ipt vao mat xanh cua cac thi nhan d cac thdi dai kbac nhau, dupe dae ta, td ve dii mau Cac nha tho hinh nhu rat mudn th^ bien kie'n thiie phi pham va cdng luc nghe thuat ciia minh trong nhiitig de tai quen thude, dd cd th^ la vi nhihig de tai nay ban than nd cd ndi dung Ijcb sir nhieu t ^ g thii, nhieu gdc canh, chii khdng
93
Trang 5phai sii lieu bmh thudng, chan thuc, vi the mdi cd manh dat cho vide
mai giua, mdi dang d^ thi nhan cac ddi thi nhau the bien tai nang,
khdng tie'e cdng sure Nhihig 66 tai nay sd lupng khdng it, ching ban nhic
Ndi ve nhan vat, cd Khuong Thai Cdng, Ba Di, Tbiic T^, Tam
Luong, Tiic Phu nhan, Ngd Vuong Phii Sai Viet Vuong Cau TiSn,
Pham Lai, Ngii Tis Tu, L6 Trpng Lien, Tay Thi, Khua't Nguyen, Tin
Thdy Hoang, Hang Vii, Luu Bang, Han Tin, Han Vu de Ma Vien, Tk
Thao, Dao Uyen Minh, Vu Khiem v.v
Ndi ve su kien, thi cd Ba Di, Tbiie Te x^u bd vi an thdc nha Chu
Khuong Thai cdng budng cau, Tru Vuong hoang dam, Ngd Viet chi
chien, T^n Thiiy Hoang ciu trudng sinh, Phfe thu Khanh nho Tin
Thiiy Hoang bi pbue kich d Bac Lang Sa, Cu Ldc chi chie'n, Hdng Men
yen, Hang Vu tu vln d 6 Giang, Luu Bang sat bai cdng thSn, Vin
Thien Tudng tha chet khdng cbiu khua't Sir Kha Phap dem than chdng
Thanh v.v
Cdn ndi ve da'u tich lich sir thi cd Dao Hoa Phu Nhan mie'u, C6
Td dai, A phdng cung, Kim Lang, Dai Thanh, Nbac Phi md, Vu
Khiem md v.v
Nhihig diem ndng ciia tho vinh sir k^ tren, cac ddi 66u khdng c6
It giai tac, ca'u thanh dien mao co ban ciia tho vinb sir, cung tb^ hi6n
trinh dd chinh the' ciia tho vjnh sir Trong nbimg die'm ndng dd, c tint
phai k^ de'n Nghiem Quang va dieu dai cua dng Dd la die'm nao nhiftl
nha't, lich dai ngam vinb nhieu nha't, cd tdi hang tMm bai, cd ngudi di
suu tap thanh chuyen tap Nhimg tac pham cd ciing ten de nay tuyfil
dai bd phan dai ddng ti^u di, nhung trong sd tieu di cung cd th^ thiy
tam tinh, tai tinb, kien thiic ciia tac gia Cdn cd mdt sd tac gia ke't luAn
trai ngupe nhau, hpp lai ma xet, dii de gpi suy nghi sau xa cho ngUdi
nghien cuu Tho vjnh sir cd phong each nghe thuat rieng ciia nd Day
thuc su la mdt va'n de Idn can phai cd mot chuyen luan d^ giai quyit
O day, tdi mudn trinh bay tir gdc dp ml hpc, chii y nghien cihi k^t cin
t^ng sau cua tho vinh sir Ndi cu th^ cd 3 di^m dudi day:
L Su thdng nhdt giua tinh than lich si vd tinh hien thuc
Day la dac Uimg co ban cua tho vinb sir, la mdt trong nhimg ttf
chat ciia nd Tinr than Ijcb sir cua tho vjnh sir la cai khdng ndi mi c6
94
I
Trang 6th^ hiAi dupe Nd dupe thi bien ra d cac miie dd kbac nhau, cac tac
phdm kbic nhau, phan lupng ciia nd cd su khu biet nang nhe, miic dp
ciia nd cd dd ndng sau, canh gidi ciia nd cd phan cao Xhip Nhung neu
chi cd tinh tbSn lich sii thi ebua phai la tac phim thanh edng, tho vinh sir cin phai cd ca tinh hien thuc nOa, tdrc phai cd con mlt nhin nhan ddi vdi cudc sdng cung chinh la th^ bien nguyen tic "xua diing cho nay"
Cd th^ ndi, tinh bien thuc la mdt trong nhihig nhan duyen phat triln
cua tho vinh sii, la su Xhi bien tmb hpp Ii ciia nd Chi cd dat tdi su
thdng nb^tt giOa tinh thin lich sii va tinh bien thuc, tho vinh s^ mdi cd
siic sdng, mdi th^ bien dupe cai gia tri Xhim ml ciia nd Chang ban Dd Muc kbi ngam cau tho: "Ddng phong hix du" Chu Lang tien, Ddng
Tudc xuan tham tda Nhi Ki^u" (n^u nhu gid ddng khdng giiip su tien Ipi cho Chu Du, thi bai nang Ki6u bi kbda chat tudi xuan trong dai Ddng Tudc), thi khdng phai bde Id chuyen xua ma la ndi bi phin ciia
ban than, cd Xhi mk khdng dupe thi thd, cudi xua nhung mia nay Den
nha tho 6n Dinh Quan thd't len: "Kim nhat ai tai phi tich nhat, mac phao tam luc tac tir nhan" (su yeu nem tai nang thdi nay ching nhu thdi trudc, cbd u6ng phi tam siic lam nha tho), thi cang la Idi len an Id
ra khdng giiu dupe Chinh vi the', tho vinh sii mdi tac ddng sau sic tdi
ngudi dpc, vi tinh cam, tam tinh, tao ngd, sinh menh ciia tac gia va
dien mao ciia thdi dai thudng d nhihig miic dd kbac nhau Xhim thau
trong dd Dd cung la gdc re bie'u trung ciia tho vinh sii cd phong cot ciia tho vinh boai
2 Su thdng nhdt giiia cdi dep li tinh vd cdi dep cia thi y
Li tinb d day la chi sac thai tu bien Tho vinh sii la^y nghi luan lam chinh, ne'u khdng cd nghi luan thi khdng thanh tho vinh sii, ma dd ching qua chi la mieu thuat lich sii, la thao tac lap lai don gian Nghj luan tinh tham sic ben mdi me, ca'u thanh nen tru cot cua tho vinh sii, binh thanh nen sic thai tu bien ciia nd khien nd trd thanh cai dep ciia tho vjnh su Nhung nghi luan khdng the' la dieu khd khan, ndng can,
nd cdn toat ra tir thi y, tir cai dep ciia thi ca, d miic dp nhat dinh, cung
chinh la cai nia Ngd Ki^u ndi: "dung y kin dao" Su thdng dhix giiJa
himg thii li tinh va thi tinh, gii^a cai dep If tinh va cai dep thi y, giiia tri thtJc lich sii sau sic va thi y ndng dupm, mod cd tb^ tao nen su thanh
95
Trang 7I h ^
:ac cAu
4
cdng cho tho vinh sii, mdi cd tb^ dua ndi dung lich sii lam bieu
cua thi y
3 Y nghia triet hoc
Y nghIa triet hpc la ting sau trong ket ca'u, ting sau ciia tac phim
van hpc, la ndi ham d ting sau nhat sieu viet tat ca mpi hinh thiic ciia
tac pham cu the, la ban chat cua cudc sdng, la quy luat ban chit ciia
Ijcb sir Nd cd tinb phd bien sieu viet khdng gian va thdi gian, tinh khai
quat sieu viet hinh anb cu the, cd sire gpi md, te nhi sau sic khi^n
ngudi ta phai suy nghi Cd hpc gia cho ring, nd la cai dep khdng thi
ndi bang Idi, dung nbu cai "dai am" ma Lao Tir ndi Tho vjnh sir dfc
biet la tho vjnh sir uu tii, y nghIa thuc cua nd la su tinh tham bit b i A |
la tri tue nhan loai va la the' hien tinb thin vu tru Ching ban cac cftu
tho nhu:
- Lich lam tien hien qudc dd gia,
Thanh do cdn kiim phd do xa
(Trai xem viee nudc viee nha ciia cac bac thanh hien d6i
trudc Thanh cdng la do cin kiem, that bai la do xa xi)
- Hdu qudc do lai tgi ddc hien,
Mgc ngdn hicng phi'thi tudn hoan *ii'i i^
(Dupe nudc xua nay la do dung dupe ngudi hi^n tai,
Dimg nen ndi hung phe la theo quy luat tuin hoan.)
Sach nay tuyen chpn hon 230 bai tho vinh sir Tieu cbuln tuy^n
chpn d tren da ndi, chi ndi them may Idi Tho vinb su cac ddi khdng ft,
nhat la tir ddi Dudng ve sau, kbi thao tac dai d^ chiing tdi tuan thu m6t
sd nguyen tic sau: y,.^ ,^
\ Tuyen chpn cac tac phim tieu bie'u ciia cac giai doan phat tri^n
nhim phae hpa ddng mach ciia tho vinh sii
Tuye'n chpn cac tac pham cd phong each kbac nhau, chii trpng
den tinh dpc dao cua nd Chii y den nbChig tac pha'm mdi me tim loi
ngam vjnh d nhimg diem tInh ving, ngoai nhimg di^m ndng
Tuyen chpn mot sd tac pham cd y nghIa tinh tham, gidi nghj luto
tir trong cac tac pha'm boai cd Bd mdt sd bai binh thudng ciing ten di
96
I
Trang 8tai khdng cd dac sic Dd la 6i6u khie^n ngudi dpc tiee re, nhung dd ciing 1^ di^u "vd kha nai ha" (khdng cd Xhi dat diu hoi) ciia ngudi Xuyin chpn
Do tinh dac thu ciia d^ tai, chu thich ciia cudn sach nay chu thieh khi nhi^u di^n tich lich sii, dd ciing la thuc hien ndi cd sach, mach cd chimg, tien cho ddc gia tham chie'u Binh di^m la bd phan quan trpng cua cudn sich nay, nd la edng viee khdng rd rang cbiit nao Soan gia sau kbi dao sau suy nghi da manh dan neu y mdi, ddng thdi theo dudi
van phong phdng khoang, triet 6i tuan thii phuong cham da dinh,
nhung tu cam thiy cdng viee ebua dupe nhu y, khdng th^ khdng cd sai lim, kinh mong dupe chi giio
Bai gidi thieu sach nay dupe edng bd, cho phep tdi cam on Thac
si Pham Anb Sao, Khoa Van Hpc - Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hoi
va Nhan van da ciing tdi djch thuat hoan thanh cudn sach, tu lieu quy nay
•h-'
•ri hm
m