Các cung bậc sắc thái tình cảm khác nhau thể hiện qua câu cảm thán tiếng Việt

Dilu quan trong d diy la phai thiy dupe qua trlnh nay sinh va phat trien cam xiic den dinh dilm dl lam xuit hien cam than la mot qud trlnh cd tfnh bien chung, logic nhung cung rit da d[r]

CAC CUNG BAC sAc THAI TINH C A M KHAC NHAU THE HIEN QUA CAU CAM THAN T I E N G VIET

Nguyen Hong Ngpc

Khoa Tii'ng Viet vd Vdn hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi

Trudng DHKHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Ndi

Cau la don vj nhd nhit cua ngdn tir VI mat ndi dung ngG nghia, cau kbdng chi bilu tbi mot tu tudng, thong bio mot su viae ma con thfi bien mpl thai dp, su danh gia hoac tlnh cam, cam xiic cua ngUdi ndi Trong cac kilu loai cau, cau cam than la kilu loai cau mang sic thai tinh cam, cam xuc siu dam nhit va tinh te nhit Ciu cam than cd kha ning bilu tbi rit cao va rit ro cac cung bic sic thai, tinh cam khac nhau ciia ngudi ndi trong mpi tinh hudng

Con ngudi bilu bian cam than khi d vao mdt tinh hudng dac biai

va bit ngd Ngudi ta cd tbi cam than ve thi gidi tu nbian xung quanh minh, ve cupc song xa hdi, vl cupc ddi, ve quan he git^a con ngudi vdi nhau, ve ban thin minh v.v nghIa la vl tit ea nhihig cai gl bit ngd tao nan mdt cam xiic dac biet manh cho minh Cam xiic dd cd thI mang tinh tfch cue hoac tiau cue

Can cur vao y nghia, ta cd thI cbia cac ciu cam than tilng Viat thanh hai nhdm Idn:

- Nhdm 1: Cau cam than bilu thi cam xuc mang tfnb tfch cue nhu: tuhao, hi vpng, ea ngpi v.v

- Nhdm 2: Cau cam than bilu tbi cam xuc mang tfnh tiau cue nhu: cam chiu, that vpng, tuc gian, lo sp v.v

Trong mdi nhdm Idn dd, can cd vao trudng cam xuc lai c6 thI

chia thanh nhung nhdm nhd hon: nhdm ddng nghia va sip xip thco ihang dp cam xiic bilu ihi tir thip den cao dua vio cac cung bic cam

xiic, dua vao miic dd gia tang cua cam xiic dupe bilu tiii bing yeu to

cim than Uong ciu cam than

(To thI dua ra mdt sd nhdm nhd tiau bilu nhu sau:

- Vdi nhihig ciu cam than bilu thi cam xuc, tim trang cd tfnh tfch cue, cd thI chia thanh nhdm nhd nhu:

v.v

tuhao sung sudng

- vui

b/ 4

yeu thuong quf men

c/

- thuong cam ddng cam thong cam

- Nhihig ciu cam than bilu thi cam xiic, tarn trang cd tfnh tieu cue cd thI chia thanh cac nhdm nhd nhu:

a/ A

_ dau ddn

- k b d s d

~ budn ba

b/

- giin

- buc

tlJ'C

C/ A

- pbin uit

- ta than

- than thd

- phan nan

d/

- khie'p

- so

- lo

- ngai

- e

v.v

Mdt sd vf du sau cd thI minh hpa cho vice chia nhdm theo thang

dd ctia cam xuc, tim trang:

Vidu:

-Vui:

(1) Oil Cdy Nden sao md dep the !

Sung sudng:

(2) Oil Bao nhiiu Id qud !

(Khiu ngu")

(Khiu ngir)

- Tu bao:

(3) di I Toqud'c I Vinh quang Toqud'c!

(TdHihi) hay:

- Thdng cam:

(4) - Theanh con bd'me khdng?

' Bam tdi mo cdi cd bo Idn me td sam

- Tgi nghiep!

fVu Trong Phung, So do)

- Ddng cam:

(5) Tgi nghiep thay ![Cung Id mot lodi ngudi, sao nd coi

nhau nhuthii nghich?]

fNguyln Ba Hoc, Cdu chuyen mot td'i tdn hdn)

• Tliuong cam:

(6) - Dau ddn thay phdn ddn bd !

(Nguyln Du, Trityin Kiiii)

hoac:

- Tdc td'i:

(7) - Tdc qud md !

(Ho Bilu Chanb, Con nhd ngheo)

- Buc bdi:

(8) -Gdm !Sao Igicd thdngu&iddu md It qud the!

(TsJam Cao, Chi Phio)

- Gian du:

(9) - Hit! Ba Bap day d? Gidi? Gioi lam ! \

(H6 Phuong, Co non)

Thue ra, vice phan chia nhdm hoac cac thang dp trong mdi nhom

cho that chi'nh xac la rat khd Bdi vi "cam xiic", "tam trang" v6n li

nhimg cai rat khd phan xuit, xac djnb Nd khdng hoan toan gidng nhu

khi phan dinh cac su vat cu the, de ndi ring: "Day la cai ban, con kia

la cai ghe"^', hay: "Cai ban d day, cdn cai ghe d kia" Cam xiic, tam

trang thudng cd su bien d6i Cd the thiy ring: d thdi dilm nay, no la

cam xuc, tam trang A nhung d thdi diem ngay sau dd nd da c6 th^

chuyln thanh cam xiic, tam trang B

Vl du:

(10) - Chi Ddu cau ddi long may:

- Trdi ddt ai! Cam cd nhd ddt deldm chuSng xi! An noi nhu the thi con trdi ddt ndo nua?

(Ngd Tit Td, Tat din)

«

Cai hanh vi "cau ddi long mdy" mdi chi la dau hieu cua su kho

chiu, buc tuc nhung cai tieng keu "Tr&i ddt ai !" da tbi bien mdt su tiic

gian Va cau tiep theo: "Cam cd nhd ddt de lam chuong xi !" lai thd

hien mot su ngac nhian, trudc mot thuc te vd If va khdng thI tin dupe

Cau sau dd: "An noi nhu the thi cdn trai ddt ndo nCtaT tbi bian mdt su

bai blnh, phan uai Dilu quan trong d diy la phai thiy dupe qua trlnh

nay sinh va phat trien cam xiic den dinh dilm dl lam xuit hien cam

than la mot qud trlnh cd tfnh bien chung, logic nhung cung rit da

dang-Dd cd thI la mdt su phat trien tir tir, tir mure dp thip den miic dd cao

cua cam xiic, tam trang (nhu trong vf du 10) nhung cung cd thI la mW

su chuyin ddi cd tfnh dot phat bit ngd, vi vay, lam xuit bian cam than

•5.^

(11) [ Chi Hiin thdt nhiin ndi:]

- Chet tdi roi! [Gd nhd cdu !]

(Nhit Linb, Ddu dudng xd dig)

Nhu tran da ndi, khdng thI phan dinh rach rdi, khdng thI chi rd

ra cai ranh gidi ciia su phat trien cam xuc, tim trang Bdi vi dd cd the

II sir dan xen ke tiep nhau, gidng nhu cd su giao thoa giiJa cac thang

do earn xuc, tim trang nhu trong vf du (10) ma ta cd the bilu diln banghinh ve sau:

Nhung dd ciing cd the la su boa quyen vao nhau cua cam xuc, tamUang

Vfdu:

(12) -[ Hdn cd ve vda ba nsa vda cdu kinh Bdi vi, vda roi,

khi mdi tdi gdn day, han dd don mom sdn de an cam.] The md ngudi ta Igi khdng cdn ban a nai ndy nila!

(Nam Cao, Xem bdi)

Mdt dilm khi thii vi ma chung tdi nhan thiy khi xem xet, phan loai cac tu lieu ve ciu cam than tieng Viet la: net sic thai "ngac nhien" dudng nhu cd mat d rit nhilu ciu cam than trong ca hai nhdm Idn ndi tran Thuc t l la ngudi ta cd thI ngac nhien trudc mot cai gi dd khien

^ho ngudi ta vui ve, sung sudng hay budn ba, tiic giin

Vfdu:

* Ngac nbian - vui sudng.'

(13) - Sudng qud ! [ Lgi dugc dn che kia chii, cd nggt khdng u?]

(Nam Cao, Ngheo)

* Ngac nbian - gian ddi;

(14) - A![ Con bii't roi! Khdng phai chi, cdm md!]

(Nam Cao Nghio)

6 VI du (13) khi "cdi Gdi han hdchgy vi, Idi thdi, li'ch thi'ch trong may mdnh gie rdch td ten " nd da rat ngac nhien vl nhin thiy "noi chi*\

thiy cai dilu Uong mo cung khdng cd dupe Cbfnh su ngac nbian dd di

khien cho nd thiy sung sudng den mure phai "reo lan":"- Sudng qud !" Nhung, Cling chfnh mot su ngac nhien khac (khi nd *7dy tay di mdt cue "che" va phat hien ra dd khdng phai la "che") da khiln cho n6 phai gian ddi ma "ndi to lan": "AI khdng phai che, cdm md! Cdm md

bu bao che!"

Net nghia "ngac nbian" thudng ft xuit hien don le trong eau cam than Trong cau cam than cd tu hai net nghia cam than trd lan, no e6 iha la net nghia cam than phu (nhu trong vf du 13, 14) hoac net nghia cam than chi'nh, nhu trong vf du sau:

(15) - Beo ai Id heo!

f Nguyln Cong Hoan, Ddng hdo cd ma)

Net nghia cam than chfnh d day la su ngac nbian den cao dd li

su kinh ngac ve cai dp "beo" qua muc cua quan Ben canh dd la net nghia che gilu, mia mai, khinh bi, phe phan ve cai su "beo" do "an bin" ciia quan

Net nghia "ngac nhien" cd thl bilu Id ro ret trong cau cam than (qua cac yeu td cam than nhu: "a", "d", "d", *V\ "d'\ "o"' v.v ) nhung cung cd the in nghia sau net nghia cam than khac trong cau

Vidu:

(16) - Oi chao, mot con gd!

(Nguyln Quang Sang, Con gd frd'ng)

Net nghia cam than d day la su sung sudng ciia mpi ngudi khi

"cdch dd ba nam, mot ddng chi tu Ddng Thdp Murri ve, mang ve mdt

con gd, can mdi to vdng" va cung bdi vi "luc dd, cd ngudi bdng ch0 nhdra Id may nam roi minh chua thay dugc con gd nhd" Hp thuc su sung sudng va hanh pbiic khi cd con ga dd: "Nd nhu mang di'n cho mgi ngudi 6 rdng cdi cdnh song cua mot gia dinh", Rd rang, ta cam

nhan thiy su ngac nbian cua hp khi nhin thiy mdt con ga bdi vi neu

vin sdng b nha, ncd vdn cd rit nhilu ga thi chic chin la hp se ching

ngac nbian Idii nhin thiy con ga

(17) - Cung nhd cda, cung giang san

Themd nudc mdt nhd tan hdi trdi!

(Pham Tit Die, Chieu hon nudc) Day la cau cam than thl hien su dau ddn tot dp vi "nudc mdt nhd tan" nhung net nghia "ngac nbian, khdng tin dupe su that dd" vin toat

ra tir cac ylu td cim than trong ciu

Qua phan tfch mdt sd vf du tran, cd thl khang dinh ring: Cdu cdm thdn tii'ng Viet cd khd ndng the hien cdc cung bdc sac thdi tinh cdm khdc nhau vd khd ndng dd Id rat da dgng, phong phu

Cting cin bian luin them vl y kien cho ring cac sic thai tinh cam noi uan cung cd d ciu tudng thuit binh thudng chii khdng phai chi cd

6 cau cam thin Dung la sic thai tinh cam thl d loai ciu nao cung cd thl cd na'u gia tang cho nd mot ngu" dieu tinh cam Mdt ciu hdi iu yem:

"Con dn cam chua?" khac vdi mot cau hdi nat no:

- "May dn cam chua?"

va cau hdi mang net sic thai tning tfnh:

- "Anh dn cam chua?"

Ciu Uiic cu phap va ciu tnic ngt? nghia d ba cau la gidng nhau:

C + V + B + tirdlhdi

tic thl -I- hanh thl + ddi the -*- chu td

Nhung dd la nhihig cau hdi thuin tuy, hdi va chd dpi ciu tra Idi chii khdng phai vi muc dicb cam than

(Tiu tudng thuat cd chiic nang kl ve boat ddng, trang thai, tfnh chit bay chiing loai ciia ddi tupng; cdn ciu cam than cd cbiJc nang bilu tbi cam xiic, tim trang cua ngudi ndi

Cd the so sanh cac cau sau:

(18a)- Em bi vui mimg vi me dd di chg vi

(18b) - A, me di chg ve roi!

cau (18a) la ciu tudng thuat cd sir dung thuc tir dinh danh cam xiic: "vui mimg" gin vdi hanh vi ngudi k l chuyen, cdn cau (18b) la cau cam than, mac du trong cau khdng cd tir dinh danh cam xiic nhung net nghia cam than vui mimg da dupe bilu tbi bing yeu td cam ihSn chuyen dung la tir cam than: "A", gin vdi ndi tam cua ngudi ndi

Nhu vay, neu cung ham chura mot ndi dung tinh cam nao do thi cau tudng thuat can vien den su cd mat cua mot thuc tir dinh danh cam xuc cdn ciu cam than thl kbdng cin, bdi vl ciu cam than diing hlnh thuc ciia rieng nd la bd tir cam than chuyan dung va cac yeu td cam than dac biet Hiau qua truyin dat ndi dung tinh cam cua cau tudng thuat la cd tfnh gian tiep, (nghia la ngudi nghe chi tilp nhan dupe cai ten gpi cua tinh cam dd, chi nim bit dupe cai ngoai dian cua khai niem tlnh cam dd) cdn hieu qua truyin dat noi dung tinh cam cua cAu

cam than la cd tfnh true tiep, Xdc thl (nghia la ngudi nghe tiep nhan

dupe chfnh cai ndi dung cua tlnh cam dd, nim bit dupe cai ndi ham cua khai niem tlnh cam dd)

Tir dd, cd the khang djnb rang: chuc ndng ngilnghTa ciia cdu cdm thdn Id bieu thi true tiep cdc cung bdc, sac thdi tinh cdm, tdm trang khdc nhau cua ngudi ndi

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1 Diep Quang Ban (1995), Mdt hudng phdn tich cdu td cdc mat: sU dung, y ngliTa, cu phdp, TC Ngdn ngu* ,sd 4, Ha Ndi

2 Dd Huu Chau (1998), Ca sd ngil nghTa hoc tir vimg, NXB Giao

due Ha Noi

3 Lf Toan Thang (1996), Tdm thdc ngudi Viet qua ngil nghia,

Tieng Viet va viec day tieng Viet cho ngudi nudc ngoai

4 Hoang Van Van (2001), Ngdn ngu hoc chuc ndng hi thdng, TC

Ngdn ngu (sd 6-2001 vasd 9-2001)