Theo dd, md va chudng cd vai trd cam trjch, giu nhjp chfnh va duoc didu khien bdi phap chu, nhi cd chric nang di giai didu cring vdi canh, dan nguyet di hda thanh chidu ngang; ken th[r]
Trang 1•^&m ?;«^* A M N H A C V A M G A
D|8N XirdMG THAMM Nfl)^C
NGUYEN DINH LAM
I D$c diem the loai
Kinh cd vai trd quan trpng trong cac nghi
Id Phat giao ndi chung va nghi Id cau sidu ndi
ridng Theo Tri dien Nho - Phdt - Dao, kinh
la thuit ngu cua ca Phat giao va Nho giao
Ridng Phat giao: "Kinh la mpt trong Tam
tang (3 tang), chi cac van hidn ghi ehdp sy
tfch dien cd Phat giao va npi dung thuyet giao
cria Phat Da"(l) Vay,
kinh d day dupe hieu
la kinh sach, hpc
thuyet phan anh tu
tudng, nhan sinh quan
va thdgidi quan cria
dao Phat Phat giao sri
dung kinh trong cac
khoa cring nhu mpt
quy djnh bit bupc
Kinh dupe phd
bidn bang nhidu hinh
thric, nhu giang, dpc,
ndi chuyen, nhung chri ydu va Ihudng gap
nha't la tung trong cac ngdi chria Vd mat am
nhae - thanh nhae, kinh duoc tung vdi nhidu
am didu khae nhau, triy theo vring midn va
tdng phai Day la dac diem ndi bat cria am
nhae Phat giao Viet Nam ndi ridng, am nhae
truydn thdng Viet Nam ndi chung trong quan
he gin lidn vdi van hda va ngdn ngri ban dja
Giai didu va tfnh chat am nhae cria kinh phy
thupc va chju anh hudng tryc tidp tri thanh
-ngri didu trong ngdn -ngri va van hda am nhae
dan gian dja phuong Ndi each khic, kinh the
hidn tfnh phuang ngri rd net Ching ban, cung
Kinh, ka, canh, than da'u ca van ban
va duoc suf dung trong nghi la cau siau nhu mot nguyan tac bit bude Nai dung cac van ban nay th^ hian bang each phdi hop cung nhirng giai diau am nhae
va duge gan kat chat che vdl nhau Giai diau eua mdi tha' loai duoc suf dung nhU mat phuong tidn d^ chuyan tai nai dung cac aia'n tich cung nhu tdn chi eua nha Phat toi nguoi nghe
la kinh A di da, nhung giua cac su tang khu vyc Ha Npi va khu vyc TP.HCM tung cd am dieu hoan loan khic nhau(2) Cac khda do su lang, hda thupng phfa Nam tung, dd nhan tha'y phang phit im didu cua nhring bai hd sdng nudc, hay nhring bai dan ca Nam Bp Ngupc lai, cac su tang, hda thupng d khu vyc
Ha Npi tyng lai cd am hudng dan ca vring
chau thd sdng Hdng Kinh dupe sri dyng trong cic nghi Id cung nhu trong thudng nhat cria Phat giao Tai cac ngdi chria, kinh cri hanh ba khda mpt ngay: budi sang, budi trua va budi tdi Buoi sing, khoang tri 4 - 5 gid, cac tang ni thudng tyng kinh Thri lang nghidm hdi Bat nha, Hdi hudng va A di da; budi trua, vao lric 12 gid, thudng lung kinh A Di da, Sam hdi; va buoi tdi, khoang tri 6 - 7 gid, thudng tung A
di da, Huan tu Trong nghi Id cau sieu, kinh sri dyng nhu mpt quy djnh bit bupc d hiu hdt cac khoa, tri cring dp am (nhu tidp linh, trieu linh, giai oan - cat ke't, chay dan - pha nguc), cho tdi khoa cring Phat Kinh tung trong nghi
Id nay co nhidu bp, nhung phd bidn la kinh Di
da, Phap hoa, Bao an va kinh Thriy sam Neu kinh dupe coi nhu phep phap nha
Phat, thi canh, ngoai phan y nghia trdn, cdn
la phuong lien tdn vinh Drie Phat, ddng thdi
S6 300 Thang 6-2009
Trang 2V A N H 6 A N G H g T H U A T TROMC MM^C
kdt nd'i ngudi hanh Id vdi t h ^ linh Canh
cung bao ham mdt phan ndi dung trong cac
kinh, sri dung lam phuong tien thri hai de ran
day nhung tdn chi va hda giai dai chring
hudng tdi chin ly chung cua nha Phat Canh
chri ydu duac tdng hpp dudi hinh thric tho:
Tie'p ddn linh hdn nhien tue cU
Dudng dudng phd phdng ngpc hdo quang
Nam md ddn linh hdn Bd tdt Ma ha tdt
(ba ldn){3)
So vdi cac the loai thanh nhae trong nghi
Id cau sieu, cd the ndi, canh la mpt dac trimg,
didn ra vdi mdt thdi lupng ldn trong loan bp
nghi le So vdi am nhae trong nghi Id tfn
ngudng khic, thi canh la mdt hidn tupng am
nhae dpc dao, mpt trong nhring dai dien cua
am nhae nghi Id Phat giao
Canh cd hai loai am dieu vdi dac didm va
tfnh chat ddi lap nhau, dd la canh ai va canh
lac Canh ai, am didu buon, chi dring trong
cring dp am d nghi Id tiep linh va trieu linh
Canh lac, am dieu vui tuoi, hoan hy, dupe
dring trong cac khoa cring
Phat Nhring ngudi hanh Id
khu vyc Ha Npi cho bidt,
hien nay, tai vring dong
bing chau thd sdng Hong
cd ba vring canh vdi ba
phong each tan khae nhau
Dd la canh Ddng (Hai
Phdng, Hai Duong, mpt
phan cua tinh Bac Ninh va
Hung Yen), canh Nam
(Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Ha
Nam, Ninh Binh), canh Ha
Npi (chri ydu khu vyc Ha Npi va mpt phan
cua tinh Bic Ninh, Hung Yen) Tai khu vyc
Ha Npi, hidn nay, cdn bao luu duoc sd lucmg
bai ban canh kha phong phri va da dang Hidn
con khoang 13 bai canh ring vdi ten gpi cu
the: canh ai, gia td (IP huong, xa nhiet), chi
tam, phri, hoang kim, thdng, ham, gidi dinh,
duong chi, ta thri, hong ty (cun hdng), dong
ba va canh bao dinh (dan thuong) Trude day,
khu nay cdn tdn tai ba "Id" canh: Chria Bpc,
Quang Ba - Tay Hd va Id chria Thanh Nhan
Dian xudng thanh nhae trong nghi Id cau sidu co nam hinh thue, d do ed su tuong ddng vdi cac hinh thuc diin xudng eua am nhae dan gian truydn thdng Ody la su giao thoa, anh hudng va gan k^t chat che giua am nhae tdn gido vdi am nhae ngoai ton giao
Cung cd dac diem, cau true, tfnh ddc lap
tuong dd'i cua mdt the loai thanh nhae ke the
hidn dupe tfnh chat va sic thai ridng khi gin ket vdi canh va kinh Kd duoc xem nhu la phan md dau cua bi trong quan hp, via cheo
Kd la "the van Phat giao cd cac loai 4 chu, 5 chri, 6 chu, 7 chu va 32 chri La van van, loai the tai gidng nhu tho Dring dd truydn ba giao ly Phat phap"(4) O Viet Nam,
kd phd bien cd hlnh thric 7 tri:
Thdn nhu bdng chop cd rdi khdng, Cdy cdi xudn tuoi, thu ndo nung
Mac cudc thinh suy dimg so hdi Kia kia ngpn cd gipt sUOng ddng
(Thidn su Van Hanh (7-1018),
Ngd Ta't Td</c/i)(5)
Va loai 5 tri:
Qud'c to nhu ddng lac Nam thien ly thdi binh
Vd vi cu dien cdc Sif sif tifc dao binh
(Thidn su Phap Thuan (7-991 ))(6)
Hidn nay, trong nghi Id cau sidu d khu vyc Ha Npi phd bidn dring cac cap cau
ke 7 tri Kd chi dpc trude khi tung kinh va tan canh Mdi bp kinh gin vdi mpt bai kd, mdi loai canh cring gin vdi mpt cau kd Ching ban, canh phri di vdi kd phri, canh huong di vdi ke huong
Cring vdi canh, than
cring la thd loai cd nhidu net ddc dao Vd npi dung van ban, than la mpt dang van td 6 Id cau sieu, than dupe sri dyng phd bien trong khoa cring cit kdt, dan thuang va khoa tridu linh, that ta'u Than la nhring ldi kd Id vd cai chdt khae nhau, dupe vidt theo thd tho luc bat hoac luc bat bidn the Trong nhieu bai than, ngudi ta thudng nhic
tdi bai Vdn te thdp nhi chung sinh cua dai
thi hao Nguydn Du (1765-1822)(7):
Kia nhung ke chim sdng lac sudi Cung cd ngudi say cdi sa cdy
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Thang 6-2009
flfti
Trang 3^mi4 A M N H A C V A M C J A
Co ngudi leo gieng did ddy
Mdi ngudi mpt nghiep khdc nhau
Hdn sieu phdeli hie biet ddu bdy gid '!
Thdng qua the van nay, cring vdi am dieu
mang dac trung rieng, than da chuyen tai
dupe tfnh chat ai oan vl ndi dau am duong
each biet, ma nhring ngudi hanh Id thay ldi
gia dmh than len
Tren phuang dien am nhae, than cd am
dieu gin vdi canh ai, nhung sic thai am dam
hem, tidt nhjp eham ban Day chfnh la net dac
trung trong the loai thanh nhae than
2 Hinh thuc dien xudng
Trong bdn the loai trdn, thi hlnh thric didn
xudng cria kinh phong phri hem ca Dd la didn
xudng don, xudng - xd va ddng thanh tap thd
Didn xudng don (md mpt) la hlnh thric
tung chu ydu trong cac nghi Id thudng nhat
cria nha chria Hlnh thric nay chi danh cho
mpt vj la tang - ni cring vdi cap chuPng - md
ngdi tyng Trong Id cau sieu, dien xudng don
dupe phd bien d hau bet khoa cring, dac biet
la khi tung kinh
Didn xudng xudng - xd, cd thd gpi la hlnh
thric nhic lai, xua't hidn trong khoa cring vdi
sy tham gia cua nhidu ngudi, hay d cac nghi
Tyng kinh d chua Cdn Son - Anh Vi^t LuOn
Id ldn, thudng gap nha't trong mria an cu - kdt
ha (Tie tang ni ihudng tap trung dd hpc tap va trau ddi kinh sach Tai day, cac cao tang, hda thupng tyng/giang kinh, tang ni ngoi phfa dudi thyc hien viec tyng/nhac lai nhring cau cudi cria mdi hdi kinh
Didn xudng ddng thanh tap thd la hlnh thric phd bidn trong cac nghi Id Phat giao ldn Ddng thanh tap the cung xuat hien vai trd cria phap chri vdi tu each la ngudi cam Inch de din dit mdn tang, dan hpp xudng vao nhung cau tidp dd Sau khi phap chu kdt thric sau tidng
md va vao nhung cau diu tidn, thi tit ca tang
ni ngdi phfa dudi cring ddng thanh tyng theo Tuong ty nhu kinh, canh didn xudng dudi hai hlnh thric la didn xudng hai ngudi va ddng thanh tap thd Didn xudng hai ngudi ft dupe phd bidn, chri yeu vin la hlnh thric tap the
Ke chi didn xudng bing mpt hlnh thric duy nha't la dpc dudi dang dd'i dap Mdi cap cau se
do hai ngudi dpc, mdi ngudi mdt cau theo hlnh thric ta - bun Thdng thudng phap chu la ngudi dpc trude rdi mdi tdi hai ngudi hai ben Gin gidng vdi hlnh thric didn xudng cria canh, than dupe thd hien dudi hai hlnh thric: didn xudng ddng thanh va didn xudng ndi tidp don le Ddng thanh la cring mpt npi dung bai van td, dupe 3-5 ngudi, tham chf nhidu ban, cring than Didn xudng nd'i tiep don le la hlnh thric ma d dd, mdi ngudi se thyc hien mpt doan, kdt thric phin cua ngudi nay ihl ngudi khic nd'i tidp vao
Nhu vay, didn xudng thanh nhae trong nghi Id cau sieu cd nam hlnh thric, d dd cd sy tuong dong vdi cac hlnh thric didn xudng cua
am nhae dan gian truydn thd'ng Day la sy giao thoa, anh hudng va gin kdt chat che giria
am nhae tdn giao vdi am nhae ngoai tdn giao
3 Phd'i ke't hpp vdi nhae cu dem
Nghi Id cau sieu cd hai hlnh thric, khdng nhae dem va cd nhae dem Trong tung kinh, trudng hpp khdng nhae ddm cd d hau hdt cac
bp kinh, nhtmg vdi thdi lupng ngin Ngay khi thyc hidn khda lung kinh A di da trong Id thf thyc, thi md dau phan tung khdng sri dung nhae cu Trong doan: "Nguyen thri huong ydu
Sd300 Thang 6-2009
Trang 4VAN H6A NGHP THUAT TROMC MUI^
ydn van/ Bien man thap phuong gidi/ Vd bidn
Phat dp trung/ Vo luong huong trang nghidm/
Cu trie Bd Tat dao/ Thanh ty Nhu Lai huong
(crii dau ) " khdng su dung nhae cu Phan
md dau cua khoa cring nay cd tdi ba doan
tuong ty nhu vay khdng sri dung nhae cy ddm
Tuy nhidn, phan ldn cac tang ni lung kinh
thudng gin lidn vdi nhae cy ddm la chudng va
md Mdi tri trong kinh trring vdi mpt tie'ng
md; nhjp dp cria ngudi tung nhanh hay eham,
hai ydu td nay ddu ty Id thuan vdi nhau Trong
sudt qua trinh hanh Id, chudng, mo va ldi cua
kinh la mpt the thdng nha't, gin kdt chat che
vdi nhau Md dau cac khoa cring hoac budi
tung, bao gid cac su tang cring phai diem
nhring hdi chudng, triy theo timg nghi thric
Ket thric mpt hdi chudng, cac lang ni bat diu
tyng kinh va ddng thdi md cring diem theo
Md ddng giu vai trd giri nhjp, vria vdi tu each
la mpt phap khf "vat thieng", vria la khf nhae
dem cho didn xudng tung kinh Chudng cung
the hidn vai trd la nhae cu de eham cau, ngit
cau Trong nhidu trudng hpp, chuong gin nhu
chiec trdng chau trong nghe thuat ca trri Md
dau, kdt thric mpt khoa cring, hay mdi khi
tung, bao gid ngudi ta cring ddn mpt hdi
chudng Cac doan nhd cua mdi cau kinh kdt
thric thudng duoc danh da'u bing mpt tidng
chudng bao hidu Nhu thd, chudng, md va
tring tieng kinh cri thd ma gin ket chat che vdi
nhau, tao cho khdng gian thidng cua mdi
khoa cring mpt sic thai rieng va uy nghi hon
Ridng tan canh, viec sri dung nhae cu la
mpt quy djnh bit bupc Nhae cy dring phd
bidn trong tan canh thudc hp mang rung(8)
(trdng ldn, trdng ban), hp ty than vang
(chuPng, md, thanh la, nao bat, tiu - canh), hp
hoi cd ken, va ho day (dan nguyet, dan nhj)
Theo dd, md va chudng cd vai trd cam trjch,
giu nhjp chfnh va duoc didu khien bdi phap
chu, nhi cd chric nang di giai didu cring vdi
canh, dan nguyet di hda thanh chidu ngang;
ken thudng didn ta'u vao cac doan luu khdng
hay diem nghi dai; cdn trdng, thanh la va nao
bat cd chric nang tao va giri nhip Ridng cap
tiu - canh dupe coi la bp khung xuong, la
diem tua tao nen net dac trung trong nghe thuat tan canh Mdi quan he giua tan canh vdi hai nhae cu nay la quan he hun co khdng thd tach rdi Ngoai cap tiu - canh, ddi khi cdn thay ngudi hanh Id su dung thdm ca hai chide trd'ng ldn va trd'ng ban de danh theo nhjp cria liu -canh Thdng thudng, trdng ludn la nhae cu phu thudc vao cap tiu - canh Tuy nhidn, trd'ng thudng ddm theo am luat thua ban, tidt tau nhidu khi bj lupc bdt di va chu ydu ddm vao trpng am, thudng la vao dau cua phach manh C!ac the loai am nhae cua nghi Id Phat giao ndi chung ddu thdng nha't sri dung loai nhjp mpt Trong phan md dau va kdt thric tan canh,-ngudi ta thudng sri dung cac nhae cu trdn de hda ta'u theo nhjp trdng phap ldi, trdng din luc cring, trdng thupng dudng hoac trdng sai Ridng ddi vdi ke, nhae cu chi dupe didn ta'u trude khi cac su tang, thay cring tidn hanh dpc kd
Vdi than cd thd cd hoac khdng can nhae dem Ndu cd nhae cu di cring thi thudng la nhi, dan nguyet va trd'ng ban de tao va giri nhjp Lric dd, nhj se kdo theo giai dieu eua ngudi than, cdn dan nguyet cd chric nang dem hda sic Trdng chi su dung vao nhring doan dd ddn boat ket thuc mdi phan than Nhu vay, qua kinh, canh, ke va than, cd the tha'y thanh nhae trong nghi Id cau sidu da the hidn dupe su phong phri vd hlnh thric va dpc dao vd the loai Ydu td thanh nhae da lam cho cac khoa cring trd ndn linh thidng hon va mang dam sic mau cria nha Phat _i
N.D.L
1 4 Lao Tif, Thinh Le, Tit dien Nho - Phdt - Dao
Nxb Vdn hpc Ha N6i, 2001, tr.633, 599
2 Qua thuc te' khao sat mOt s6' khoa le trong Dai le
Phat dan Lien hiep qu6'c - 2008
3 Khoa Thinh Phdt, khoa Tiep linh, khoa Trieu linh, khoa Chdc thuc, khoa Phdng sinh vd Thi thuc, (sach
tham khao nOi b6) do Dai diic Thi'ch Thanh Phucmg tru tri chiia D6ng Lim, Thach Ban, Long Bien, Hii Ndi, cung cip
5, 6 Tap chi Khudng Viel s6 1 -2007 lr.39
7 Tap chi Khudng Viet, s6 3-2008
8 Theo D6 Xuan Tiing, Tap chi Atn nhae s6 2-1983
So 300
Thang 6-2009
M