Diia vao ke't qua hdi quy ed the khang dinh, mffe do anh hffdng dffdng (ciing chieu) cua cac bie'n ddc lap de'n bie'n phu thudc. Dong thdi, mffe do anh hffdng eua tffng bien doc lap[r]
Trang 1Cac yeu to tac dong den chat liTtfng nguon nhan lu'c cua cac DNNVV tren dja ban f P Da Ning
TRAN mm
HA THj DUY LINH" Tom tat
Thdng qua khdo sdt 95 chu doanh nghiep, cdc nhd qudn ly doanh nghiep nho vd vda (DNNW)
d TP Dd Ndng, bdng phuang phdp phdn tich dinh luang, bdi vie't la ke't qua nghien cdu cdc yeu tddnh hudng de'n chdt luang nguon nhdn lUc tren dia bdn TP Dd Nang Tren ca sd do, de xudt gidi phdp nhdm ndng cao chdt luang nguon nhdn luc cho DNNW tren dia bdn Thdnh phd (Bdi viet sd dung cdch vie't sdthdp phdn theo chudn qudc te)
Tuf khoa: chdt luang nguon nhdn luc, DNNW, TP Dd Ndng
Summary
Through a survey of 95 business owners, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) managers in
Da Nang city, by the quantitative analysis method, the article examines factors affecting the quality of human resources in the City Based on that, solutions are proposed to improve the quality of human resources for SMEs in the City (The article uses decimal number according
to international standards)
Keywords: quality of human resource, SME, Da Nang city ^
-GlOfI THIEU
Sff phat trien mdt each toan dien cua Da Nang trong
nhffng nam qua la bang chffng ve phat huy ndi Iffe va sff
thanh edng cua Thanh phd Trong dd, cd sff ddng gdp
khdng he nhd eiia boat ddng khd'i DNNVV Tinh de'n thdi
die'm thang 01/2018, TP Da Nang hien cd hdn 12 ngan
DNNVV dang boat ddng vdi tdng vd'n dang ky khoang
64 ngan ty ddng DNNVV da va dang tham gia ngay
cang sau rdng trong qua binh phat trien kinh te, ddng gdp
mdt phan khdng nhd eho ngudn thu ngan sach va sff tang
trffdng GDP Tren dia ban TP Da Nang, DNNVV chie'm
de'n 99.55% so Iffdng doanh nghiep cua Thanh phd Tuy
nhien, do nhieu nguyen nhan khae nhau, ngudn nhan life
eiia cac DNNVV d TP Da Nang cdn nhieu ban che' ve
chat Iffdng Vay, ye'u to nao tao nen chat Iffdng eua ngudn
lao dgng? Lam the nao de nang eao chat Iffdng nguon lao
ddng cho D N N W tren dia ban TP Da Nang?
CO s d LY THUYET VA P H U O N G PHAP
NGHIEN c t f u
Ctf sof ly thuyet
''Chdt luang" la mdt pham tru phffc tap, d nhffng
thdi die'm khae nhau cd the dffdc tie'p can tff nhieu gdc
do khac nhau Hien nay, ed nhieu dinh nghTa ve chdt
luang da dffdc eac chuyen gia chat lffdng
dffa ra Trong khudn khd bai vie't nay, tac
gia sff dung dinh nghTa chdt luang trong
bd tieu ehuan ISO 9000 eua To chiJc
Qudc te' ve tieu ehuan hda (ISO): "Chdi
luang Id mdc do cua mot tap hap cdc die tinh vdn cd ddp dng cdc yen cdu"
Theo Stivastava M/P (1997), nguon nhan life la toan bd vd'n bao gdm ca the life va tri life, ky nang nghe nghiep ma
mgi ea nhan sd hxtu
Cdn theo Tran Kim Dung (2011), ngudn nhan life cua mdt td chffc difdc hinh thanh tren ed sd cua cac ea nhan co vai trd khae nhau va dffdc lien ket vdi nhau theo nhffng muc tieu nha't dinh ciia doanh nghiep
Nhff vay, cd the hie'u thuat ngff "c/ifli
luang nguon nhdn luc" la tdng hda cac
ye'u to ve the' life, tri life va tinh than cua ngudn nhan life phu hdp vdi yeu eau phat trien kinh te' xa hgi
Ngudn nhan life chat Iffdng cao la mot
bd phan quan trgng eua ngudn nhan Wc qud'c gia, la ngudn nhan life dap ffng dong thdi cae tieu ehi ve chat Iffdng cao va
*PGS, TS., "ThS., Trifdng Dai hoc ThUdng mai I Email: duylinhkt@gmail.com
Ngdy nhan bdi: 18/09/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 10/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 22/10/2018
Trang 2K i n h lc
va DUbi
trinh do cao do la ngudn life con ngffdi
dffdc dao tao va sff dung ed chat Iffdng va
hieu qua eao vdi td'ng hdp cae pham chat
ve nhan each (tam life), tri thffe (tri life),
nang life thffe hanh (ky nang) va the life
Nhff vay, chat Iffdng nguon nhan life
dffdc danh gia qua cae ehi tieu the life, kien
thffe, nhan each va tinh xa hdi nhan life
thdng qua md hinh nghien ciiU nhff Hinh
PhiTtfng phap nghien cufu
De thu thap dff lieu sd cap, tae gia sff
dung phffdng phap dieu tra thdng qua bang
eau hdi vdi mlu dieu tra gdm 95 phan tff
dffdc ehgn theo ky thuat thuan tien Dd'i
tffdng khao sat bao gdm cae ehu doanh
nghiep, cae nha quan ly cua eac DNNVV
tren dia ban TP Da Nang Thdi gian thffe
hien nghien effu: tff thang 01-05/2018
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Ket qua phSn tich he so'Cronbach's
Alpha va Mean
Ke't qua phan tieh Cronbach's Alpha
(Bang 1) eho tha'y, cac gia tri deu > 0.6
va he so tffdng quan bie'n td'ng ciia eac
bie'n deu ldn hdn tieu chuan cho phep
la 0.3, vdi 22 tieu ehi, nen cd the khang
dinh tinh nha't quan ndi tai eiia thang do
eac tieu chi chat Iffdng ngudn nhan Iffe
Ve the luc, ke't qua khao sat nhff sau:
Nhanh nhen, boat bat, deo dai trong edng
viee (4.08); Kha nang chdng chgi vdi
benh tat (mat do nghi phep vi ly do sffc
khde) (3.72); Chiu dffng nhffng tac ddng
cua mdi trffdng mdt each ben bi (3.81)
Kha nang lam them gid dffa tren sffc khoe
(4.09) Nhin chung, mffe do danh gia eac
doanh nghiep ve tieu ehi the' life rat la
eao Cae chu doanh nghiep giai thieh la
khi ngffdi lao ddng dffdc tuye'n dung, thi
tieu ehi ed sffc khde td't giiip cho doanh
nghiep dn dinh nhan sff dap ffng yeu eau
bie'n dgng cua hoat ddng kinh doanh
Cap quan ly eho rang, ehi tieu thugc the'
life nhan life rat quan trgng va the' life eiia
ngffdi lao ddng dap ffng dffdc vdi yeu eau
ciia doanh nghiep Cd the' hie'u dffdc do
ed eau nhan sff eua DNNVV ddn gian va
khi tuyen dung, nha quan tri ed the' chgn
Igc nhan sff cho minh, nen tieu chi ve the
life phai dam bao
Ve kie'n thdc Ke't qua khao sat eho tha'y,
nha quan ly cifc ky coi trgng, vi day la tieu
chi tae dgng trffc tie'p vao nang sua't, hieu
qua edng viee eua doanh nghiep Vi la
DNNVV, nen ehu doanh nghiep se tuyen
diing ngffdi dung viec vdi kie'n thffe ed sd
HiNH: MO HJNH NGHIEN Cdti CHAT LCTCiNG NGUON NHAN LCfC
Theluc
Kien thirc
Nhan each
Ky nang
C H A T LLTQfNG
N G U 6 N N H A N Ll/C
Nguon: De xuat cua nliom t a c gia
BANG 1: TIEU CHI DANH GIA CHAT Ltf^NG NGUON NHAN LCTC
Tieu chi danh gia Thg' life
Nhanh nhen, hoat bat, deo dai trong cong viec Kha nang cho'ng choi vdi benh tat
(mat do nghi phep vi ly do siJc khoe) Chiu du'ng nhieng tac dong cua moi tru'dng mpt each ben bl
Kha nang lam them gi5 du'a tren sd'c khoe
Kien thufc
Kie'n thu'c ccf sd va chuyen nganh Nang life ve tin hoc
Nang lu'c ve ngoai ngii' Nang lu'c nghien cu'u (cai tie'n-sang kie'n) Nang lu'c hoc tap d bac cao hdn
Nhan each
Hanh kiem Trach nhiem trong chuyen mon Tinh than cau tie'n trong chuyen mon Tac phong lam viec nghiem tiic Trach nhiem vdi dong nghiep Tuan thu chu tru'dng - phap luat cua Nha nu'dc va noi quy cua cong ty
Ky nang
Kha nang van dung kien thu'c chung trong cong viec Kha nang lam viec doc lap
Kha nang lam viec nhdm Kha nang lap ke hoach hoat dong chuyen mon Kha nang giao tie'p (dam phan)
Nhay ben vdi moi tru'dng lam viec thay ddi Kha nang giai quye't cong viec
IVIean
4.0842 3.7263 3.8105 4.0947 3.8526 3.7789 3.4105 3.5474 3.4947 4.3263 4.2000 4.1684 4.1053 4.0316 4.3053
3.8737 3.9579 3.9368 3.7368 3.8316 3.9053 3.9263
Cronbach's Alpha
if Item Deleted
0.797 0.790 0.792 0.694 0.687 0.855 0.865 0.844 0.861 0.829 0.852 0.91 0.906 0.886 0.895 0.875 0.888 0.911 0.954 0.942 0.946 0.945 0.947 0.948 0.948 0.948 Nguon: Ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
va chuyen nganh (3.85) Ben canh dd, hd trd va phat huy kie'n thffc chuyen mdn, thi cae tieu chi hd trd dffdc danh gia, nhff: Nang life ve tin hge (3.77); Nang life ve ngoai ngff (3.41); Nang life nghien cffu (cai tien sang kie'n) (3.54); Nang Iffe hgc tap d bac cao hdn (3.49)
Ve nhdn cdch Nhffng ngffdi dffdc khao sat cho rang,
day se la tieu ehi giup cho doanh nghiep nang eao hieu qua lao ddng san xuat vdi nhffng tieu ehi ciia nhan vien: Hanh kie'm (4.32); Trach nhiem trong chuyen mdn (4.2); Tinh than cau tie'n trong ehuyen mdn (4.16);
Tae phong lam viec nghiem tuc (4.1); Trach nhiem vdi ddng nghiep (4.03), Tuan thii chii trffdng phap luat eua Nha nffdc va ndi quy cua edng ty (4.3)
Ve ky ndng Ke't qua khao sat eho tha'y: Kha nang
van dung kie'n thffe ehung trong edng viee (3.87); Kha nang lam viee dgc lap (3.95); Kha nang lam viee nhdm
Trang 3BANG 2: KET QUA PHAN TICH EFA
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (
\pprox Chi-Square
if
^ig
.848 1.648E3
153 000 RntntcH Component Matrix"
KNIO
KN9
KN8
KN7
KN6
KN5
KN4
KN3
KN2
KNl
KT4
KT3
KT2
KTl
TL4
TL3
TL2
TLI
Component
1 893 874 782 ,758 756 749 745 738 734 700
2
.842 777 771 651
3
.869 738 687 538
BANG 3: KET QGA PHAN TICH HOI QGY
Coefficients"
Model
1
Chat lu'dng
KN
KT
TL
Unstandardized
Coefficients
B 3.727
.373
.278
.240
Std Error 006 006 006 006
Standardized Coefficients Beta 708 528 456
t 653.169 64.952 48.465 41.851
Sig
.000 000 000 000
Collinearity Statistics Tolerance 1.000 1.000 1.000
VIF 1.000 1.000 1.000 Mguon: Tinh toan cua n i i o m tac gia
(3.93); Kha nang lap ke hoach boat ddng chuyen mdn
(3.73); Kha nang giao tie'p (dam phan) (3.83); Nhay
ben vdi mdi trffdng lam viec thay ddi (3.9); Kha nang
giai quyet edng viec (3.92)
Cd the' tha'y, khi nhin nhan ve cae ehi tieu danh
gia chat Iffdng ngudn nhan life, cac chii doanh nghiep
cd thai do rat tieh cffc ve lao ddng eiia minh vdi thffc
trang boat ddng kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep Tuy
nhien, cac doanh nghiep vin gap khd khan dd'i vdi
nhffng nhan vien mdi tuye'n dung, doanh nghiep phai
dao tao thffdng cac ehi tieu nay rat khd xae dinh
Ddng thdi, doanh nghiep phai dd'i mat vdi nhffng lao
ddng lam lau nam nhffng cd y dinh nghi viee
Ket qua phSn tich nhan to' kham pha (EFA)
Sau khi phan tich Cronbach's Alpha, he sdtin cay
eiia cac nhdm bie'n deu ldn hdn 0.6, cac he sd' tffdng
quan bie'n - td'ng deu ldn hdn 0.3 Tie'n hanli phan tieh
EFA, phan tieh phffdng phap trich ye'u td Principal
Component Analysis, vdi phep xoay Varimax Ke't
qua nhff Bang 2, 3 Ke't qua eho tha'y, gia tri KMO
= 0.848 > 0.5, kie'm dinh Bartiett cd Chi-square =
1.648E3, df = 153 nen p(chi-square,df) = 0.000 <
0.05 Ddng thdi, do Iffdng sff tffdng thieh ciia dff lieu
(MSA) vdi ta't ca gia tri tren dffdng eheo deu ldn hdn
0.5, nen khang dinh dff Heu la thich help de' phan tich nhan td'
Qua phan tieh EFA, da rut ggn tif 4 khai niem vdi 22 ehi bao trong md hinh
ly thuye't cdn 3 khai niem dffdc do lifcing bdi 18 ehi bao va eho tha'y, cd ton tai thd'ng nha't ngi tai giffa cae ehi bao trong tffng nhan to' (khai niem) Md hinh sau khi dieu ehinh the' hien md'i quan he giifa
3 khai niem (bie'n dgc lap) tao nen cliat Iffdng ngudn nhan life gdm: (1) The life; (2) Kie'n thffc; (3) Ky nang
K6't qua phan tich hoi quy
Ket qua phan tieh eac he so hdi quy (Bang 3) the bien ta't ea 3 nhan tddoc lap deu cd tae ddng dffdng (he sd'Beta dffdng) de'n chat Iffdng ngudn nhan life cua DNNVV ti-en dia ban TP Da Nang vdi mffe y nghia (Sig = 0.000 rat nhd) d tat ca cac bie'n va hang sd'y nghia thd'ng ke Diia vao ke't qua hdi quy ed the khang dinh, mffe do anh hffdng dffdng (ciing chieu) cua cac bie'n ddc lap de'n bie'n phu thudc Dong thdi, mffe do anh hffdng eua tffng bien doc lap len bie'n phu thudc xep theo thiJ ti/ giam dan, eu the: Mffe do anh hffdng len chat Iffdng ngudn nhan life eho DNNVV tren dia ban TP Da Nfng ldn nha't la chi
so ky nang va nhan each (KN=0.373); Thff hai la kien thffc (KT=0.278); ThiJba
la the life (TL = 0.24)
Nhff vay, sau khi thffe hien chay hoi quy va kie'm dinh cae gia thie't thdng ke, chiing ta rut ra md hinh hdi quy nhff sau:
CL = 3.727 + 0.373 KN + 0.278 KT^ 0.24TL
KET LUAN VA MOT SO DE XUAT
Ke't qua nghien cffu eho thay, co 3 ye'u to anh hffdng de'n chat Iffdng nguon nhan life cua DNNVV tren dia ban TP
Da Nang va mffe do quan trgng ciia cac ye'u td tac dgng lan Iffdt la: Ky nang va nhan each; Kie'n thffe; va The Iffc Do vay, Thanh phd' phai cd nhffng giai phap
eu the sau:
Thd nhdt, gidi phdp hodn thien xd) dung vd thuc Men quy hogch vd ke hoqch phdt trien nguon nhdn luc cho DNNVV tren dia bdn Thdnh phd:
Nang eao chat Iffdng dif bao ve ngudn nhan life chat Iffdng dd'i vdi cac ITnh vffc trgng ye'u
Xae dinh rd ve do tudi quy hoach nguon nhan life nham phat huy td'i da nang life va Slf cd'ng hien cua cac dd'i tffdng chinh sach Thffe tiln quan ly nhan Wc
Trang 4cua cac qud'c gia va eac td chffc qud'c te
eho thay, nhan life trong do hidi 30-40 la
thdi gian, ma moi ea nhan the hien nang
life cdng tae va sff sang tao nhieu nha't
Xay difng quy hoach nhan life eho
DNNVV mdt each chi tie't theo chudi
thdi gian, dam bao ea quy hoach ngan
ban, trung ban va dai ban Viee quy
hoach nhan life chat Iffdng eao ciia mdi
dia phffdng deu phai can cff vao chie'n
Iffde phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi eiia minh
Thd hai, gidi phdp nham md rdng quy
md vd ndng cao chd't luang gido due - ddo
tgo: Vdi phffdng cham la day manh giao
due - dao tao theo hffdng da dang hda loai
hinh va cap do dao tao; dao tao theo dien
rgng va ehuyen sau de vffa bao dam ve so
Iffdng va chat Iffdng dap ffng nhu cau phat
trien ben vffng cua Thanh phd giai doan
de'n nam 2020 va tam nhin de'n 2030
De thffc hien td't cdng tac dao tao can
nhffng giai phap:
Md rdng quy md dao tao nhan life ea
d trong nffdc va qud'c te';
Doi mdi ndi dung, phffdng phap va
quy trinh dao tao nham nang cao chat
Iffdng dao tao nhan life;
Dao tao ngudn nhan life theo quy
hoach, ke' hoach phu hdp vdi yeu eau va
dinh hffdng phat trien kinh te' xa hdi eiia
Thanh phd';
Trien khai thffc hien eac chffdng
trinh dao tao ngan ban va cac Idp bdi
dffdng de dao tao lai dd'i vdi nhan life tai
eac doanh nghiep dac biet la DNNVV
Thd ba, gidi phdp ve ddi mdi ca bdn vd
todn dien ve ca che, chinh sdch thu hut, sd
dung vd qudn ly ddi vdi nguon nhdn luc
chdt luang cao: Trong chinh sach thu hut
nhan life eiia TP Da Nang, che' do dai
ngd van cdn mang tinh cao bang, chffa
tao ra ddng life phan da'u, chffa thffe sff
hap dSn de' thu hut dffdc cac ehuyen gia,
nha quan ly, lao ddng gidi cho cae doanh
nghiep dae biet la DNNVV Do vay, dia phffdng khi xay dffng va thffe hien ehinh sach dai ngd lao ddng can phd'i hdp vdi DNNVV: (i) Thie't lap che do dai ngg theo hffdng mui nhgn, tap trung vao cae dd'i tffdng chuyen gia, nha quan ly gidi, tao ra sff khac biet trong viec dai ngd so vdi cac dd'i tffdng tai nang khac; (ii) Thffe hien viee khen thffdng, tdn vinh tai nang dam bao sff binh dang, edng bang nham khuye'n khich nd life phan da'u eua nhieu ea nhan tai nang de'n vdi Thanh phd'; (iii) Tao mdi trffdng lam viee yen tam cho ngffdi lao ddng, nhff: ed sd vat chat an toan, nha d, trffdng hge
Thd tu, gidi phdp ndng cao chdt luang cdc dich vu chdm sdc sdc khde cho cdng dong de tdng cudng the luc cho nguon nhdn lUc DNNW: Tang khau phan dinh
dffdng va cai thien ed eau bffa an hang ngay nham tang cffdng nang Iffdng eho mdi ngffdi dan, giam ty le suy dinh dffdng d tre em va nang cao the' life cho ngffdi lao ddng Cai thien ve sinh mdi trffdng sd'ng, dieu kien ve sinh an toan cho ngffdi lao ddng, nhat la nhffng ngffdi lam viee trong nhffng nganh cdng nghiep nang nhgc, ddc hai, nhff: nganh khai thac md, thudc da Cae doanh nghiep va cac ed sd san xua't edng nghiep can ke't hdp vdi cac benh vien td chffc kiem tra sffc khde
va thffc hien viec kham chffa benh dinh ky hang nam eho ngffdi lao ddng Tao dieu kien thuan ldi va td chffc td't viee nghi ngdi, vui chdi giai tri cho nhan dan tff viec tham quan, du lich, nghi mat, thffdng thffc nghe thuat cho de'n cae boat ddng Id hdi truyen thd'ng nham nang eao ddi sd'ng tinh than ciia ngffdi dan, giam bdt sif cang thing eua nhffng ngffdi lao ddng sau mdt thdi gian lam viee vat va, nha't la dd'i vdi nhffng ngffdi boat ddng trong cac nganh edng nghiep
Thd ndm, gidi phdp tdng cUdng md rdng hap tdc qudc te've phdt trien nguon nhdn luc DNNW: Ben canh
viee khai thac va phat huy cac ye'u td'ben trong de dao tao va phat trie'n ngudn nhan life cho Thanh phd', trong
xu the' hdi nhap toan eau hda hien nay, chinh quyen Thanh phd' can tie'p can cac ehuan mffe giao due tien tie'n tren the' gidi phu hdp vdi yeu eau phat trie'n Viee tang cffdng md rdng hdp tac qud'c te', nha't la vdi cae td chffc ben ngoai, vdi cac nffdc trong khu vffc va tren the gidi trong linh vffc dao tao can dffdc xae dinh la mdt trong nhffng giai phap quan trgng de' phat trien ngudn nhan life ed chat Iffdng hien nay d TP Da NSng.U
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 UBND TP Da Nang (2018) Bdo cdo tinh hinh kinh te- xd hoi, qudc phdng - an ninh ndm 2017
vd phuang hudng nhiem vu ndm 2018
2 Sd Ndi vu TP Da Nfng (2013) Bdo cdo ke't qud thuc Men De dn Phdt trien nguon nhdn luc chdt luang cao
3 Cuc Thd'ng ke TP Da Nang (2015-2018) Nien gidm Thdng ke TP Dd Nang cdc ndm td2014
^e'n 2077, Nxb Thd'ng ke
4 Tran Xuan Cau (2012) Gido trinh Kinh te nguon nhdn lUc, Nxb Dai hge Kinh te'Qud'c dan
5 Tran Kim Dung (2011) Qudn tri nguon nhdn luc, Nxb Thd'ng ke
6 Stivastava M/P (1997) Human resource planing: Aproach needs assessments and priorities in
manpower planning, Manak New Delhi