Evaluating greenhouse gas emission reduction from piggery waste, agricultural by products and domestic solid waste treatment at pilot scale in  rural area of northern Vietnam

supplied by IPCC in Annex A.17.  Tier 1: A simplified method that IPCC default emission factors are estimated emissions. Therefore, this method will be reasonable fo[r]

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

PHAM VIET BIEN CUONG

EVALUATING GREENHOUSE GAS

EMISSION REDUCTION FROM PIGGERY WASTE, AGRICULTURAL BY PRODUCTS

AND DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE TREATMENT AT PILOT SCALE IN RURAL

AREA OF NORTHERN VIETNAM

MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

(PILOT)

SUPERVISORS:

ASSOC PROF DO QUANG TRUNG PROF MASAKI TAKAOKA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In order to implement this thesis, I have received a plenty of supports from

everybody First of all, I would like to convey my gratefulness to my teachers at Japan

as well as Vietnam Thank you so much, Professor Masaki TAKAOKA who is so

dedicated and enthusiastic, is my supervisor He has helped me to orient my master

thesis detail and found more new points

I would especially like to thank Assoc Prof Do Quang TRUNG as well as team

members in his project spending on more one year with me My thanks and

appreciation also to managers of Kikugawa biogas power plant; Kikugawa research

center and Yagi biology center where I came and conducted data

Thank Mr.TOI who is owner of piggery farm in Lam Dien commune and Mr

MANH in Hai Dong commune also

I have not been forgetting supports from Mrs MISHINA in whole my internship

in Japan Mr Takashi SUZUE was head of VJU’s internship delegation at

SHIMADZU corporation ProfessorSeiji HASHIMOTO; Keisuke SATO and other

teacher at Ritsumeikan University held several informative field tours in Japan for

conducting data

Once again, I want to thank appreciate to JICA (Japan International Cooperation

Agency) for specially supporting VJU's student and me in these two years

Sincerely!

PHAM VIET BIEN CUONG

MEE Master’s student Vietnam Japan University

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi

INTRODUCTION vii

CONTENTS 1

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1

1.1 Greenhouse gas emission issues 1

1.1.1 Greenhouse effect and Greenhouse gases 1

1.1.2 Greenhouse gases emission situation 3

1.1.3 Greenhouse gases emission data and estimation 6

1.2 The issues in waste management of Vietnam 8

1.2.1 Pig manure, agricultural by product and domestic waste 8

1.2.2 Solutions 12

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 16

2.1 Concept of estimating emission reduction 16

2.2 Approaches of estimating GHGs emission 17

2.3 CH4 emission in solid waste management 18

2.4 Calculation GHGs emission in livestock management 20

2.4.1 Baseline emission 20

2.4.2 Project activities in emission reduction 23

2.4.3 Emission reduction applies in case of Vietnam 25

2.5 Co-digestion pilot model in rural area of northern Vietnam 26

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 30

3.1 GHGs emission from livestock management of Vietnam 30

3.2 GHGs emission reduction from livestock management of Japan 32

3.3 Estimation GHGs emission reduction from manure management at pilots in Vietnam 34

3.3.1 General information 34

3.3.2 Estimation of Baseline emission 34

3.3.3 Estimation of emission reduction 38

CONCLUSION 40

REFERENCES 41

ANNEXES 44

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Greenhouse effect (US-EPA) 2

Figure 1.2: Global anthropogenic GHG emissions 3

Figure 1.3: Greenhouse gas emissions by sectors 4

Figure 1.4: Agricultural emission total and manure management of the world 4

Figure 1.5: A forecasting global GHGs to 2030 4

Figure 1.6: Agricultural emissions by sector 5

Figure 1.7: Share of sectors in manure management 6

Figure 1.8: Approaches way in estimating GHGs emission 7

Figure 1.9: GHGs emission sources in AFOLU sector 8

Figure 1.10: Volume of manure in livestock of Vietnam 2010-2014 9

Figure 1.11: Animal waste discharged by economic region of Vietnam 2014 10

Figure 1.12: The contribution of domestic waste in Vietnam' rural (2007) 11

Figure 1.13: Waste treatment in ASEAN 12

Figure 1.14: Dehydrate system of livestock treatment in visited center in Japan 13

Figure 2.1: Concept of Baseline emission 20

Figure 2.2: Project activities for GHGs emission reduction 24

Figure 2.3: The steps of raw material pre-treatment for co-digestion system 28

Figure 3.1: Contribution of total agricultural emission in total GHG emission of Vietnam 30

Figure 3.2: Contribution of GHG emission of agriculture in Vietnam 30

Figure 3.3: Agricultural emission total between Vietnam and Japan 31

Figure 3.4: Estimating evolutions of Methane (CH4 ) emission and swine population of Ha Noi from 1995 to 2017 31

Figure 3.5: Emission from traditional biogas of Mr.Toi's farm and Mr Manh’s farm 35

Figure 3.6: Emission reduction potential commune scale 39

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Main sources of GHG emission 1

Table 1.2: Top 10 emitters (CO2 equivalent) average 1961 - 2016, Agriculture total (FAO) 5

Table 1.3: Solid waste in livestock of Vietnam 9

Table 1.4: GHG emission in livestock by economic region sectors, 10

Table 1.5: Summary of studies regard to co-digestion 14

Table 2.1: DOC and DOCf of typical solid waste 19

Table 2.2: Steps of estimating CH4 emission 22

Table 2.3: Japanese estimation methodology in agricultural sector 23

Table 2.4: Steps of CH4 estimation in biological treatment 23

Table 2.5: Co-digestion system mode 29

Table 3.1: The results are calculated and analyzed from Kikugawa biogas power plant survey 33

Table 3.2: Initial estimation the livestock excretion and CH4 emission 33

Table 3.3: Calculation CH4 emission following IPCC volume 5 for biological solid waste treatment 34

Table 3.4: Estimation of Lam Dien and Hai Dong emission reduction 35

Table 3.5: Emission of agricultural by-product and domestic waste 37

Table 3.6: Total emission 37

Table 3.7: Emission reduction potential 38

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

MONRE Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

INTRODUCTION

According to Vietnam national environmental report (2014), rural environment has been degrading faster than forecasted Especially as northern rural area of Vietnam, water, solid and air pollution are big issues Moreover, GHGs emission was mentioned in another national report of MONRE about environment of Vietnam phase 2011-2015 Agricultural activities will be affected serious [1] [2] The fact that emission from agriculture contributes greater than 40% in total emission of Vietnam and 60% of it comes from agricultural methane emissions activities Controlling methane (CH4) emission from manure management is necessary but it does not really take care properly Biogas technique which is one traditional treatment, is very popular in Vietnam and simplify to operate for farmers However, it seems overload

to treat a large of waste as well as operates in substrate shortage status; we need to spend more area expending biogas tank capacity After harvesting, farmer disposes

of a lot of agricultural residues; almost them decay into the environment, a small part

is used for other purposes (animal feed, composting, ) In order to solute two these issues, co-digestion pilot model gained many positive performances due to mixing both agricultural by product and swine manure In Japan, there are many factories applied co-digestion in treatment manure with food waste, agricultural residues ; if possible, anaerobic co-digestion could solve waste from livestock and agricultural production in Vietnam It could help C:N ratio suitably for anaerobic digestion process and reduction somewhat GHGs emission Estimating GHGs emission in manure management is based on guidelines, tools of IPCC, UNFCC and refers Japanese method while global and national emission are analyzed from many famous organizations (World Bank, FAO, OECD)

Research purpose

In this thesis, I want to apply several simple approaches in estimating GHGs emissions in case Vietnam and evaluating the efficiency of emission reduction activities On the other hand, it could find out a GHGs emission trend of the world as

well as Vietnam by exploiting inventories data of the international organizations (FAO, OECD, World Bank)

Research object

In this thesis, methane (CH4) emission was focused mainly on researching in agricultural emission (manure management) and solid waste management (agricultural by-product and domestic waste) Co-digestion model is applied for reducing emission in pilot scale

Research scope

Two places were chosen are rural area of northern of Vietnam with special outstanding characteristics:

 Experimental model 1: at Hai Dong commune, Nam Dinh province It is

coastal area where has been impacted ocean level rise of climate change

 Experimental model 2: at Lam Dien commune, Ha Noi’s countryside It has a

supply function for cities (e.g Ha Noi city) Due to near the developing cities strongly, the environment in here was affected seriously In addition, the fast growth of piggery farms is not planned

All of researches and results in my thesis is performed by 03 chapter below:

“Chapter I: Literature review”: Introduce general information about GHGs emission

and several problems of Vietnam’s rural in waste management

“Chapter II: Methodology”: Making co-digestion pilots and method of estimating

emission will be shown in this chapter

“Chapter III: Results and discussions”: Summarize and analyze the results of this

research regarding CH4 emission estimation and the effective co-digestion model in emission reduction

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Greenhouse gas emission issues

1.1.1 Greenhouse effect and Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gaseous component of the atmosphere

However, clouds and they absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface This property causes the greenhouse effect Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), zone (O3) and water vapor (H2O) are the main GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere (Tab.1.1) [3] According to Montreal Protocol, the chlorine and bromine containing substances and the halocarbons are included Besides CH4, N2O and CO2, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are dealt with in the Kyoto Protocol [3]

Table 1.1: Main sources of GHG emission [4]

Methane (CH4) emission is from

the transport of coal, natural gas,

and oil and produce activities

Decomposition of organic wastes

in municipal solid waste (MSW),

in agriculture, landfills also

generate it Estimating methane

emissions from livestock relate to

animal species, feeding,

performance and gross energy

The calculations are based on

conversion factors for each field

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is emitted from industrial and agricultural activities, even comes a part of combustion of fossil fuels

or solid waste

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted to atmosphere via burning such as fossil fuels (e.g oil, coal and natural gas), wood, solid waste or made from chemical reactions Carbon dioxide could get rid of the atmosphere by plants or participate in carbon cycle

Greenhouse effect is known as phenomenon in which GHGs absorb thermal

infrared radiation and then emitted again to the Earth’s surface as well as the atmosphere Because of emission all sides, GHGs create a trap heat at surface-troposphere layer This phenomenon is the greenhouse effect (Fig.1.1) The fact that

in the troposphere, thermal infrared radiation relate directly to temperature of the atmosphere depending on the altitude where it is emitted Normally, the temperature

in the troposphere decreases with height However, due to increase concentration of GHGs leading to heat kept in layers near the surface of the Earth [3]

Figure 1.1: Greenhouse effect (US-EPA)

Environmental impact of Greenhouse effect is one of issues discussed in

many workshop and conferences There are several core impacts which could be mentioned Firstly, it is very important is global warming Because it will affect to a large area and specially, it leads to temperature increase Therefore, this issue will be global issue and become the reason of climate change The sea level rise would be the second effect and finally, impact on human life (e.g agricultural impact; economic impact, eco-system, hydrological cycle…) [4]

In fact that Vietnam is one of the countries is vulnerable by climate change According to a research about Global Climate Risk Index (CRI), Vietnam was at No.05th (in 2016) and No.06th (in 2017) in ranking countries which were effected by climate change (Annex A.1; A.2) So that in near future many coastal areas of Vietnam will be stayed under the sea level The Red river delta and the Mekong river delta are typical areas for adapting to climate change in Vietnam [5]

1.1.2 Greenhouse gases emission situation

The annual reports of IPCC is very important, several reports from them are

“synthesis reports” (AR1-1990, AR2-1995, AR3-2001, AR4-2007, AR5-2014) and

it will be expected new “synthesis report” AR6 in 2022 The Fig.1.2 was taken from

“Synthesis report 2007: climate change”, it was shown that GHGs emission increased more than 70% in 34 years [3] Total emission in 2004 is 49 Gt CO2eq/year (Fig.1.2) However, share of different GHGs in total emission relatively were stability in many year and agriculture was about 13.5% of total emission (Detail of Annex A.3)

a) Global anthropogenic GHG emissions, annual (1970-2004)

b) Contribution of anthropogenic GHG in total emission (2004)

c) Contribution of different sectors in total emission (2004)

Figure 1.2: Global anthropogenic GHG emissions [3]

According to the AR4-report (Fig.1.3), total emission in 2010 reach again to value of 2004 (49 Gt CO2eq/year) By acting together, GHGs emission was controlled stably from 2004 to 2010 Nevertheless, AFOLU sector is 24% and approximately 1% from indirect CO2 emission (the map of contribution in Annex A.4) From data

of FAO, it could recognize that agriculture emission of the world raises near the 2 times from 1961 to now (Fig.1.4) Manure management also contributes approximately 40 percent into total emission Moreover, emission of Asia is the largest (39.5%); Americas as well as Europe is smaller respectively 25.5% and 18.3% (Annex A.5)

Figure 1.3: Greenhouse gas emissions by

sectors [6]

Figure 1.4: Agricultural emission total and manure management of the world

If each country do not act, an expected trends in GHGs emissions in 2030

(Fig.1.5), global emissions will increase to 62 Gt CO2eq (including CO2 emissions of

land use) Therefore, countries is developing such as China (5.5 Gt CO2eq), India (2.7

Gt CO2eq) will be affected On the other hand, emissions in the most developed

countries are expected to remain more or less constant in period 2010 – 2030 [7] A

part of raw data are shown in Annex A.6

Figure 1.5: A forecasting global GHGs to 2030 (Source: PBL

FAIR/IMAGE/TIMER model calculations and OECD 2012) [7]

It could realize that the big countries with the large area as well as population

usually contribute plenty of GHGs emission in the agricultural sector They need

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Emissions (CO2equivalent), Agriculture total

of the world, unit: kt (CO2eq) x 10000

Agriculture total of the world

Manure management of the world

maintaining the large scale of agriculture in order to protect food security themselves

Therefore, it can explain why the emission of China and United States are higher

many times than in other countries (Tab.1.2)

Table 1.2: Top 10 emitters (CO 2 equivalent) average 1961 - 2016, Agriculture

(*)USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Repubics

According to FAO’s inventory data, the contribution of each agricultural sector

depends on geographical location, culture, natural condition… Asia countries are rice

cultivation so it is often bigger while generally on the world, emission from enteric

fermentation is the biggest contribution

Figure 1.6: Agricultural emissions by sector

Generally, emission from manure management of the World, Japan as well as

Vietnam is also roundly 7-9% in total agricultural emission In addition, share of

sectors are not too different between Vietnam and Japan (Fig.1.6)

Figure 1.7: Share of sectors in manure management

As mentioned above, although emission of manure management sector is about

9% (Fig.1.6); it increases fast more than two times from 1961 to now Manure

management sector includes some sectors In case of Vietnam, among

sub-sectors emission of swine (market, breeding) is very important contributing roundly

60% total (Fig.1.7) A half of agricultural emission comes from methane emission

All of emission inventory data are shown somewhat the necessary of methane (CH4)

emission from manure management, especially for piggery

1.1.3 Greenhouse gases emission data and estimation

The database is quite important in researches This thesis is used two types of

data Firstly, international emission data were collected from three famous

organizations (e.g FAO; OECD, World Bank) Raw data is published and not

difficult to download and use but it needs selecting and analyzing carefully.Secondly,

local emission data were estimated from specific information of that place Method

for estimating is referred guidelines of IPCC, UNFCCC, and Japan Almost used data

is agricultural emission or relationship to agricultural activities To understand the

idea for calculating methane emission Fig.1.8 and Fig.1.9 would describe a part of

them Although there exist three approaches, almost they based on the method of

IPCC as a primary reference They were built up and modified for specific conditions

and each country Therefore, several name or value of emission factor could be same

somewhat

Figure 1.8: Approaches way in estimating GHGs emission

According to IPCC, agricultural activities are included in AFOLU group (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use) The Fig.1.9 could illustrate about it The estimates of GHGs emissions deriving from AFOLU sector includes [8]:

• “CO 2 emissions and removals resulting from C stock changes in biomass, dead organic matter (DOM), soil organic matter (SOM) of organic and mineral soils, and harvested woody products (HWP) for all managed lands;

• CO 2 from cultivated organic soils;

• Non-CO 2 emissions from fire on all managed land;

• CH 4 emissions from rice cultivation;

• N 2 O emissions from all managed soils;

• CO 2 emissions associated with liming and urea application to managed soils;

• CH 4 emissions from livestock enteric fermentation;

• CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from manure management systems”

There are many sub - category in agricultural emissions, but in this thesis focuses on sub-category: “CH 4 emissions from manure management systems”

Figure 1.9: GHGs emission sources in AFOLU sector [9]

1.2 The issues in waste management of Vietnam

1.2.1 Pig manure, agricultural by product and domestic waste

Nowadays, there exists many issues in rural area of Vietnam, especially as GHGs emission Locally agricultural residues are disposed following each season and manure are from farms such as swine, chicken…; even solid waste from daily life Therefore, solid waste treatment become so urgently in rural area National environment reports of Vietnam were pointed out thatNational environment reports

of Vietnam were pointed out more than 76 million tons of straw estimated and about

47 million tons of livestock waste are generated each year in rural areas (excluding a large amount of production waste from craft villages) In addition, agricultural solid waste, it is also necessary to pay attention to a large number of pesticide fertilizer packages and must not be collected and disposed of properly Along with the increase

in the number and quantity of animals, environmental pollution caused by livestock waste is increasing Each year, livestock waste is discharged into the environment to over 80 million tons of livestock solid waste (Tab.1.3) including manure, garbage, food waste, animal and poultry carcasses According to statistics so far, about 40-50% of waste is treated, the rest is discharged directly into ponds, lakes, canals and creeks [2]

Table 1.3: Solid waste in livestock of Vietnam [2]

Figure 1.10: Volume of manure in livestock of Vietnam 2010-2014 [10]

Since there are many advantages in natural conditions, livestock of Red river delta is quite developing especially as swine and poultry With the abundance of agricultural products, they are big feed sources for livestock However, the RRD is also limited area in area, so that the load of waste per one kilometer square is greater several times than other regions In this, waste of pig contributes up to 300 t/km2 in

800 t/km2 (Fig.1.11)

RRD: Red river delta, NMM: Mountainous and Midland, NSCC: North and South Central Coast,

CH: central highland, SE: South East, MRD: Mekong river delta

Figure 1.11: Animal waste discharged by economic region of Vietnam 2014 [10]

Almost the population and economic activities of northern rural centralize in Red river delta Hence, this area creates a big market for consuming pork GHGs emission usually is greater than in other economic regions (Tab.1.4)

Table 1.4: GHG emission in livestock by economic region sectors,

2012 (ton CO 2 eq) [10]

RRD: Red river delta, NMM: Mountainous and Midland, NSCC: North and South Central Coast,

CH: central highland, SE: South East, MRD: Mekong river delta

According to Vietnam’s National State of Environment 2010, amount of solid waste generated of rural areas in 2003 was 6,400 kt/year and in 2008 was more 9,000 kt/year A forecasting at that time, the load could increase to approximately 10,000 kt/year Each person in rural area was discharged 0.3 kg/day (2003) and 0.4 kg/day (2008) (Annex A.7) [11]

Figure 1.12: The contribution of domestic waste in Vietnam' rural (2007) [12]

In Vietnam, following MONRE it could be divided into 3 categories for rural solid waste: 1- Craft’s solid waste (various types and sources); 2- Agricultural solid waste (cultivation, fertilizer, harvesting, animal husbandry,…); 3-Rural domestic solid waste (family households, hospitals, market, ) [12] The main part of agricultural solid waste is the agricultural by-products such as rice husk, rice straw, and other The volume of them increases fast during harvest times The kinds of agricultural residues depend on regions and seasons The delta is suitable for growing vegetables, rice while in a highland area coffee tree is a typical tree [13]

The Mekong river delta and Red river delta are areas contributing a large of rural domestic waste The domestic waste of Red river delta shared 23% in total domestic waste of Vietnam (Fig.1.12) Agricultural solid waste contains various contents and majority of them are biodegradable (e.g rice straw, husk, stubble, livestock manure, animal husbandry waste Besides, it could be hazardous waste, persistent or pesticide

1.2.2 Solutions

In fact that livestock wastes could lead to pollution (air, soil, and water) There are amount of waste treated, but a large of them discharged in to environment Open dumping and composting are typical solutions in rural area of Vietnam as well as in ASEAN (except for Singapore); open dumping is 50-80% and composting is about 5-15% (Fig.1.13)

Figure 1.13: Waste treatment in ASEAN [14]

Agricultural by-product somewhat could be used to compost or feed for animals Rice straw also are bought to material for grow mushroom while a large of vegetable residues are dumped into fields to decay by the time In farms, they apply biogas digestions for treating or using it as fertilizers As you know co-digestion is new approach and it could solve both issues Manure and agricultural by-product or household waste are mixed following a ratios after putting into an anaerobic co-digestion tank They are decomposed together; so generally it might decrease the volume of reactor GHGs emission is different between traditional biogas and co-digestion At small-holder farms, rice straw and pig manure could be composted together and then they are used as fertilizer [10] Many farms apply biogas digesters to

deal with manure However, there are 65 percent of farm in Hanoi applying biogas Normally, they divide into liquid fraction for making fertilize and dry-matter-rich for composting in the field or in their garden The time for composting could be from 3 to 4 months and in liquid fraction, clear water and urine are stored All of them also are used for the crop as fertilizers [15]

non-According to a report of World Bank, there are 30 percent of pig farms in Vietnam separating collection of liquid (urine,…) and solid waste (feces, ) However there are about 60 percent of farms treat a mixture of them [10] In Japan, separating the urine and feces is very necessary If they cannot separate in advance, they will collect together and then dehydrate in order to divide into 2 parts (liquid and solid phase) (Fig.1.14)

a) Yagi bioecology center b) Kikugawa research center

Figure 1.14: Dehydrate system of livestock treatment in visited center in Japan

Almost farmers use biogas from anaerobic digesters for cooking and lighting It

is too enough to use, so that they supply for their neighbors; even emit directly to environment However, it is not problem, cookers and equipment are rusted as well

as damaged after using 2-4 years Therefore, they have abandoned using biogas when projects or programs are finished Dihydrogen sulphide (H2S) is the reason of this issue, it should have removed before cooking [15]

In general, in recent years, there have been a number of studies and a number

of animal waste treatment models implemented in Vietnam (Tab.1.5) Although the

success of each model is different, it contributes to reducing pollution Although the current methods of treating livestock waste are based on technologies that have been successfully applied in the world, to meet the Vietnamese reality, there are still many difficulties due to diversified animal husbandry, investment capital and low operating costs, qualifications of farmers and knowledge have not met the demand

Table 1.5: Summary of studies regard to co-digestion

1

Optimization of the specific methanogenic activity during the

anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure and rice straw, using

industrial clay residues as inorganic additive

3 Effects of mixed difference combination between Zea mays

and Pistia stratiotes L N.L.Phuong et al 2015

4 Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from

livestock and poultry in China during 1949–2003 J.B Zhou et al 2007

Mesophilic anaerobic digestion of pig slurry and fruit and

vegetable waste: Dissection of the microbial community

structure

Margarita Ros et al 2017

7

Semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of sugar beet

byproduct and pig manure: Effect of the organic loading rate

(OLR) on process performance

A research on the ability to treat pollutants in livestock waste by biogas system shows that the concentration of pollutants in livestock waste is significantly reduced after passing the biogas system, especially BOD5 and COD in waste water Especially, BOD5 of sow waste water decreased 75.0 - 80.8%, waste water in the pigsty reduced 75.89 - 80.36%; COD in sow waste water decreased by 66.85%, in

market pig decreased by 64.94 - 69.73% However, COD after being processed through biogas reactor is still many times higher than the permitted sanitation target

[16] Anaerobic digestion combined with animal waste and agricultural byproducts for biogas production has been studied by many scientists around the world and mentioned in many scientific works However, there is no consensus on this issue Due to the fact that studies are conducted in climatic conditions and raw materials of different quality and types

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

2.1 Concept of estimating emission reduction

In this thesis, GHGs emission was estimated in two scales The first are small scales which are farms and the second are large scales which are countries Calculating emission in small scales based on guidelines and tool of three approaches

of UNFCCC, IPCC as well as Japan Baseline emission (BE) were calculated when they do not any activities for treatment or managing waste; then if there are project activities of emission reduction (ER), the emission of those activities will be calculated following guidelines of each approach The reduction activities in this thesis focus on improving the realistic system (reduce water consumption, utilize biogas) and increase the efficiency of reaction by trying co-digestion pilot with three types substrates (manure, agricultural residues and domestic waste).

The estimated value of farms are scale up for whole of commune with similar condition assumption Comparison between Baseline emission (BE) and project emission (PE) of reduction activities show somewhat GHGs emission reduction (ER) Besides, conducting and analyzing emission data from several famous international

organizations for large scales By simply way, it is illustrated by this equation 2.1:

ER y = BE y - PE y ( 2.1)

There are many sources of emission data However, data were conducted from World Bank, OECD, FAO as well as IPCC reports, which are reliable Draw data were downloaded, then they were re-calculated The links in below are used to export data about GHGs emission In this sector, GHGs emission of Vietnam and the World are analyzed by those data

https://data.World Bank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KThttps://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AIR_GHG http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GT

The data in these links are free, so it is not difficult to collect them However, there are plenty of data of fields; in this case, agricultural emission data are preferred All parameters were measured and analyzed at Laboratory of Assoc Prof DO QUANG TRUNG in VNU University of Science (HUS) with my project team The sections in below will perform them detail

2.2 Approaches of estimating GHGs emission

Generally, there exists many tool as well as method in order to estimate GHGs emission in the world The method of IPCC was enforced at 1996 and updated on newest version at 2006 [9] IPCC Guidelines were first accepted in 1994 and published

in 1995 UNFCCC COP3 held in 1997 in Kyoto reaffirmed that the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories should be used as

"methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases" in calculation of legally-binding targets during the first

commitment period This is basic guideline which my countries applied or used it to develop a new method for themselves Several CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) and tool of UNFCCC were also applied for calculating Moreover, Japanese method was referred and compared with Vietnam Detail of methodology

in below:

 IPCC: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, emissions from livestock and manure management (Volume 4: AFOLU, Chapter 10) [17]; Biological treatment of solid waste (Volume 5: Waste, Chapter 4) [18], Solid waste disposal (Volume 5: Waste, chapter 3) [19]

 UNFCCC: AMS.IIID (Methane recovery in animal manure management systems) [20], AMS.IIIH (Methane recovery in wastewater treatment) [21], AMS.IC (Thermal energy production with or without electricity) [22] and Tool 04 in Methodological tool of CMD [23]

 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of Japan 2018 [24]

The classifications of IPCC is basic for other approaches in order to build up specific formulas Greenhouse gas emission and removal estimations are divided into main sectors, which are groupings of related sources, processes and sinks:

 Energy;

 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU);

 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU);

 Waste

According to the IPCC-2006 Guidelines report, three tiered approaches related

to methods which are used in the AFOLU Sector:

 Tier 1: basic method;

 Tier 2: intermediate method;

 Tier 3: the most demanding, complexity and data requirements Regarding to application for estimating CH4 emission of swine, emission factor

is chosen in Chapter 10 IPCC-2006 and is referred from UNFCCC, Japan as well as previous researches in Vietnam [17]

There are many researches focusing on many animals in agricultural production and other sector such as CH4 emission from enteric fermentation, N2O emission from manure management [25] [26] However, this thesis analyzes CH4 emission from manure management and object is swine Moreover, the calculating is applied for many approaches of organizations and countries

2.3 CH 4 emission in solid waste management

Methane emission from agricultural by-product as well as domestic waste disposal has relied on IPCC guideline Volume 5 (Chapter 3 for Solid waste disposal)

[19] Following this way, amount of methane emission is determined by equation 2.2; equation 2.3 and equation 2.4 in this document But it must assume that the amount

of CH4 recovery (RT) is trivial and could omit them Moreover, the oxidation factor (OXT) is selected as 0, because solid waste disposal (SWDS) is usually in unmanaged and uncategorized SWDS In addition, DOC (degradable organic carbon) and DOCf

(fraction of DOC) depend on type of solid waste, for instance:

Table 2.1: DOC and DOC f of typical solid waste [18]

(2.4)

Whole emission factors in above equations are shown that:

value

value

Source MCF Methane conversion factor (MCF) for the

baseline animal manure management system j 1

F Fraction of CH4 generated in disposal site 0.5

2.4 Calculation GHGs emission in livestock management

In the scope of this thesis, livestock management is understood in narrow meaning that is manure from piggery Manure is defined as product from livestock including urine (liquid) and dung (solid)

2.4.1 Baseline emission

Case 1: UNFCCC’s approach

First of all, we need to understand that what is baseline emission (BE)? The figure in below is briefly baseline emission concept [20]

Figure 2.1: Concept of Baseline emission [20]

According to AMS III.H of UNFCCC, baseline emission scenario has some conditions regarding to environmental temperature (>5oC), manure retention time (>1 month); in case of using anaerobic lagoons, the depth of them are at least 1 (m)

In addition, system is without methane recovery and do not use combustion and flaring for destructing methane generation (Fig.2.1)

Equation 2.5 is used for baseline emission Almost factors are chosen from

default value or referring to suitable value which are attached:

𝑩𝑬𝒚 = 𝑮𝑾𝑷𝑪𝑯𝟒× 𝑫𝐂𝐇𝟒× 𝑼𝑭𝒃× ∑𝒋,𝑳𝑻𝑴𝑪𝑭𝒋× 𝑩𝟎,𝑳𝑻× 𝑵𝑳𝑻,𝒚× 𝑽𝑺𝑳𝑻,𝒚× 𝑴𝑺%𝑩𝒍,𝒋 (2.5)

Where [20]:

𝐵𝐸𝑦 Baseline emissions in year y (t CO2eq) Estimated

value 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4 Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CH4

applicable to the crediting period (t CO2eq/t CH4) 25

𝑈𝐹𝑏 Model correction factor to account for model

𝑀𝐶𝐹𝑗 Methane conversion factor (MCF) for the

baseline animal manure management system j 0.7

𝑀𝑆%𝐵𝑙,𝑗 Fraction of manure handled in baseline animal

Case 2: IPCC’s approach

To estimate CH4 from livestock manure, IPCC recommend that: firstly, choice

of method; secondly, choice of emission factors and finally, choice of activity data The choice of method is very important It should base on data and national condition

of each country in order to apply suitable method As mentioned, there are three methods (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3) [17] Decision tree for choosing suitable methods was supplied by IPCC in Annex A.17

 Tier 1: A simplified method that IPCC default emission factors are

estimated emissions Therefore, this method will be reasonable for developing countries as Vietnam

 Tier 2: A more complex This method needs more detailed information

manure management practices as well as animal characteristics, so it could develop emission factors specific depending on the conditions of the country

 Tier 3: It usually is applied by developing countries Through Tier 2 and

create country-specific methodologies or apply measurement–based approaches in order to quantify emission factors

This thesis selects Tier 1 for estimation so that the steps and formulas will follow

as Tab.2.2 However, if choosing Tier 2 or Tier 3, it is necessary to propose another procedure as well as formulas

Table 2.2: Steps of estimating CH 4 emission

FOR MANURE MANAGEMENT TIER 1 - BASELINE

B2 Conduct the Day alive time Survey

B3 Choose Emission factors (temp.) Tab 10.14 IPCC chapter 10 for manure management B4 Estimate CH 4 following Eq 10.1 & 10.22 IPCC chapter10 for manure management

Equation 2.6 is based on the Equation 10.22 in IPCC chapter 10 for manure

management [17]:

𝑪𝑯𝟒,𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒓𝒆 = ∑ (𝑬𝑭𝑻 ×𝑵𝑻)

𝟏𝟎 𝟔

𝑻 (2 6)

𝐶𝐻4,𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒 Methane emission from manure management

kt CH4/year

Estimated value

EF

Emission factor is chosen from table 10.14 inIPCC chapter 10 for manure management at 25oC of average temperature (kg CH4/Head/year)

6

B.1)

Case 3: Japan’s approach

According to the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of Japan 2018, it

is concerning to agricultural emission the methods and emission factors (EF) are shown in the table below It could see that emission is calculated by Tier 1 (T1) and default (D) emission factors [24]

Table 2.3: Japanese estimation methodology in agricultural sector [24]

2.4.2 Project activities in emission reduction

Case 1: IPCC’s approach

Nowadays, waste treatment in piggery is very important for keeping environment and protecting human heath around It is popular way, biological treatment technologies were applied in many countries

According to IPCC volume 05-chapter 04 for biological treatment systems, estimating CH4 emission is calculated briefly by steps and equations The Tab 2.4 is

a summary of the procedure for estimating emission of biological treatment

Table 2.4: Steps of CH 4 estimation in biological treatment

Estimation CH 4 emission from biological treatment of waste Tier 1 after treatment

B1 Find number of swine Survey (Growing 30-50), finishing

80-100, breeding B2 Find amount of waste treated Survey

B3 Choose emission factors

following biological type Tab 4.1

IPCC for biological treatment Waste chapter

-B4 Estimate CH4 emission Eq 4.1 &

Eq 4.2

IPCC for biological treatment Waste chapter

-Equation 2.7 for estimating CH4 emission is the equation 4.1 in IPCC guideline [18]:

𝑪𝑯𝟒,𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∑ (𝑴𝒊×𝑬𝑭𝒊)

𝟏𝟎 𝟑

𝑻 − 𝑹 (2.7)

CH4,Emission Methane emission from biological system

(kt CH4/year)

Estimated value

EF Emission factor is chosen from table 4.1 of IPCC

guideline vol.5 (g CH4/kg waste treated)

(refer Annex B.2)

M Mass organic of treated waste from biological

Case 2: UNFCCC’s approach

Figure 2.2: Project activities for GHGs emission reduction [20]

Anaerobic treatment is a popular project emission for managing livestock (feces and urine) as well as reducing methane emission However, estimating the baseline emission of each treatment system should consider the emission of wastewater after treating (Fig.2.4) In Vietnam, flow wastewater of farms relatively is high while COD removal efficiency is low Therefore, the CH4 emission from the discharge of wastewater should have included in calculations