Financial accounting tools for business decision making 9 KIeso ppt ch04

Revenue is recorded only when cash is received, and expense is recorded only when cash is paid.. Revenues for services performed but not yet received in cash or recorded.. Decrease cred

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Chapter Outline

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objective 1

Explain the Accrual Basis of

Accounting and the Reasons for

Adjusting Entries

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Periodicity Assumption

LO 1

• Quarterly and annual financial statements

• Prepared by most large companies

• Reporting periods can be

• Calendar year from January 1 to December 31

Accountants divide the economic life of a business into artificial time periods generally a month, quarter,

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What is the periodicity assumption?

performed

Accrual-Basis and Periodicity

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Revenue Recognition Principle

Recognize revenue in the

satisfied

LO 1

Revenue Recognition

Satisfied performance obligation

service Revenue should be recognized in the accounting period in which the service is performed.

Accrual-Basis and Revenue Recognition

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A contract is an agreement between two parties that creates enforceable rights or obligations Sierra has a contract with the Lewis family to provide guide services.

Step 2: Identify the separate

performance obligations in

the contract.

Sierra has only one performance obligation—to provide guide services If Sierra also agreed

to sell the customer camping equipment, a separate performance obligation is recorded for this promise.

Step 3: Determine the transaction price.

The transaction price is the amount of consideration that a company expects to receive from a customer in exchange for transferring a good or service The transaction price for Sierra is $1,500.

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the separate

performance obligations. Sierra has only one performance obligation—to provide guide services to the Lewis family.

Step 1: Identify the contract

with customers.

Revenue Recognition

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LO 1

Expense Recognition

Matching Revenues

Delivery

Expense Recognition Principle

Companies recognize expenses in the period in which they make

eﬀorts (consume assets or incur liabilities) to generate revenue

“Let the expenses follow the

revenues.”

Accrual-Basis and Expense Recognition

Expenses

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Recognize revenue in the accounting period in which the performance obligation is satisfied.

Expense Recognition Principle

Recognize expenses with revenues in the period when the company makes eﬀorts to generate those revenues.

GAAP RelationshipsRevenue and Expense Recognition

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Which of the following statements about the accrual basis of accounting is false?

a. Events that change a company’s financial statements are recorded in the periods in which the

events occur.

b. Revenue is recognized in the period in which services are performed.

c. This basis is in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

d. Revenue is recorded only when cash is received, and expense is recorded only when cash is

paid

LO 1

Accrual-Basis of Accounting

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Accrual-Basis Accounting

cash

• Expenses are recognized when incurred rather than when paid

Accrual versus Cash Basis Accounting (1 of 2)

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Cash-Basis Accounting

(GAAP)

LO 1

Accrual- versus Cash Basis Accounting (2 of 2)

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2021 2022

Activity Purchased paint, painted

building, paid employees Received payment for work done in 2021

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LO 1

Need for Adjusting Entries

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Adjusting entries are made to ensure that

accounting period

The Need for Adjusting Entries

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LO 1

Categories of Adjusting Entries

1. Prepaid Expenses Expenses paid in cash before

they are used or consumed.

Deferrals

1 Accrued Revenues Revenues for services performed but not yet received in cash or recorded

2 Accrued Expenses Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.

2. Unearned Revenues

Cash received before services are performed.

Accruals

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Sierra Corporation Trial Balance October 31, 2022

Subsequent examples are

based on this trial balance

from Chapter 3.

Trial Balance

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LO 1

DO IT! 1 Timing Concepts

(a) Monthly and quarterly time periods.

(b) Eﬀorts (expenses) should be matched with results (revenues)

(c) Accountants divide the economic life of a business into artificial time

periods.

(d) Companies record revenues when they receive cash and record

expenses when they pay out cash

(e) An accounting time period that starts on January 1 and ends on

December 31.

(f) Companies record transactions in the period in which the events

occur.

Below is a list of timing concepts in the left column, with

a description of the concept in the right column There

are more descriptions provided than concepts Match

the description to the concept

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Prepare Adjusting Entries for Deferrals

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Deferrals are costs or revenues that are recognized at a date later than the point when cash was

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Payments of expenses that are recorded as an asset to show the service or benefit the company will receive in the future.

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. Increase (debit) to an expense account and

. Decrease (credit) to an asset account

LO 2

Prepaid Expenses

Asset Unadjusted

Balance

Credit Adjusting Entry (-)

Expense Debit

Adjusting Entry (+)

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Illustration: Sierra Corporation purchased supplies costing $2,500 on October 5 Sierra recorded the

payment by increasing (debiting) the asset Supplies This account shows a balance of $2,500 in the

October 31 trial balance An inventory count at the close of business on October 31 reveals that $1,000 of supplies are still on hand.

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Basic

Analysis The expense Supplies Expense is increased $1,500; the asset Supplies is decreased $1,500.

Equation

Analysis

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

Debit-Credit

Analysis

Debits increase expenses: debit Supplies Expense $1,500.

Credits decrease assets: credit Supplies $1,500.

Oct 31 Bal 1,000 Oct 31 Bal 1,500

Adjustment for Supplies

LO 2

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Illustration: On October 4, Sierra Corporation paid $600 for a one-year fire insurance policy Coverage

began on October 1 Sierra recorded the payment by increasing (debiting) Prepaid Insurance This

account shows a balance of $600 in the October 31 trial balance Insurance of $50 ($600 ÷ 12) expires each month.

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Debits increase expenses: debit Insurance Expense $50.

Credits decrease assets: credit Prepaid Insurance $50.

Oct 31 Bal 550 Oct 31 Bal 50

Adjustment for Insurance

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• Buildings, equipment, and motor vehicles (assets that provide service for many years) are recorded as assets, rather than an expense, on the date acquired

• Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of an asset to expense over its useful life

Depreciation

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Illustration: For Sierra Corporation, assume that depreciation on the equipment is $480 a year, or $40 per

month.

LO 2

Depreciation

Accumulated Depreciation is called a contra asset account.

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Adjustment for Depreciation (1 of 2)

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LO2

Posting

to

Ledger

Equipment Depreciation Expense

Oct 31 Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment Bal 5,000 Oct 31 Bal 40

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• Accumulated Depreciation

• Oﬀsets the related asset account on the balance sheet

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Accounts Before Adjustment

Adjusting Entry

in asset accounts have been used.

Assets overstated

Expenses understated.

Dr Expenses

Cr Assets

or Contra Assets

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Receipt of cash before the service is performed is recorded as a liability—unearned revenue.

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to show the liability that remains at the end of the period

account

LO 2

Liability Debit

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Illustration: Sierra Corporation received $1,200 on October 2 from R Knox for advertising services

expected to be completed by December 31 Unearned Service Revenue shows a balance of $1,200 in the October 31 trial balance Analysis reveals that the company performed $400 of services in October.

Unearned Revenues

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Oct 31 Bal 800 Oct 31 Bal 10,400

Adjustment for Unearned Revenue

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Unearned Revenue

Accounting for Unearned Revenues

Examples

Reason for Adjustment

Adjusting Entry

Liabilities overstated

Revenues understated.

Dr Liabilities

Cr Revenues

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LO 2

DO IT! 2: Adjusting Entries Deferrals (1 of 5)

The ledger of Hammond Inc on March 31, 2022, includes these selected accounts before adjusting entries are prepared.

An analysis of the accounts shows the following.

Prepare the adjusting entries for the month of March.

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1. Insurance expires at the rate of $100 per month.

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2. Supplies on hand totaled $800.

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3. The equipment depreciates $200 a month

Accumulated Depreciation- …… Equipment

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4. During March, services were performed for $4,000 of the unearned service revenue reported

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Prepare Adjusting Entries for Accruals

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Accruals are made to record

• Revenues for services performed but not yet recorded at the statement date

• Expenses incurred but not yet paid or recorded at the statement date

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Revenues for services performed but not yet received in cash or recorded.

Accrued Revenues

•

Accrued revenues occur for

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performed

LO 3

Asset Debit

Revenue

Credit Adjusting Entry (+)

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Illustration: In October Sierra Corporation performed services worth $200 that were not billed to clients on or before October 31

On November 10, Sierra receives cash of $200 for the services performed

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Debits increase assets: debit Accounts Receivable $200.

Credits increase revenues: credit Service Revenue $200.

Accounts Receivable Service Revenue

31 400

31 Adj 200

Adjustment for Accrued Revenue

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Accounting for Accrued Revenues

Examples

Reason for Adjustment

Adjusting Entry

Interest,

rent, services

Services performed but not yet received

in cash or recorded.

Assets understated.

Revenues understated.

Dr Assets

Cr Revenues

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Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded

LO 3

Accrued Expenses

• Rent

Accrued expenses are often recognized for

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• Adjusting entry records the obligation and recognizes the expense

Accrued Expenses

Expense Debit

Liability

Credit Adjusting Entry (+)

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Illustration: Sierra Corporation signed a three-month note payable in the amount of $5,000 on October 1

The note requires Sierra to pay interest at an annual rate of 12%.

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Basic

Analysis The expense Interest Expense is increased $50; the liability Interest Payable is increased $50.

Equation

Analysis

= Interest Payable Interest Expense

Debit-Credit

Analysis

Debits increase expenses: debit Interest Expense $50.

Credits increase liabilities: credit Interest Payable $50.

Journal

Entry

(To record interest on notes payable)

Interest Expense Interest Payable

Adjustment for Accrued Interest

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Illustration: Sierra Corporation paid salaries and wages on October 26; the next payment of salaries will not

occur until November 9 The employees receive total salaries of $2,000 for a five-day work week, or $400 per day.

LO 3

Accrued Salaries

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= Salaries and Wages Payable Salaries and Wages Expense

Debit-Credit

Analysis

Debits increase expenses: debit Salaries and Wages Expense $1,200.

Credits increase liabilities: credit Salaries and Wages Payable $1,200.

Journal

Entry

Oct 31 Salaries and Wages Expense 1,200

Salaries and Wages Expense Salaries and Wages Payable

Adjustment for Accrued Salaries

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Adjusting Entry

Interest,

rent, salaries

Expenses have been incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.

Expenses understated.

Liabilities understated.

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Summary of Adjustments

Type of Adjustment Accounts Before Adjustment Adjusting Entry

Expenses understated

Dr Expense

Cr Assets or Contra Assets

Unearned revenues Liabilities overstated

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LO 3

DO IT! 3: Adjusting Entries Accruals (1 of 3)

Micro Computer Services began operations on August 1, 2022 At the end of August 2022, management prepares monthly financial statements The following information relates to August.

1. At August 31, the company owed its employees $800 in salaries and wages that will be paid on September

1.

2. On August 1, the company borrowed $30,000 from a local bank on a 15-year mortgage The annual interest

rate is 10%.

3. Revenue for services performed but unrecorded for August totaled $1,100.

Prepare the adjusting entries needed at August 31, 2022.

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1. At August 31, the company owed its employees $800 in salaries and wages that will be paid on September

1.

2. On August 1, the company borrowed $30,000 from a local bank on a 15-year mortgage The annual interest

rate is 10%.

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LO 3

3. Revenue for services performed but unrecorded for August totaled $1,100.

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Prepare an Adjusted Trial

Balance and Closing Entries

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LO 4

Nature of the Adjusted Trial Balance

Journalize Analyze Post Trial Balance Journalize and Post AJEs

Adjusted Trial Balance

Prepare Financial Statements Closing Entries Post-Closing Trial Balance

Journalize Analyze

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Which of the following statements is incorrect concerning the adjusted trial balance?

credit balances in the ledger after all adjustments are made

statements

and posted

LO 4

Adjusted Trial Balance Review

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Preparing Financial Statements

Retained Earnings Statement

Financial Statements are prepared directly from the Adjusted Trial Balance

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LO 4

Preparing Statements from the Trail Balance

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