* Vocabulary: topics: Endangered species; Books; Water sports; The 22 nd Sea Games; International organizations; Women society; The Association of Southeast Asian Nations.. Modals in t[r]
Trang 1ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 12
II LANGUAGE FOCUS
* Vocabulary: topics: Endangered species; Books; Water sports; The 22 nd Sea Games; International organizations; Women society; The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
* Grammar
1 Modal verbs
2 Modals in the passive voice
3 Transitive verbs & Intransitive verbs
4 Double Comparative
5 Phrasal verbs
6 Adverbial clause of time
III WRITING : Sentence transformation / combination
A LÝ THUYẾT I/ MODAL VERBS
A MODALS IN ACTIVE
1 COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT
Could/ may/ might (có thể): chỉ một khả năng-điễn tả những gì mà người nói cảm thấy chưa chắc chắn lắm
- Maybe it will rain tomorrow
Possibly, maybe = perhaps: có lẽ có khả năng (chỉ dự đoán)
Ex: I don’t know where Lan is She Maybe is in her room
2 SHOULD: (Nên) : Được dùng để diễn tả: 1 lời đề nghị / lời khuyên
3 MUST: (phải) Được dùng để diễn tả
- Trách nhiệm hoặc bổn phận Must có nghĩa mạnh hơn should Với should ta có một sự lựa chọn làm hoặc không làm nhưng với mustsẽ không có sự lựa chọn
Ex: - An automobile must have gasoline to run
+ mustn’t chỉ sự ngăn cấm
Ex: You mustn’t drive on the left
4 HAVE TO : có nghĩa gần như must, nhưng không mang tính bắt buộc mà chỉ thấy cần phải làm
Ex: - I need some meat I have to go to the butcher’s
- Does your father have to go at once?
5 COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT + HAVE + P.P
Hình thức này được dùng để chỉ khả năng trong quá khứ
Ex: It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure
John might have gone to the movies yesterday
6 SHOULD + HAVE +P.P
Trang 2S + BE + AS + Adj / Adv + AS + Noun/ Pronoun/ clause
S + V (not)+ as/ so + adj/ adv + as + Noun/ Pronoun/ clause
Hình thức này để chỉ một bổn phận, trách nhiệm được cho là xảy ra ở quá khứ, nhưng vì một lý do nào đó đã không xảy ra
Ex: John should have gone to the post office this morning (He did not go to the post office)
Maria shouldn’t have called John last night (she did call him)
7 MUST + HAVE + P.P: chỉ một sự suy luận hợp lý trong quá khứ
Jane did very well on the exam She must have studied hard
Mary looks very tired She must have stayed up late last night
B MODALS IN PASSIVE
In the present: MODAL +BE + P.P
In the past: MODAL + HAVE + BEEN + P.P
II/ TRANSITIVE AND IN TRANSITIVE VERBS : NGOẠI ĐỘNG TỪ VÀ NỘI ĐỘNG TỪ
1 TRANSITIVE VERBS: NGOẠI ĐỘNG TỪ
=> Là những động từ cần có đối tượng tiếp nhận hành động(tân ngữ) theo sau thì nghĩa của câu mới đầy đủ
=> Phần thông tin phía sau động từ trả lời cho câu hỏi: AI, CÁI GÌ
=> ride, find, finish, read, write, meet, kill, help, climb, clean, catch,teach, study, build, buy, sell, cook, paint, take, tell, watch………
Ex: He drove the boat very fast
Ex: I met Ba at the bus stop early in the morning
2 - INTRANSITIVE VERBS - NỘI ĐỘNG TỪ
=> Là những động từ không cần có đối tượng tiếp nhận hành động(tân ngữ) theo sau ,mà nghĩa của câu vẫn đầy đủ
=> Phần thông tin phía sau động từ trả lời cho câu hỏi: Ở ĐÂU, KHI NÀO, NHƯ THẾ NÀO
=> walk, sleep, grow, arrive, lie, rain, exist, occur, breathe, run,cry, go, fall, happen, sit, stand,
swim, ………
Ex: We walked down town after work yesterday
Ex: The baby was crying in the room
IV/ Comparison
1 So sánh bằng ( positive form)
Ex: * She is as tall as me
* My hands were as cold as ice
Ex: She sings as well as her sister
Ex: This flat is not as/ so big as our old one
I couldn’t run as/ so fast as him ( as he runs )
Trang 3S + V (not)+ short adj/adv + er + than + Noun/ Pronoun/ Clause
S + V (not)+ more + long adj/adv + than + Noun/ Pronoun/ Clause
S + V (not) the + short adj/ adv + est + Noun
S + V (not) the +most + long adj/ adv + Noun
- less ………… than = not …as/ so … as (kém hơn, không bằng)
Ex: This dress is less expensive than that one = This dress isn’t as / so expensive as that one
- Khi nói gấp bao nhiêu lần ta dùng cấu trúc: Twice as… as; three times as…….as
Ex: Their house is about three times as big as ours
Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago
2 So sánh hơn (comparative form)
Tính từ ,trạng từ ngắn (short adj, adv): là những tính từ,trạng từ có 1 âm tiết hoặc những tính từ, trạng từ có 2
âm tiết mà kết thúc bằng - er, - ow, - y, - le.
EX: She is taller than me
She runs faster than me
Tính từ, trạng từ dài (long adj, adv): là những tính từ hoặc trạng từ có từ 2 âm tiết trở lên
Ex: Her watch is more expensive than mine
Jane speaks English more fluently than me
NOTES:
so sánh hơn có thể được nhấn mạnh bằng cách thêm much hoặc far trước hình thức so sánh Ngoài ra a lot, a bit, a little, rather cũng có thể được dùng trong cấp so sánh hơn.
3 So sánh nhất (superlative form)
Ex: I’m the happiest man in the world
EX: Love is the most important thing
4 So sánh kép (double comparatives)
so sánh đồng tiến (càng càng): diễn đạt sự cùng thay đổi (tăng thêm hoặc giảm đi về số lượng hoặc
Trang 4=> THE + SS Hơn + S +V, THE + SS hơn+ S +V
Ex: The bigger the room is , the better I feel
Ex: The more polluted the water is , the more dangerous our lives become
=> THE MORE +N + S + V, THE MORE +N + S + V
Ex: The more money he gets , the more food he buys
=> THE MORE + S + V , THE MORE + S + V
Ex: The more I think , the more I worry
Adj-er and Adj-er More and more Adj
mức độ) của sự việc
EX: The more dangerous it is, the more I like it
The older I get, the happier I am
so sánh lũy tiến (càng ngày càng): diễn đạt sự tăng dần hoặc giảm dần 1 cách liên tục
- …er and …er và more and more được dùng để diễn đạt sự tăng dần
EX: Betty is younger and younger
- less and less dùng để diễn đạt sự giảm dần:
He became less and less interested in politics
V/ Phrasal verbs
SOME COMMON PHRASAL VERBS (MỘT SỐ CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP)
1 account for: giải thích, kể đến
2 ask for : đòi hỏi
3 break down = fail , collapse : hỏng, suy sụp
4 break out = start suddenly : bùng nổ, bùng phát
5 bring up = raise and educate : nuôi nấng
6 bring about = cause sth to happen : xảy ra, mang lại
7 catch up / catch up with : bắt kịp , theo kịp
8 call off : hủy bỏ
9 call on = visit : viếng thăm
10 call up : gọi điện
11 carry on : tiến hành
12 catch up with : theo kịp với
13 come along : tiến hành
14 come on : begin: bắt đầu
15 come out = appear : xuất hiện
16 come about = become lower: giảm xuống, sa sút
Trang 518 come up with: think of : Nghĩ ra
19 cool off : (nhiệt tình ) nguội lạnh đi , giảm đi
20 count on = investigate , examinate : tính, dựa vào
21 differ from = not be the same: không giống với
22 fall behind : thụt lùi , tụt lại đằng sau
23 fill in : điền vào , ghi vào
24 fill out = discover : khám phá ra
25 get over = recover from : vượt qua, khắc phục
26 get up : thức dậy
27 get along / get on with sth : have a good relationship with sb: hòa thuận
28 give in : nhượng bộ , chịu thua
29 give up = stop : từ bỏ , bỏ
30 go after : theo đuổi
31 go by (thời gian ) : trôi qua
32 go after = chase , pursue : theo đuổi, rượt đuổi
33 go ahead = be carried out : được diễn ra, tiến hành
34 go along = develop, progress : tiến bộ
35 go away : biến mất , tan đi
36 go back = return : trở lại
37 go in : vào , đi vào
38 go off ( chuông ) : reo , (súng , bom ) : nổ , (sữa ) : chua, hỏng , (thức ăn ), (đèn) tắt , (máy móc) : hư = explore
39 go on = continue : tiếp tục
40 go over : xem lại
41 go out ( ánh sáng , lửa , đèn ) : tắt
42 go up : lớn lên , trưởng thành = grow up , ( giá cả) : tăng lên
43 go down : (giá cả) : giảm xuống
44 hold up = stop =delay : hoãn lại , ngừng
45 hurry up : làm gấp
46 keep on = continue : tiếp tục
47 keep up with : theo kịp , bắt kịp
48 lie down : nằm nghỉ
49 jot down = make a quick note of something: ghi nhanh
50 look after : chăm sóc
51 look at : nhìn
52 look down on sb = coi thường
53 look up to sb = respect : kính trọng
54 look up : tìm , tra cứu ( trong sách , từ điển )
55 look for : tìm kiếm
56 make out = understand : hiểu
57 make up = invent , put sth together : phát minh, trộn
58 pass away = die : chết
59 put on : mặc (quần áo ) , mang (giày ) , đội (mũ) , mở (đèn )
60 put out = make st stop burning , produce: dập tắt , sản xuất
61 put off = postpone : hoãn lại
62 put up = build : xây dựng
63 speak up : nói to , nói thẳng
64 set off = begin : khỏi hành
65 set up = establish : thành lập
66 stand by : ủng hộ
67 take after = resemble : giống
68 take off : cởi (quần áo , giày , mũ ) ; (máy bay) cất cánh
69 take over = take responsible for st /V-ing:đảm nhận trách nhiệm
Trang 670 take up = start doing : bắt đầu tham gia
71 try out : thử
72 try on : mặc thử (quần áo )
73 turn down : gạt bỏ, bác bỏ
74 turn off : khóa , tắt (đèn , máy móc , động cơ …)
75 turn on : mở ( đèn , máy móc , động cơ …)
76 turn round : quay lại , thay đổi hướng
77 turn up : đến = arrive = appear (xuất hiện)
78 wait up (for ) : thức đợi ai
79 wash up : rửa bát đĩa
80 watch out : đề phòng , chú y
81 wipe out = remove, destroy completely : xóa bỏ, phá hủy
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
- When we were in New York, we saw several plays
- I’ll phone you as soon as I get back from work
- We stayed there until it stopped raining
* Lưu ý: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu Nếu mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian đứng ở đầu câu sẽ
ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy (comma)
* Cách diễn đạt thời tương lai trong các mệnh đề thời gian:
S + V(s.future) /
be going to + inf
when
as soon as after before until
S + V (s.present) (present perfect)
Ví dụ:
- Bob will come soon When Bob comes, we will see him
- Linda is going to leave soon Before she leaves, she is going to finish her work
- We’ll be able to leave for the airport as soon as the taxi arrives
- I’ll wait here until they come back
Lưu ý: Trong các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian với ý nghĩa tương lai chúng ta không dùng thì tương lai đơn(will) hoặc be going
to mà chỉ dùng thì hiện tại đơn (simple present) hoặc thì hiện tại hoàn (present perfect) khi muốn nhấn mạnh đến sự hoàn thành của
hành động trước khi một hành động khác xảy ra
Ví dụ:
- I’ll go to bed after I finish my homework
- I’ll go to bed after I have finished my homework
* Cách diễn đạt thời quá khứ trong các mệnh đề thời gian:
Trang 7until before after
as soon as
Ví dụ:
- She said goodbye before she left
- I started school when I was six
- We stayed there until we finished work
- My mother went home after she finished work at the office
- My mother went home as soon as she finished work at the office
Ví dụ:
- The telephone rang while we were having dinner
- As I was walking home, it began to rain
- I was cooking dinner while my husband was reading a book
- He was talking on the phone when I arrived
Ví dụ:
- We haven’t met each other since we left school
- I have played the piano since I was a child
Ví dụ:
- She got a job after she had graduated from university
- She got a job as soon as she had graduated from university
- She had left before he came
- By the time he arrived, we had already finished work
Trang 8B BÀI TẬP
Dạng bài 1: Choose the word whose underlined part is different from the rest:
1 a prohibit b exhibit c habit d hunting
2 a hide b ivory c decline d continent
3 a weapon b increase c threat d spread
4 a elephants b decades c poachers d actions
5 A drill B kind C nice D mind
6 A engaged B phoned C enabled D intended
7 A nicest B largest C smallest D best
8 a education b teammate c organization d financial
9 a economy b population c economic d property
10 a mistake b television c measure d decision 11a synchronized b psychology c carry d activity
12 a exercise b diving c physics d variety
13 a swimming b throwing c water d switch
14 a improve b lose c oppose d movement
16 a host b honour c hockey d horror
17 a badminton b swallow c challenge d ballet
18 a teammate b reading c creating d seaside
19 a athelete b author c length d southern
20 a diverse b admit c science d enterprise
21 a growth b although c within d southern
22 a stable b average c population d rate
23 a combined b planned c recorded d aimed
Trang 9Dạng bài 2 : Choose the word which is stressed differently from the rest:
1 a weapon b become c country d decade
2 a habitat b century c difficult d prohibit
3 A person B brother C signal D appeal
4 A example B consider C several D attention
5 a maneuver b synchronized c distribute d aquatic
6 a various b integral c opponent d popular
7 a acknowledge b physical c successful d continue
8 a activity b psychology c information d development
9 a perform b invent c attempt d motion
10 a water b football c begin d meter
11 a development b cooperation c surprisingly d facility
12 a festival b badminton c participant d organize
13 a award b prevent c visit d except
14 a government b agency c benefit d diversity
15 a disappearance b vulnerable c conservation d generation
16 a civilian b official c temporary d tsunami
17 a appeal b appall c devote d victim
18 a initiate b medical c rapidly d possible
19 a volunteer b wherever c example d disaster
20 a injured b famine c earthquake d result
21 a deny b legal c women d limit
22 a human b mother c struggle d belief
Trang 10Dạng bài 3: Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes each unfinished sentence:
1 Hunting wild animals is prohibited _ law in many countries but it does not seem to be effective
a in b on c with d by
2 A ban was given _ all trade in ivory in 1989
a with b on c for d from
3 There was a huge decline _ the number of panda
a in b for c of d out
4 She was involved in conservational _ and began to devoted herself to the wildlife protection movement
a act b action c activity d acting
5 According to present law, the authorities can give poachers a severe _
a punish b punishable c punishment d punishing
6 Many Asian people _ like hunting elephants for their ivory and tigers for their bones
a particular b particularity c particularly d particularize
7 A _ is the skin of a large animal such as a cow, horse, or elephant, which can be used for making leather
a tooth b hide c ivory d tusk
8 Many wildlife parks have been installed security cameras to guard against _ who regularly hunt wild animals illegally
a poachers b conservationists
c environmentalists d authority
9 It is _ that about 700 deer have been killed in the last few years due to their horns
a declined b grown c damaged d estimated
10 Let's do something to protect the environment, _ we?
a must b need c will d shall
Trang 1111 I will do everything You _ do anything unless you really want to
a may b needn't c must d ought to
12 You _ forget to learn the lesson by heart The new teacher is so strict
a needn't b mustn't c mayn't d mightn't
13 One well-known desert plant is the _ , which grows well in hot dry regions
A spinifex B cactus C date palm D eucalyptus
14 Madigan led a expedition across the sand dunes on a more northerly route
A science B scientist C scientific D scientifically
15 Humans benefit greatly from the many medicines and other products that provides
A biodiversity B habitat C diversity D environment
16 If you want to learn how to knit or work with wood, you should buy a _ book
A science B fiction C comic D craft
17 The Simpson Desert remained a _ until Madigan made an aerial survey in 1929
A mysteriousness B mysterious
C mysteriously D mystery
18 The primary causes of species extinction are habitat destruction, commercial _ and pollution
A exploitation B damage C production D chance
19 Many species of animals, birds and even insects are in of disappearing from the earth
A endanger B danger C endangered D dangerous
20 Many species of animals and plants become extinct each year before _ can identify them
A biologically B biology C biological D biologists
21 Books are still a cheap way to get _ and entertainment
A informative B inform C information D informatively
22 If you like books with an _ story especially ones about crime or spies, read a thriller
A excitement B excite C exciting D excited
Trang 1223 Most of the Sahara desert consists rocky; large sand dunes from only a minor part
A about B of C with D from
24 Humans depend _ species diversity to have food, clean air and water and soil for agriculture
A of B with C for D on
25 If it is a book on a subject that you are interested , you will want to chew and digest it
A in B at C about D with
26 Last week, I _ home after playing tennis when it started raining heavily
A was walking B walked
C had walked D had been walking
20 Mary missed the meeting because no one her about it
A has told B was telling C had told D tells
21 They like aquatic sports, the other hand, they cannot swimming
a acts b actors c actions d activities
25 To be safe under water, need to be able to control their rate of descent and ascent in the water
a divers b dive c diving d dives
26 We choose from a of shore excursions including tours of the islands, swimming, golf, sailing or snorkeling
a vary b various c varied d variety
Trang 1327 Aquatic sports have long been acknowledged as excellent ways to take physical exercise
a reduced b encouraged c recognized d practiced
28 I'm a great believer in the of reading books and taking up a sport, which offer you both knowledge and healthy
a benefits b exercises c practices d points
29 Underwater activities are less varied and the most popular of which are snorkeling and scuba diving
a portable b diverse c familiar d durable
30 become addicted to the Internet
a More and more people b The more and more people
c More people and people d The most people
31 Life is getting
a more and more complicated b more than complicated
c most and most complicated d least and least complicated
32 Nuclear waste as a liquid in stainless-steel containers which are encased in concrete
a must store b must be storing c must be stored d must have stored
33 _ logo of the 22nd SEA Games is the stylization of Lac bird, the ancient bird pictured of the face of Ngoc Lu kettledrum, _ most special and typical relic of the ancient Vietnamese culture
a A / the b The / the c Ø / Ø d The / Ø
34 _ symbol of the SEA Games Federation is to emphasize the solidarity, friendship, and
36 Petrol is _ it used to
c twice more than expensive d more expensive than twice
37.Peter is _ John
c more intelligent and younger than d the more intelligent and younger than