Y nghla tfnh ch^t, dac trung d tfnh tir tilng Viat cd thi hilu nhu la dac tnmg ciia vat (d danh tir) ma cung cd thi hilu la "dac tnmg ciia dac tnmg" (dac tnmg nau 6 ddng tir) g[r]
Trang 1Dl NHI^N" "Ol/ONG NHI§N" VA "TAT NHI§N"
CO KHAC NHAU?
ThSVd Thanh Huani:
Khoa Viet Nam Hoc Trudng DH KHXH&NV- DHQG Tp HCM '
1 DAT VAN D ^
Ban ngir (hay con gpi la tieng me de) la mdt hian tupng xa hdi , Ngudi ban xu dung ban nguf theo tbdi quen, cbinh tbdi quen n^y di lim cho hp it quan tam din nbimg ylu td xa hdi ciing nhu nhihig li do tao ra ban ngi^
Ddi vdi ngudi Viat, viae sir dung tieng Viat cung khdng nim ngoai quy luat tran Ngudi ta cd thi diing "dl nhian, duong nhian, til nhian" dung each theo limg ngu canh cu tbl^tuy nhian khdng phai til
ca nhurng ngudi dang diing diing lai cd thI giai thfeb mdt each ehinh
xic vi limg net nghla rieng biet ciia mot trong nhung tir nay
Tir nhurng li do iren chiing tdi mudn dua ra mdt vai gpi y v< nhihig net nghla rieng biet cua mdi tir trong nhdm tir nay Chung t6i hi vpng rang sir gpi y nay phin nao giup cho nhimg ngudi nude ngoai dang hpc tieng Viat nhu mot ngoai ngu - cd thI binh dung dupe ft
nhilu vi "dl nhian", ^'duong nhian" va "tat nhian", ddng tbdi ehiing t6i
cQng mong mudn hp cd ihl diing chiing mdt each dl dang vi chinh xac hon
242
Trang 2S V P H A N BifiT G I C A "DINHIEN'\ "Dl/ONG NHIEN" VA irNHIEN"'
.Cuscrdinlu^n
J Mdt so quan niim ve "dinhien"
N h ^ lilm ro hon f nghia cua "rff nhien", chung tdi xin dua ra
ng each quan niam cua mdt sd tac gia (da dupe dang trong tap chf,
li ehuyan nganh ngdn ngO va tiir diln tieng Viat)
a) Quan niam dSu tian ma chiing tdi mudn dl cap da'n la quan
m ciia cdc tac gia Hoang Van Hanh, Hokng Pha, Dao Than trong Sd
diing tic tieng Viet (Nha xu3ft ban Khoa hpc Xa hdi - 2002, tr.l42) Wnhiin''' dupe quan niam la theo le tu nhien la nhu vay, khdng cd gi
ll hoac khd hilu vdi vf du cu thI:
"DT nhian ai cung mudn sd'ng hanh pbiic"
b) Mdt quan niam khdc trong "Tijf diln tia'ng Viat" Hoang Pha
& bian) do Tning tam Tir diln Ngdn ngi? xa hdi Ha Ndi xu^t ban,
2 tr.263, cung ddng quan niam vdi cac tac gia tran Ngudi bian cud'n tilf diln nay cOng cho rang "dl nhian" cd y nghla la "theo le ihian la nhu vay, khdng cd gi la hoac khd hilu"
"Cd dp biic thi cd da'u tranh, do la dieu dl nhien"
Ngoai ra, dng cdn xac dinh "JT nhien'' la mdt tfnh tir va cd thI
g lam pb£n phu trong cau
e) Quan niam thii ba cua tac gia Nguyln Van Dam, 'Tir diln
g Viat tudng giai va lian tudng", Nha xua't ban Van hda Thdng tin
Ndi, 1999, tr.219 d day tac gia quan niam '"di nhien"" cung la cd
in, t^t nhian, cd y nghla la "ban phai nhu tha'"
"Ludi hpc dl nhian thi trupt"
Ddng tbdi tdc gia cQng da xac dinh " ^ nhien"" la phd tir, Dieu
khic vdi quan niam thii hai ma chiing tdi da nau d muc b (B 1.1)
2 Mdt sdquan diem vi "Duong nhien"
a) Theo quan niam ciia cac tac gia trong muc a (B 1.1) ma chung
fla dua ra d tran "'duang nhiin"" cd nghla la theo le thudng thi ro : \l nhu vay, ai cung phai thira nhan {is 142)
243
Trang 3"Giai eifp bj bdc Idt diu uanh chdng giai cip bdc 161, d6 U li
duong nhian"
b) ''Duong nhien' Uong TUdien tieng Viet ciia tac gia Hoang Phft
(ChiJ bian) dupe xac dinh la tfnh tir, cd thi dumg lam phin phu trong
cau "Duong nhien' cd y nghla la "rd rang la nhu vay, ai cung thin
nhan", (U.362)
•Trong dau uanh each mang, duong nhian cd hi sinh va tdn tWtr
**Lc duong nhian"
c) Sau Cling la quan niam cua tac gia Nguyln Van Dam, TUdi/n tiihg Viit tudng gidi vd lien tudng, tic gia xac djnh '"duong nhien" Ik
mdt phd tir cd nghia "phai nhu vay"
"Viae khd duong nhian phai cd gang"
Quan niam thu hai va thu ba cung vin tilp tuc cd su nbin nhan
khic nhau vi mat tir loai ciia tir nhu vdi "dt nhien"", quan niam tbd hai cho rang ''duong nhiin*' \h tfnh tir cdn quan niam thu ba thi vin cho tit
nay la phd tir
2,1.3, Mdt sdquan di/m v( **tdt nhien"
a) Cac tic gia Hoang Van hanh, Hoang Pha, Dao Than Uong muc
a (B.I.I) dua ra quan niam va "tut nhien*' nhu sau: *Ta't nhian cd nghla
la theo Ic thudng ndi vl cdi cd tfnh quy luat" Thi du:
"Dan tdc anh hung, thdi dai anh hiing tit nhian san sinh ra nhilu ngudi con anh hung" (La Thanh Nghi) *
b) 'Tdt nhien"" theo Hoing Pha (chii bian) dxsac xac dinh: Cd thi
dung la pbln phu trong cau vdi y nghia vl ndi dung la "h4n phai nhu vay khdng ihl khac dupe" (tr.886)
"Budc dau tai nhian cdn bd ngd"
"Tat nhian ai cung cd liic sai lim"
"Tai nhien" kei hpp vdi "le" d phia irudc cho ta mdt danh tir "\l
tat nhian" vdi y nghla la *dilu thudng thay d ddi dupe coi la hpp vdi quy luat (vdi dao 10"
"Cd lam mdi cd an do la Ic lu nhian"
"Sdng sao cho phai 16"
Trang 4**L5 thudng tinh la nhu vay"
c) Tic gi4 Nguyln Van Dam (c B 1.1 da nau) da xep "tdt nhiin "
5 cOng nghla vdi tSft, at nhian, ban nhian mang ndi dung "nhat nhia"
"Co lam (iA) tWat/han nhian la cd an"
6ng cho rang "rdif nhien"" cung dam nhan chiic nang lam "phd
" Uong cau
Tom lai, vl mat ndi dung viec xac dinh nghia ciia cac tir khdng
\6 sir khac biat Idn giu'a cac quan dilm, tuy nhien vl mat chdc nang
m phap ciia tir loai thi cd hai quan dilm rd ret ton tai: Dd la quan
ilm cho rang ''dl nhien"", "'duong nhiin"" va "rdr nhien"" la tfnh tir, cd
ll lam phin phu trong cau, cdn quan dilm kia thi xac dinh chung cd iiJc nang ciia mdt phd tir
Dl xac dinh rd cbiJc nang ciia tfnh tir va phd tiJ, chiing tdi xin dua
I mdt sd quan niam vl chiing cua cac nha ngdn ngu* hpc di trudc
•
J,4, Mot sdquan niim ve "phd tit" vd "tinh tic"
a) Theo tac gia Diep Quang Ban trong NgiC phdp tiihg Viet, (Nha
\ii ban Giao due, 2005) thi "phd ti^ tieng Viet dupe hilu la tir cd tinh
i^t hu dupe diing dl md rdng ddng tir, tfnh tir, dem lai cho chiing mot nghla nao dd (khdng tfnh den nhihig tir ngii thudc bac cau) Cd phd tinh thai hda nghia d ddng tir, tfnh tir, cd phd ti^ khdng cd tac dung
ih thai hda Loai thir nhat dupe gpi la phd tir tinh thai, de dl lam viec
uc ra cd tbi gpi cac phd tir loai thii hai gian don la phd tir)
Phd tir tinh thai la phd tir diln dat mdi quan he ciia su viec nau d
ng tir, tfnh tir vdi ylu td tbdi gian, hoac vdi thai dp cua ngudi sis
g ngdn ng& Phd tir gan vdi yeu td thdi gian thudc ve nghia kinh iam (tinh thai khaeh quan), phd tir lien quan den thai dp ngudi sii
g ngdn ngi? thudc vl nghia lian nhan (tinh thai trach nhiem) Phd tir
i tinh thai la nhihig phd t^ giup diln dat nhung bien ddi trong ban
su viae nau d ddng tir, tfnh tir, va chiing thudc ve nghia kinh
am (U 540) Theo quan niem nay, tac gia da xac dinh vi trf cua tir cd thi dung trudc ddng tir hay tfnh tir, dong thdi cung cd thi
g sau ddng tir bay tfnh tir tuy theo y nghla ma chiing md rdng cho tir hay tfnh tir la gi (tr 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547)
245
Trang 5VI ^'iinb tir", tac gia xac dinh: "Tfnh tir thudc vao sd thuc tir cd J nghla ve tinh chat, dac trung va mau s k miii vi, am thanh ciia vit,
phin Idn kit hpp dupe vl phia uudc vdi cac tir rdt, cue ki, hoi, khi, qua hoac vl phia sau vdi cac tir Idm qud, cue ki, vd de ddng lam vi td (kha
nang lam "dinh ngu" theo each hilu uudc day khdng dupe tinh din vi
"dinh ngir" la chuc nang thudc bac cum tir)
Y nghla tfnh ch^t, dac trung d tfnh tir tilng Viat cd thi hilu nhu
la dac tnmg ciia vat (d danh tir) ma cung cd thi hilu la "dac tnmg ciia dac tnmg" (dac tnmg nau 6 ddng tir) gidng nhu cai gpi la trang tir (adverb) trong cic ngdn ngur chau Au Ndi each khic tfnh tir ciia tilng Viat cd thi lam y^u td md rdng sau cua danh tir cung nhu ylu td md rdng ciia ddng tir tuy thi vl thuc chat hai chuc nang nay v4n phan biat dupe vdi nhau Vdi chuc nang ylu td md rdng ciia ddng tir, thudng
cd ihl iham cac tieng mdt each vao phia trudc tfnh t^, vdi chdc ning yau id md rdng ciia danh tir hian tupng nay khdng thi xay ra Vdi su phan biat Nora nau, trong phan tiap theo sau day, viae xem xlt tinh tir chu yau tap trung vao nhung tinh tir cd kha nang di kdm danh tir hoac true tiap lam vj td
lie gia cung phan biat rd hai loai Idn trong tinh tir:
- Tinh lu chi tinh chat va linh tir chi quan ba
- Tinh tir thang dp va tinh tir khdng thang dd
Ngoai ra cdn mdt vai hian tupng nhd kbdc (tr.506, 507)
Theo quan niam da nau d uan, tac gia dikhang dinh "tinh tir c6 ihl lam vi id trong cau tiap xuc vdi boat ddng ngu phap cua ddng tir
nan vi \x\ cua tfnh tir cd thi dung trudc hoac sau phd tir, dimg uudc thuc tir lam b6 ngu" (thuc tir d day cd thi la danh tir h6 ngQ bay sd tir
bd ngu) (u 508 509, 510 511 512 513 614, 515)
b) Quan niam thu hai cua cd giio su Hoang Tua trong Tuy/n tdp ngdn ngii hoc, (Nha xuai ban Dai hpc Qudc gia TP Hd Chf Minh •
Vian ngdn ngu hpc - Hdi Ngdn ngu hpc TP Hd Chf Minh - 2001)
"phd tir" (hoac phu tir) la lu loai bao gdm nhihig tir cd nghia kbing dinh phii dinh khuya'n cao thi thdi muc dd va nghla khac, ndi chung
la cac nghia ihich nghi vdi nghla boat ddng, trang thii, tinh chii vh nghla su vat chuyln thanh nghla ii'nh chii
Trang 6Phd tir lam yl^u td phu cho trung tam trong ddng ngO, tfnh ngG va
5 trudng hpp ca danh ngO Vi trf ciia phd tir cd thi diing trudc hay sau ung tam Trong mdt ngiJ, cd thi dung nhihig phd tir khac nhau nrdng hpp nay cac phd tir dupe phan b6 theo trat tu thfeb nghi
' Rit cdn chu y tdi vj trf ciia phd tir trong ngO cd trudng hpp cd thi luyin vj tri va cung cd trudng hpp chuyln vi tri la chuyln vai trd cii fcap cd nhthig phd tir tach dupe khdi ngiJ dl tham gia md hinh cau liamtrangngi^
^ C6 nhihig phd tir vira cd nghla ngiJ phap vira bilu thi tinh thai :.869)
Tic gia coi "It, t3[t (nhian) la phd tir thi ta't yeu va cung cd the la
ihtilf"(U.876)
Cdn "tinh tir" tic gia quan niem: "tfnh tir la loai tir bao gdm lOng tir cd nghla tfnh cha't Tfnh tir thfeb nghi vdi nhilu phd tir ma Ong phd tir nay cung thfeb nghi vdi ddng tir C!ho nen cin nha'n manh trong tia'ng Viat, su phan biat tfnh tir vdi ddng tir phai rtft coi trpng la cfing vdi tiau chf nghla, tiau chf thfeb nghi vdi "rat" la quan
ng dl phan loai tfnh tir, va dl nhan ra nhihig ka't hpp cd nghla tfnh
t dupe diing vdi "rat" (tr 855) Tac gia cung luu y vl su chuyln lai giffa "ddng tir" va "tfnh tir" (tr 856) Tac gia cho rang "lam" la Ihh tif chi sd lupng" nhung ciing cd thi la "phd tir" (tr 857)
1.5 Mot vdi nhan xet chung
Sau khi tham khao y kien vl mat ngu nghla cung nhu ve mat
tc nang ngQ phap (cu thi la tir loai) trong cau cua "dl nhian",
kwng nhian" va "ta't nhien", chiing tdi xin dua ra mot vai nhan dinh ung sau day
a) Vi mat ngU nghia:
• Di nhian: Theo le tu nhian la phai nhu vay, khdng cd dilu gi la hay khd hilu
- Duong nhian: dupe hilu la mpi su rd rang phai nhu vay va dupe
ca thira nhan
Trang 7- Til nhian: cd y nghla nhu mdt dilu thudng ihiy o ddi, khdng
ibl cd dilu khac thudng, nhat dinh la nhu vat, dupe coi la hpp vdi quy luat (hay cd tfnh quy luat) va hpp vdi dao If
b)Ve mdttHiogi:
• "DT nhiin"', "duong nhien"" vk "tdt nhiin"" cd thi la phd tir
(md rdng ddng til, u'nb tir) va cung cd thi la tfnh tir (md rdng d^ng tir, danh tir)
- Vj Uf cua "DI nhiin", "Duong nhiin"", "Tdt nhiin"" cd ihl dihig
uudc ddng tir bay tfnh tir, ddng thdi cung cd thi dimg sau ddng tir hay
tinh iis (nlu la phd tir) "DT nhiin", "duong nhien", "tdt nhiin" sc dung
uudc hoac sau phd tir cung dumg trudc thuc tir lam bd ngff (thuc tir 6 day la danh tir bd ngiJ bay sd tir bd ngur) - n^u chiing la tinh tir
3 K £ T LUi^N
3.1 Mdt sd uudng hpp "(fT nhien", "duong nhien" vi "tdt nhiin" c6
thi thay tha nhau trong nhihig ngi^ canh gidng nhau vdi nit nghla:
"chac chan la nhu vay ban la vay nhat dinh la nhu vay"
Dd la dilu dl nhian/duong nbian/ta'l nhian
Mudn thanh cdng trong su ngbiap di nhian/duong nhitnjlii nhian
phai cd su nd luc ciia ban than
3.2 Mac dii cd thi mang nhurng net nghla gidng nhau trong mdt vki trudng hpp cu thi nhung vdi mdi tir dIu cd qbihig net nghla riang di
phan biat
- **DT nhiin" ngbiang v^ net nghla "theo le tu nhian la nhu vay
khdng cd gi la hoac khd hilu"
Dl nhian la ai ciing mudn sdng hanh phiic
- "Duong nhiin" thi theo le thudng rd rang la nhu vay, ai cihig
phai thira nhan
Cd ap bdc thi cd da'u Uanh dd la le duong nhian
- "Tat nhien" dupe chii y dan nhu mdt dilu thudng ihiy 0 ddi,
khdng thi khdc duoc cd tinh quy luat va hpp vdi dao If
Gico gid taiAai nhian sc gat bao
Trang 8Vdi chi^c nang cua mdt phd tir, vi tri ciia "dl nhian", "duong
ian" vi "lift nhian" nhu sau:
Di nhian / duong nhian / tit nhian + ddng tir / tfnh tir
Dl nhian / duong nhian / tit nhian + tfnh tir /tfnh tir
Ddng tir / tfnh tir + di nhian / duong nhien / tit nhian
Khi la tinh tir vi tri ciia "di nhian", "duong nhian", "tit nhian"
sdp xip theo trat tu:
[nhian / duong nhian / tit nhian + pho tir / danh tilr bo ngur / so tir bo ngur
1 ^ • — — • - • '
Ph6 tir / danh tir bd nga" / sd tir b6 ngiJ + dl nhian / duong nhian / tit nhian
f [ ;
5 Hilu rd dupe nhihig dilu tren, giao vien cd thi giup hpc vian sir
fng "dl nhian", "duong nhian", "tit nhian" mot each dl dang hon
)ng qua trinh dng dung vao thuc te
Nhihig dilu ghi nhan tif "dl nhien", "duong nhian", "tit nhian" 6
hi chi la nhihig ghi nhan diu tien - chac hin se cdn cd nbiing dilu
In phai dao siu va tim hilu kl them vl nhihig tir nay trong ngiJ nghla
bg nhu each diing Chung tdi cho rang day la mot vin dl md tran ca
i binh dian: dng dung va If thuyet
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
! Diap Quang Ban, NgQ phdp tieng Viet, NXB Giao due, 2005
Nguyln van Dam, Tic dien tiihg Viet tudng gidi vd liin tudng,
I NXB Van hda Thdng tin Ha Ndi, 1999
Nguyln Lin (Chinh If va b6 sung), Tddien tieng Viet, NXB Khoa
hpc Xa hdi, 1997
k 249
Trang 94 Hoang Van Hanh, Hoang Pha, Dao Than, Sd tay dimg tit ti/ng Viet, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hdi 2002
5 Hoang Pha (Chu bian), TUdien tieng Viet, Vian Khoa hpc Xi h6i
Viat Nam - Vian Ngdn ngi? hpc Ha Ndi - Viat Nam, 1992
6 Nguyln Van Tao, TU diin phd thdng Viet • Anh, NXB Tdng hpp
DdngTbap, 1992
7 Hoang Tua, Tuyi'n tap Ngdn ngu hoc, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia
TPHCM - Vian Ngdn ngS hpc - Hdi Ngdn ngii- hpc TPHCM,
2001
8 Nguyln Kim Than Nghiin cicu ve ngii phdp tiihg Viit, Hk N^i,
1997
9 Nguyln Nhu Y (Chu bian) Dgi tic dien tieng Viet, Bd Giao due
va Dao tao - Trung tam Ngdn ngu' va Van hda Viat Nam, NXB Van hda Thdng tin 1999
Trang 10S6 BAI LUY^N PHAT AM V6l Vdl CAC K€T HOP
AM TROC TRAC (TONGUE TWISTERS)
CHO SINH VIEN Nl/dC NGOAI
Vu Thi Thu Hu&ng
Khoa Tiihg Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi
Trudng DHKHXH&NV, DHQG Hd Ndi
tr \ t KtT HOP A M TRtic T R A C
NGUE TWISTERS)
I Trong bit cii ngdn ngO nao cung deu cd nhiing cum tir, doan nguf ihihig cau ndi rit khd dl ndi nhanh va chfnh xac nhu:
- Ndi ddng niu de ndi dit niu ech
- C!on luon nd ludn qua ludn
Nhihig ai da timg hpc ngoai ngiJ dIu ft nhilu cd biet den nhung ndi rit tnic trac" kilu nhu tren Trong tia'ng Anh cd mdt cau rit biln la: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers" (Peter rda nhat mdt ddng hat tiau ngam giim) Hay cau: "The sixth sick ii's sixth sheep's sick" (Con cini thii sau cua vi tu tnrdng dm yeu
iu bj dm) Nhihig each ndi nhu the trong tieng Anh gpi la tongue
ers, Uong ti^ng Nga gpi la "ekoporobopku" (skorogovorki- nhihig i6i nhanh)
Vay, tongue twister la gi? Tir diln Oxford student's dictionary of ish djnh nghla vl tongue twister nhu sau: 'Tongue twister is a
se or a sentence with many similar sounds that is difficult to say ttli when you are speaking quyckli" (tongue twister la mot cum
y mdt cau cd nhilu am thanh gidng nhau ma rit khd dl ndi diing
(n ndi nhanh" Theo tir diln bach khoa Wikipedia thi: "A tongue
Pr is a phrase in any language that is designed to be difficult to