Bdi viet stf dung ngudn sd' lieu thff cd'p, cu the la so' lieu vd life Iffdng lao ddng Viet Nam ttf 15 tudi trd Idn eua cdc qudc gia trong khu vifc ASEAN nam 2018; Trinh dp hpc va'n c[r]
Trang 1CHAT Ll/CfNG NGUON NHAN LlJC VIET NAM
- SO SANH VOfI CAC QUOC GIA TRONG KHU VlJC ASEAN QUA MOT SO CHI TIEU
• NGO QUOC Cl/CiNG
TOM TAT:
Bai vid't dtfa tren ngudn sd lidu thtf cd'p dtfdc thu thap tff Td chtfc Lao ddng qudc td (ILO) nham neu bat thtfc trang chd't Iffdng ngudn nhan Itfc ciia Viet Nam khi so sdnh vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vffc ASEAN qua mpt so' chi tieu Ke't qua nghidn ctfu cho thay ehd't Iffdng ngudn nhan Itfc eua Vidt Nam eon khd thd'p va ed khoang cdch kha xa so vdi cdc qud'c gia trong khu vtfc Dieu nay dffdc the hien qua trinh dp hpc vd'n, trinh do chuyen mdn ky thudt, nang sud't lao ddng kha thd'p so vdi cac nffdc Tren ed sd dd bdi vid't neu mdt sd' dd xud't khuye'n nghi gdp phan ndng cao cha't lu'dng ngudn nhan lu'c ciia Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi
Tuf khoa: Chd't Iffdng, ngudn nhdn Iffc, so sanh, khu vtfc ASEAN
1 Gidi thidu
Vidt Nam hien dang trong thdi ky dan so'vdng
vdi ngudn cung lao ddng ddi ddo vd on dinh Tinh
de'n het ndm 2017, dan so' Viet Nam dat 93,6
trieu ngu'di, trong do Itfc Itfdng lao ddng ttf 15 tudi
trd len theo cdng bd' eiia Cd quan thd'ng ke
ASEAN chie'm 76%, hang nam ed khoang 1,5
trieu thanh nien de'n tudi lao ddng Vdi cd ca'u lao
ddng ire, cd sffc khde tam vde, trinh dp va ndng
sud't lao dpng eiia ngifdi Viet Nam tffng bffdc
dffde cai thien va nang cao Day la mdt ldi thd
Idn ve ngudn nhan Iffc gdp phan phat tridn kinh
td' - xa hdi Trong van kien Dai hpi Dai hidu toan
qud'c lan thff XI ciia Dang neu ro: "phat tnen vd
ndng eao ngudn nhdn Iffc, nha't la ngudn nhdn Iffc
ehd't lUdng cao la mdt dot phd chien Iffdc, la ydu
to' quyet dinh bdo dam eho phdt tnen nhanh
hieu qua va bdn vffng" Trong didu kien loan cau hda va hdi nhap qud'c td' didn ra manh me, vdi mdi tru'dng canh tranh ngay cdng gay gdt ddi hdi ngudn nhan lu'c phai cd cha't Iffdng ve ndng Iffc, trinh dp chuyen mdn de dap tfng dung nhu cau ciia xd hdi cung nhu theo klp trinh do khoa hpc ki thuat tien bp cua the gidi va trtfde he't Id theo kip vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vffc ASEAN Chinh vi vay, viec ndng cao cha't Iffdng nguon nhdn Iffc la mpt chii de quan trong eho sff tdn tai va phdt trien bdn vtfng cua Viet Nam trong giai doan hien nay Theo do, bdi viet ndy tap trung phan tich chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Itfc Viet Nam qua so sdnh mdt vdi chi tieu vdi cdc qud'c gia trong khu vtfc ASEAN, nham neu mdt so' de xud't khuyen nghi gdp ph^n nang cao chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffc Viet Nam trong giai doan hidn nay
Trang 22 Ngudn sd' lidu va pbtfdng phap nghien ctfu
2.1 Nguon sd'lieu
Bdi viet stf dung ngudn sd' lieu thff cd'p, cu the
la so' lieu vd life Iffdng lao ddng Viet Nam ttf 15
tudi trd Idn eua cdc qudc gia trong khu vifc ASEAN
nam 2018; Trinh dp hpc va'n ciia cdc qud'c gia trong
khu vtfc ASEAN phdn loai trinh dd gido due qud'c
te (ISCED) eua UNESCO nam 2018; Ty le lao
dongedky nang ciia cac nffdc ASEAN nam 2017;
Nang sud't lao dpng ciia ede nffdc ASEAN theo gia
so sdnh nam 2010 vd sd' liSu dUdc thu thdp tff To
chffc Lao ddng thd gidi (ILO), Tong cue Thdng ke
2.2 Phuang phdp nghien cdu
Bdi vie't sff dung phu'dng phap thd'ng ke md ta,
ke't hdp vdi phdn tich danh gid
3 Tbifc trang chaft lifdng ngudn nh^n Itfc Vidt
Nam qua so sanh vdi cae qud'c gia trong khu vtfc
Ddng Nam A
vi life luang lao dong: Viet Nam hien ed quy md
ddn so ddng vd ed lu'c Iffdng lao ddng doi dao Theo
sd heu cdng bd cua Cd quan thdng ke ASEAN, ty le
lao ddng trong dp tudi lao ddng ttf 15 mdi trd Idn d
Viet Nam chie'm ty Id 76% trong tong dan sd cua ca
nffdc So vdi cdc ntfdc trong khu vtfc, Viet Nam ed ty
Id lao ddng ttf 15 tudi trd Idn chid'm ty le eao trong
khu vtfc, xep vi tri thtf ba sau Campuchia vd Lao
Trong do, lao ddng la nam chie'm ty Id 80,8%, eao
hdn ty le lao ddng nff 71,4%
CQng theo so' lieu d Bang 1 eho tha'y chat Iffdng ngudn nhan Itfc ciia Viet Nam hien nay chtfa theo kip vdi chuyen dich cd ca'u kmh te, ty le lao dpng trong khu vtfc ndng nghiep cdn chldm ty le cao gan 40% vdo ndm 2018, trong khi ndng nghiep ddng gdp vdo GDP chi 15,34% vd cdng nghi6p ddng gdp 33,34% So vdi ede qudc gia ASEAN phdt trien nhif Brunei, Singapore, Philippm, Maylaysia thi lao ddng chii ye'u van tap tiung vao linh vtfc dich vtfc
vd linh vtfc ndng nghiep chie'm khdng ddng kd
Ve trinh do hoc vdn cua lao ddng- Day la mpt
trong nhffng chi ti&u het stfc quan trpng phan dnh chd't Itfdng ngudn nhan Itfc cung nhtf tnnh dd phdt tridn ciia kinh te' - xd hdi Theo ti6u chud'n phan loai trinh dd gido due qud'c te' (ISCED) ciia UNESCO thi trinh dp hpc va'n dtfdc chia thdnh 5 mtfe, gdm: dtfdi mffc ed ban, mtfc ed ban, mtfc trung binh, mtfc nang cao va mffc khdng dffdc neu Theo deu chuan ndy tnnh dp hpc vd'n eiia lao ddng
d eac ntfdc ASEAN hdu hd't & mffc cd ban ttfc la d
mtfc giao due tieu hpc vd tiung hpc ed sd chie'm ty
le cao, nhtf d Philipin ty Id nay la 68,7%, d Myanama Id 60,9% va d Viet Nam chldm 53,8%
Ty le lao ddng cd trinh dp d mtfc eao eon thd'p Ddy
Id lao ddng ed trinh dd giao due dai hoc tid len, ty
IS nay dao ddng tff 6 ddn 35%, chi rieng Singapore
cd ty le ndy cao nhd't chiem 35,7% Trong khi do,
ty le ndy d Vidt Nam chi dat 12,2%
Bang 1 Li/c li/dng loo dpng tC/15 tudi trd len cua cac quoc gia trong khu vifc ASEAN ndm 2016
Qudc gia
Brunei
Campuchia
Indonesia
Lao
Malaysia
Myanma
Philippin
Thai lan
Viet Nam
Singapore
Phan theo gidi tinh (%)
long sff
59 1
80 3
64.2
77 7
62.4
61.1
58.3
67.1
76
65.7
Nam
65.5 86.6 78.4
79 2
75 76.4 72.2
75 7
80.8 73.6
Na
52.3
74 5
50.1
76 3
49
46.7
44 5
59.1 71.4 58.1
Phan theo ITnh vac (%) Tongso
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Nong nghiep
1.3
30 4
30.5
68 11.1 50.1
25.2
30 7
39.8 0.5
Cong nghi$p
16 1
26.9
22 9.1
27.3
16 18.3 23.6 25.8
166
Dichvu
82 6 42.7 47.5
22 9
61 6
33 9 56.5 45.8 34.4 82.9
Trang 3Bong 2 Trinh dp hoc vdn cua cdc qudc gia trong khu vac ASEAN phdn loql trjnh dp gido due qud'c te (ISCED) cua UNESCO ndm 2018
Quoc gia
Brunei
Campuchia
Indonesia
Lao
Malaysia
Myanma
Philippin
Thai Lan+
Viet Nam
Singapore
Dudi mOlc cd ban
4,4
32,8
16,8
9,9
2,7
21,6
1.4
23,6
13,9
10,6
Mile cd ban
16,5 43,2 43,5 55,8 30,5 60,9 68,7 38,5 53,8 23,6
Mitc tmng binh
58 7,5 27,6
21 43,5 8,5
4,9
21,2 20,1 30,2
MQc nang cao
21,2
6
12,2 13,2 23,4
9
25 15,9 12,2 35,7
Mdc ididng xac djnh
10,5
0,1
0,7
Ve trinh do chuyen mdn ky thudt: Ben eanh trinh
do van hda, chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Itfc cdn du'dc
phdn dnh bdi tnnh dp ehuyen mdn ky thudt the hien
d so'Iffdng, cd'p bac va cd ca'u cda lao ddng qua ddo
tao Trinh dp ehuyen mdn ky thuat the hien sff hidu
biet, kha ndng thifc hanh ve mot ehuyen mdn, nghe
nghiep ndo do Dd cung la trinh dp dffdc dao tao d
cac trffdng chuyen nghiep, ehinh quy Qua Bang 2
cho thd'y, nhin chung lao dpng d cdc nifdc ASEAN
cd ky ndng lao ddng trung binh chid'm ty le eao, ky
nang lao ddng dat mffc cao chiem ty le tha'p Rieng
Viet Nam, mffc ky nang trung binh ciia lao dpng
chie'm 53,88%, xep vi tri thtf hai sau Thdi Lan; ty le
lao ddng cd mtfc ky ndng cao cdn chiem ty le tha'p
chi dat 25,25%, trong khi Singapore cd mtfc cao
nha'lla 58,69% Nhif vay, maedu cd ngudn life lao
dpng tre vd ddi dao nhtfng trinh dp tay nghd vd
ehuyen mdn ky thuat eiia lao ddng ntfdc ta cdn
thd'p Ngoai ra, theo ddnh gia cua Ngan hang The'
gidi thi Viet Nam dang rd't thie'u lao dpng cd trinh
dp tay nghe, edng nhdn ky thudt bde cao vd chdt
lu'dng ngudn nhdn lUc ciia Viet Nam ciing tha'p hdn
nhieu so vdi cdc ntfdc trong khu vtfc Cung theo
thoa thudn ve cdng nhdn tay nghe ttfdng dtfdng ciia
cdcntfdc ASEAN thi kd tff nam 2015, lao dpng ciia
8 nganh nghd dUde tu do di chuydn trong khu vffc
Tuy nhidn, do trinh dp phdt tnen khdng ddng deu
nen hidn nay lao ddng cd tay nghd vd ky nang eao
trong khu vffc ehii yd'u di ehuyen dd'n Singapore,
Malaysia va Thai Lan
Ngudn: ILO (2019)
Bdng 3 Ty le lao dpng cd ky ndng cua cdc nadc ASEAN ndm 2017
Quoc gia
Brunei Campuchia Lao Myanmar Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thai Lan Viet Nam
Ky nang thap
17,65 33,81 10,61 40,1 29,63 15,33 33,79 8,19 19,13 20,87
Ky nang trung binti
38,24 48,14 41,01 48,15 50,75 53,73 47,97 33,12 56,86 53,88
Ky nang cao
44,11 18,05 48,38 11,75 19,62 30,94 18,24 58,69 24,01 25,25
Ngudn: ILO (2019)
Ve ndng sudt lao dong: Ndng sua't lao ddng ciia
Viet Nam thdi gian qua da cd sff cai thien dang ke theo hi/dng tang deu qua cac nam vd la qudc gia cd td'c dd tang nang suat lao ddng cao trong khu vtfc ASEAN Tuy nhidn, nang sua't lao ddng cua Viet Nam vdn thudc nhdm cd mffc ndng sud't lao ddng thd'p trong khu vffc Theo sd lieu cdng bd ciia To chtfc Lao ddng the gidi (ILO) eho thd'y, nam 2018, ndng sud't lao dpng ciia Viet Nam dat 3.312
Trang 4USD/ngtfdi/nam, thd'p hdn Singapore 30 lan, thd'p
hdn Thai Lan 3,3 lan, Philippin ga'p 2 lan Theo du
bdo cua ILO, ndu vdn giff nhip dp tang nhiT hien
nay thi phai den ndm 2038, ndng sud't lao ddng ciia
Viet Nam mdi ed the theo kip Philhpm vd de'n nam
2069 mdi theo kip Singapore
4 Kdt luSn va dd xu3t khuyen nghi
Chd't Itfdng ngudn nhdn Itfc la yeu td' then chd't giup Viet Nam theo kip vd ed the hdi nhap sau rdng vdi cae qud'c gia trong khu vifc Hien nay, cha't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffceiia Viet Nam cdn thd'p
va cd khoang cdch khd xa so vdi cac qud'c gia trong
Bang 4 Ndng sud't lao ddng cua cdc ni/dc ASEAN theo gid so sdnh ndm 2010
(DVT: USD/ngUdi/nam)
Quoc gia
Brunei
Campuchia
Lao
Myanmar
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thai Lan
ViSt Nam
2011
78137
1479
2440
2208
7186
21653
5386
90763
8644
2376
2012
77499
1567
2579
2348
7388
21877
5659
91469
9253
2460
2013
74595
1663
2729
2523
7741
21821
5954
94324
9706
2537
2014
71523
1763
2877
2699
8004
22413
6130
94916
9871
2650
2015
70511
1871
3026
2857
8339
22969
6367
94236
10194
2810
2016
68393
1964
3172
3068
8654
23555
6684
95415
10613
2970
2017
68870
2062
3321
3308
8836
24471
7274
97074
10998
3136
2018
73368
2168
3467
3518
9174
25223
7578
98426
11333
3312
Qua Bang 4 cho thd'y, niing sud't lao ddng cua
Viet Nam cd khoang cdch kha Idn so vdi cac nffdc
trong khu viYc, mac dii trong nhffng nam gan ddy
nang suat lao dpng ciia Viet Nam da cd stf cai
thidn ddng kd, lao ddng d Viet Nam chii yeu lam
vide d khu vife ndng nghiep, khu vUe ed ndng sud't
lao ddng thd'p, phffdng lien san xud't cu ky lac hdu,
stfe eanh tranh thd'p hdn nhieu so vdi lao ddng ede
nude trong khu vUe
Nhtf vay, qua phan lich tren cho thd'y, thtfc te
hien nay, Viet Nam ed ngudn lao ddng khd ddi
dao vd tre Ddy la ngudn life thuan ldi Idn eho
qud trinh phat trien kinh te'-xd hdi cua da't ntfdc
Tuy nhien, ddi ngu nhdn Itfc chat Itfdng cao, cd ky
nang lao dpng van cdn thd'p, lao ddng theo ed ed'u
ngdnh nghe, ITnh vffc chffa hdp ly Dong thdi,
nang sud't lao ddng eua ngifdi Viet Nam cdn tha'p
so vdi cdc ni/dc trong khu vtfc nhtf Singapore,
Malaysia, Thai Lan, Philippin, Indonesia Ddy
chinh la nhtfng yeu kem vd han che' eiia ngudn
nhdn life Viet Nam hidn nay khi tham gia hdi
nhap vao khu vffe va thd gidi
Nguon: ILO
khu vffc ASEAN De nang eao ehd't Iffdng ngudn nhan life cua Viet Nam trong giai doan hidn nay, chiing tdi de xud't mdt so khuye'n nghi sau day:
Thi^ nhdt, Viet Nam can cai cdch va ddi mdi
giao due thdng qua viec ddo tao d cdc trffdng dai hpc, cao dang vd eae trffdng nghe Viec day hoe ben eanh ly thuye't, can chii trpng de'n hoat ddng thffc te' va thffc hdnh tai doanh nghiep Do dd, cdc ddn vi dao tao can dieu ehinh vd cap nhat ehffdng trinh dao tao, npi dung ddo tao, phu'dng phap vd trang thiet bi phuc vu giang day, tang cu'dng kien thffc thffc tien de phu hdp vdi qud trinh hdi nhap khu vffc vd the gidi
Thd hat, Vi^t Nam phdt trien ngudn nhdn Iffc
theo htfdng chii ddng hpi nhdp qud'c te', dp dung theo cdc cam ket va thda thudn cung nhiTphil hdp vdi thdng le vd luat phap qude td' ve ITnh vife gido due va ddo tao ma Viet Nam tham gia ky ke't, earn ket thu'c hien
Thtf ba, hodn thidn ed chd chinh sach ve day
nghd, hoc nghe Cd ehinh sdch dai ngd thu hut gido vien tham gia day nghd vd ngtfdi lao ddng tham
Trang 5gia dao tao nghe Xay dtfng ed che de eae doanh nghiem, giao Itfu, td chffc tham qua hdi thao vdi nghiep vd ed sd stf dung lao ddng tham gia vao qud cac qude gia ed nen dai hpc tien tidn va thanh cdng trinh dao tao lao dpng nhtf gdp y chffdng trinh dao trong khu vtfc va tren the gidi Tranh thii cdc tao, ddo tao, danh gid, didu chinh chiTdng tnnh ddo ngudn vien trd eho cdng tac dao tao va day nghe, tao v.v trong dd chu dpng hdp lac vdi cac qud'c gia
Thd tu, day manh hdp tac qude te ve cdng tac ASEAN trong viec tie'n tdi cdng nhan ky ndng
dao tao va day nghd thdng qua viec hpc hdi kinh nghe gitfa lao dpng Viet Nam vdi cac ntfdc •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1 ChiS'n luac phdt men kinh te - xd hoi 2011-2020" Vdn kien Dai hdi dai bieu tofin qudc Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam lan thii XL
2 NguySn HSu Hdo, NguySn Thi My Dieu (2016) "Chdt lupng nguon nhdn lUc Viet Nam trong bdi canh hoi nhap cong dong kinh le ASEAN - Thuc trang vd giat phdp "Tap chi Khoa hoc xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn " Sd 21, 3/2016
3 Ddng Xudn Hoan (2015) "Phdt tnen nguon nhdn luc ViSt Nam giai doan 2015-2020 ddp i^ng ySu cdu day manh cdng nghiep hda hien dgi hoa vd hdi nhdp quo'c te", Tgp chi Cong sdn dien tvt 17/04/2015
4 Ddng Cdng san Viet Nam (2011) Vdn kien Dai hdi dgi bieu todn qud'c lan ihvt XT' NXB Qudc gia sU thgt, Hd Ndi Tr.I30
Ngay nhan bai: 3/3/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chu'a: 13/3/2019
Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 23/3/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
NGO QUOC ClTCfNG
Trifc/ng Trung cap A ChSu
QUALITY OF VIETNAM'S HUMAN RESOURCES
- COMPARING TO OTHER ASEAN COUNTRIES' HUMAN RESOURCES THROUGH SOME INDICATORS
• NGO QUOC CUONG
Asia Trade School ABSTRACT:
The article used secondary sources of data collected from the International Labor Organization (ILO) to highlight the current status of the quality of Vietnam's human resources compared to the quality of human resources in other countries through some indicators Results show that the quality
of Vietnam's human resources is still quite low and is left behind by other countries in the region It
is reflected in the low level of education, professions and productivity of Vietnam's human resources Based on these results, the article provides some recommendations to improve the quaUty of Vietnam's human resources in the coming time
Keywords: Quality, human resources, comparison, ASEAN region