Yeu td "ice" dupe diing kem vdi tir ihi bien y mia mai la m6t bien tupng dac biet ciia tieng Viet, vira the hien dac trung cua am ti6 ngdn ngii don lap vira th^ hien phuong thu[r]
Trang 1CAC YEU TO CH^M XEN VA HI§N TJONG "le'C" H6A
TRONG TIENG VIET
VM Van Thi
Klioa Tii'ng Viit vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Ndi
Tieng Vi^t thudc loai binh ngdn ngiJ don lap - am tid't tinh di^n
hinh Am tiet cd ca'u true chat che, tdi da chi cd nam thanh phSn
la: Am dau + am d^m + am ehinh + am cudi + thanh 6'\tu Cd tb^ ndi,
eac am ti^'t deu cd nghia - mdt don vi cd nghia nbd nhit, tiic la am tift trong tieng Viet trimg vdi binh vi trong eac ngdn ngii: An - Au Tu trong tidng Viet dupe ca'u tao tu mdt am tid't boac mdt kd't hpp nhi^u
am tid't Vi vay, tu trong tieng Vi6t dupe phan chia thanh hai loai la tir
don va tir ghep Tu don la tir mdt am tie't Tir ghep la lis cd tir hai am tid't trd \tn Trong tu ghep, sd lupng tir cd hai am tid't, dupe gpi la lit
song tid't, chiem sd lupng Idn nha^t
Do dae tnmg cua p h ^ Idn am ti^t tia'ng Vidt cd k h i nang boat ddng doc lap va cd nghia nen trong tieng Vi^t cd nhutig hi^n tupng r^t
doc dao Do la kha nang chia cdt tir, chem xen, tb^m eac y^u td vao tir
di tao nghia, mang sAc thai tu tir Bai viet nay chi tap trung khao sit
mot sd van de ve bien tupng chem xen va bi^n tupng "" id'c" boa
L Boat ddng cua eac yeu td chem xen trong tieng Viet
Trong boat ddng ciia tu tieng Viet, cbiing ta thudng th^y cd cic yeu td chem xen, them vao chia cat eac tir ghep nblft la vdi eac tir song tiet d^ tao nen sac thai bi^u cam nha't djnh nhu:
hoc hanh - hpc vdi cha banh
an ndi - an vdi cha ndi
Trang 2Xinh dep - xinh vdi cha dep
Ddi vdi ngudi Vi6t, viae them eac yeu td chem xen de tao sac thii bi^u cam cho cau ndi la bet siic binh thudng nhimg ddi vdi ngudi nucfc ngoai dang hpc tig^ng Viet thi bien tupng chem xen nay lai gay nfin khdng ft khd khan bdi nhOng If do sau:
- Cac yeu td ch6m xen ngat mach lien ket tif viftig binh thudng khi tu duy tiep nhan ngdn ngu ciia ngudi hpc cdn dang trong qua trinh
hinh thanh, chua dat dupe mvtc 6n dinh
- Cac yeu td cb^m xen lam cho qua trinh nghe - tiep nhan - hiiu
trcf nSn khd khan hon vi bp phai tiep nhan mot don vi ngdn ngir dai boi
hon di cd dupe mdt thdng diep
- Cac yd'u td chtm xen nay khi nao nen sis dung, khi nao khdng nfin siif dung? Neu sis dung, no se cd hieu utig gi trong giao tiep? Do la nhfing va'n de khdng dt dang gi cho ngudi nude ngoai khi sir dung
tiffng Viet
2 Cac yeu to chem xen c6 the phan loai nhu sau
- Cac y6'u td cbdm xen chen vao giiJa tir tb^ bien thai dd cht bai
hoac che gidu bang cac yeu td: vdi, vdi cha, vdi ching:
Vfdu:
* Chen vao giiJa ddng tijr:
- an ndi: an vdi ndi - an vdi cha ndi - an vdi ching ndi
- ngii nghe: ngii vdi nghe - ngii vdi cha nghe - ngii vdi chang nghe
- hpc hanh: hoc vdi hanh - hpc vdi cha hanh - hpc vdi chang hanh
^ * Chen vao giOa tfnh tijf:
- xinh dep: xinh vdi dep - xinh vdi cha dep - xinh vdi ching dep
- to cao: to vdi cao - to vdi cha cao - to vdi ching cao
- mdnb mdng: menh vdi mdng - menh vdi cha mdng - menh vdi ching mdng
Trang 3* Chen vao giua danh tCr:
- nha cira: nha vdi cua - nha vdi cha cira - nha vdi ching cua
- dudng xa: dudng vdi xa - dudng vdi cha xa - dudng vdi ching xi
- thudc thang: thudc vdi thang - thudc vdi cha thang - thudc vdi ching thang
3 Hien tupng "iec" boa, mot phucmg tien bieu thi tinh thai die blet trong tieng Viet
Yeu td "ice" dupe diing kem vdi tir ihi bien y mia mai la m6t
bien tupng dac biet ciia tieng Viet, vira the hien dac trung cua am ti6 ngdn ngii don lap vira th^ hien phuong thuc bien am ca'u tao tir lam thdi mdt each ddc dao trong dieu kien bi ban che chat che ciia c^u tnic
am tiet va su giam thie'u tdi da tac ddng cua trpng am, ngir dieu ciia ngdn ngir thanh diau tfnh Mat khac, hien tupng "iec" hda cdn th^ hi^n quy luai song tiet boa va luat lay am ciia tir tieng Viet
Thanh didu ciia am tiet "ie'e" boa thudng chi cd bai thanh: thanh dieu cao nhat va thanh dieu tha'p nha't la thanh sic va thanh nang
*"le'c"boatirdon:
VI du: Ddng tir: hpc - hpc hiec
- lam - lam liec
- viet - vice
Tfnh tir: - dep - dep die'e
- mdi - mice
- to - to tiec
Danh tir: - nha - nbiee
- but - biec
- sach - siee
Trang 4* "I&" boa cac tir song ti^t: Hien tupng "iec" boa cung xay ra vdi cac tiJT song ti^t nhung khdng ph6 bien bang su "iec" boa cac ti^ don
Vidu:
Ddng tijr "i^c" boa: - hpc tap - hpc tap hoc tiec
- vi^t lacb - viet lach viet liec
- mua ban - mua ban mua biec
Tfnh tir "i€?c" boa: - xinh dep - xinh dep xinh diec
- VI dai - vT dai vl diec
- cao ca - cao ca cao kiec
Danh tir "iec" boa: - con gai - con gai con giee
- nha ctfa - nha cii'a nha kiec
- gia'y td - gia'y td gia'y tiec
Hien tupng "ie'c" boa cbi di vdi hai thanh dieu la thanh buyen va thanh nang, viec sijf dung thanh dieu nao la tuy y, chu yeu la nghe hpp thanh vdi toan khdi Tuy nhien, khi diing thanh nang, ngudi ta cam tha'y su bdc Id thai dp cd ve manh me hem
Nhu tren cbiing ta vtra khao sat kha nang chem xen cac yeu td vao tir ghep va hien tupng "iec" boa de tao sic thai bieu cam; mat khac, trong tieng Viet cdn cd ket hpp long ghep ca hai yeu td dd
Vfdu:
- hpc: hoc biec - hpc vdi biec - hpc vdi cha biec - hpc vdi ching biec
- tie'p: tiep tie'c - tie'p vdi tiec - tiep vdi cha tiec - tie'p vdi ching tiec
- da: da diec - da vdi die'c- da vdi cha diec - da vdi ching diec
Tir nhOng khao sat tren, ta tha'y cac yeu td chem xen, va hien lupng "ie'c" boa trong tieng Viet bie'u thi tinh thai la mot hien tupng rat dac biet trong tieng Viet Nd khdng chi the hien su phong phu cua
li^ng Viet ma cdn ihi bien su uye'n chuyen trong each sir dung tir de
bi^u thi cac cung bac tinh cam ciia ngudi Viet Vi vay, viec quan tam
Trang 5day cac y^u td nay cho sinb vien nude ngoai la mdt viec lam r^t cin thiet va bd fcb, giiip ngudi hpc cd the' sir dung tieng Viet mdt each uyen chuyen va sinb ddng
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O CHINH
A Giao trinh Tieng Viet co sd
1 Nhieu tac gia (1980), Giao trinh Tii'ng Viet thuc hdnh (2 tip),
Khoa tieng Viet DHTH Ha Ndi
2 Biii Phung (Cbii bien) (1986), Giao trinh Tii'ng Viet thuc hanh
cho ngudi nude ngodi (danh cho sinb vien Campuchia) (2 tap)
Khoa Tieng Viet DHTH Ha Npi
3 Biii Phung (Chu bien) (1992), Gido trinh Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi
nude ngodi, Khoa Tieng Viet DHTH Ha Ndi
4 Dang Van Dam (1995), Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi nude ngodi (Lc
Vietnamien Aux Etrangers - cours IntensiO khoa Tieng Vidt, DHTH Ha Npi
5 Mai Ngpc Chir (1995), Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi nude ngodi •
Vietnamese for foreigners, Trung tam hcrp tac nghien cihi Vid Nam, Ha Npi
6 Nguyen Anh Que' (1996), Gido trinh Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi nude
ngodi - Vietnamese for foreigners Ha Ndi
7 Phan Van Giudng va Nguyln Anh Qu^ (1996), Gido trinh Tieng
Viet - Vietnamese, NXB Giao due Ha Npi
8 Vu Van Thi va nhdm tac gia (1996), Gido trinh Tii'ng Viet ctrsi
(Vietnamese for beginners), khoa tieng Viet va Van boa Vidt Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai, DHKHXH va NV, Ha Ndi
9 Nguyen Viet Huong (1996), Gido trinh thiCc hdnh tii'ng Viet
-Ditng cho ngudi nude ngodi, Khoa tieng Viet va Van boa Vidi
Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai, DHKHXH va NV, Ha Ndi
10 Dinh Thanh Hue (Chii bien), Trinh Due Hi^n (1996), Sdeh hoc
Tiing Viet cho ngudi Ldo, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia Viet Nam
Trang 611 T r ^ TTii Chung Toan (2001), Gido trinh tii'ng Viet thuc hdnh
-dung cho ngudi Nhat, Khoa Ddng phuong hoc, DHKHXH va NV
Ha Ndi
12 Dana Heali (2001), Tii'ng Viet - Vietnamese - A complele course for beginners, NXB TP HCM
13 Robert M Quyn (1972), Vietnamese for beginners - Tieng Viet
cho ngudi mdi hpc - xu^t ban d MI, chuong trinh Ddng Nam A, Dai hoc Tdng hpp Conell MI
14 Txin Diic Vuong va John Moore (1994), Colloquyal Vietnamese
• Tieng Viet hdng ngdy (tie'ng Anh)
15 Nguyen Minh Thuyet bien soan (1995), Parlons Vietnamien (Hay ndi Tii'ng Viet), xuSit ban tai Canada, Quebec, Universite
Laval
16 Nguyin Thanh Binh (1996), Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi mdi hoc -Vietnamese for beginners, xua't ban tai Anh, Language Centre,
School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London
B Giao trinh tie'ng Viet bac nang cao va hoan thien
17 Dinh Thanh Hue (1997), Giao trinh tieng Viet nang cao - Gido trinh Tii'ng Viet thUc hdnh ditng cho ngudi nude ngodi, Khoa
tie'ng Viet DHTH Ha Npi
18 Nguyen Thien Nam (1998), Gido trinh Tieng Viet ndng cao - cho ngudi nude ngodi (Intermediate Vietnamese), Khoa tieng Viet va
Van boa Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai Ha Npi
19 Doan Thien Thuat (Chu bien) (2001), Gido trinh thuc hdnh tii'ng Viet (2 tap, trinh dp B va C), Trung tam nghien cuu Viet Nam va
Giao luu Van boa, DHQG Ha Npi, Ha Npi
10 Franklin E Hufman va TrSn Trpng Hai (1980), An Intermediate Vietnamese Readers - Tieng Viet trung ca'p - kb^u ngiJ, chuong
trinh Ddng Nam A, Dai hpc T<5ng hpp Cornell, MI