Chiia la vua chiing toi (...) Cac thanh tU dao thi chang phai chet vi diic tin ma thdi, ma nhiit la vi long men Chiia nQa (...) Cac thanh ciing da men Cha tren trdi cho den chung than[r]
Trang 1A N H H t T d N G C U A TtT TlTCfNG
T R I E T H O C KITO G I A O T 6 I V I E T N A M
NtTA D A U T H E KY XX ( Q u a k h a o cufu b a o "Vi C h u a " )
TS NGUYfiN QUANG HLTNG'
Cong giao dUdc truyen ba vao Viet Nam tit 1533, nhat la tif 1615 vdi viec truyen dao cua Dong Ten (Jesuit) Bo Dao Nha, tiep den la Hoi truyen giao hai ngoai Pari (MEP) va Da Minh (Dominican) Nhiing dong gop cua ngudi Cong giao ve phUcJng dien van hoa the hien d nhieu llnh vUc: am nhac, kien true, hoi hoa, v.v cho thay anh hudng cua Cong giao doi vdi van hoa Viet Nam cho tcii nay da vUdt ra ngoai pham
vi mot ton giao ma tin do chi hdn 7% dan so ca nUdc Neu Nho giao du nhap vao Viet Nam dem den cho chiing ta chO Nho, thi Cong giao da mang den cho ngUdi Viet chii quoc
ngU Cung v6i viec thuc daV quan he thUdng mai giua
Viet Nam va chau Au the ky XVII - XVIIl, sU truyen
ba Cong giao con mang den Viet Nam nhieu gia tri van
hoa-tu tUdng va khoa hoc Tay phUdng, dac biet la niia dau the kyXX
• Tifen sy, Chu nhidm Bp mon Lich sU triet hoc, Khoa Triet hoc Truong nai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi
Trang 2Tuy nhien su truyen ba cac tu tUdng triet hoc Kito giao'
va anh hudng cua cac tU tUdng nay d Viet Nam nUa dau the
ky XX v^n la mot khoang trong chUa dUdc gidi nghien ciru quan tam dung miic Bai viet nay khao sat viec truyen ba cac
tu tUdng do d Viet Nam qua tuan bao Vi Chiia^, nhdm g6p
phan I^m sang to them ve cac t a tUdng phUdng Tay da anh hudng tdi Viet Nam d^u the ky XX
I MOT SO VAN DE THE GlOl QUAN
NhiX chiing ta biet, Kito giao cho rSng, moi su vAt trong the gi6i chiing ta do Chiia trdi tao ra Kinh thanh ke rfing Chiia trdi tao ra the gi6i muon vat va Adam, Eva to tien lo^i ngUdi trong 6 ngay (St 1 1-31) Ngay thii bay la ng^y cua
Chiia Vi Chiia nhan manh quan niem ve sang the d6 nhung v6i mot khai niem khac c6 y nghia tUdng dUdng \k Tao hoa
Phan ti'ch cac quan niem cua Phat giao ve the gidi, cho rfing Phat giao khong he de cap den vd'n de sang the, thiia nhAn
sU ton tai hien trang cua the gi6i nhu mot cai gi d6 c6 sftn
cung nhu quan niem Nho giao cho rSng, moi cai \k do Trdi dinh
td bao khang dinh "Menh trdi" cua Nho giao cung khong phai
1 Kito giao la ten goi ton giao ihd Ehic Jesus Kito hi^n chimg gin 2 ty
tin do Cac dong chinh la: Cong giao (Thien Chiia giao): 1054 tri^u; Dfo
Tiii Lauh hon 600 trieu; Chinh Thong giao: hon 300 tneu; Anh giao: gin
40 trieu tin do So dan Kito giao 6 Viel Nam chirng 6.5 uieu nguoi (2004) trong do 5.7 trieu ngUdi Cong giao va tren 800 ngan ngifdi theo dao Tin Lauh
2 VI Chua la tudn bao cua Giao hoi Cong giao duoc phat hanb bAng quoc
van, Han van va Phap van d Hue tu 1936 do linh muc J M Thich U chu but Den 1943 td bao tro ihanh nguyet san
Trang 3\k Da'ng sang the Theo cac nha ly luiin Kito giao, Quan niem
ve Dao trong Lao giao c6 noi moi vat la do Dao, nhung chua
cu the Vi the, Tao hoa tiic la do Chiia trdi tao ra^
^ a o v^ quan niem moi v^t deu do Tao hoa sinh ra, Vi
Chua dong thdi phe phan cac quan niem duy vkt txX thai co
dai cho r^ng, vkt ch^'t la khdi nguyen duy nh§'t cua moi vat^
Cac nha nguyen tii lu$n nhU Democrit, Epiquya cho r^ng vu tru dUdc C£ILU tit cac manh bui nho, cac nguyen tu khong chia
cit dUdc Cac nguyen til ket hdp lai v6i nhau, tao t h a n h
muon v^t Ke ca cac h a n h tinh va trai d^'t chiing ta cung dudc hinh t h a n h theo each do "Thuyet ^'y chang c6 gi can cii v^o sU thuc ca ( ) NhOng m a n h bui ay tai dau ma c6? Neu n6 [v^n dong] dUdc thi t u tay ai l^m no [van dong]? Neu
nhiJng manh bui ^'y hdp t h a n h vu tru, vgiy nhd ai ma c6 t r a t tU?"^ Phe phan quan niem duy vkt va v6 th^n cho r^ng vkt
ch^'t khong do mot luc lUdng sieu nhien nao tao ra ca, tU no san sinh ra no, r^ng sU song la san ph^m cua tU nhien, cac nh^ ly lu£in Kito giao cho r^ng "Vat chat khong the la ban nguyen sinh v§t, nhttng chi la v^t t r u n g gian de chuyen dich
ra nguyen hien trang cai sinh lUc da dUdc phii bam san bcfi Thien Chua"^
Ca chu nghia thifc chiing (positivism) do Auguste Comte
khdi xa6ng, theo do chi c6 vat chat la c6 thuc, con nhiing gi v6 hinh nhif Chiia trdi, hnh hon, thin linh, v.v deu la hoang
1 Vi Chiia, so ra ng^y 10 thang 9 nam 1939
2 W Chua, cac so'tijf ng^y 1 den 29 thang 1 nam 1937
3 VI Chtia so ra ng^y 29 thang 1 nam 1937
4 Vi Chiia, so ra ngay 1 thang 12 nSm 1940
Trang 4dUdng, cung la dol tUdng phe phan cua Kito giao Vi Chiia
k h i n g dinh "thuyet thuc nghiem cung nhU thuyet v6 thin ( ) Da 6 ngan nam nay, hau het cac dan toe deu tin c6 Chiia
trdi, the ma ho con choi cai Mat nhut [mAt trdi] cif ngky
ngay chieu anh sang xuong tr^n the, d i u ngUdi mu chol rdng khong CO mat nhUt nao c6 hai gi'*'
Khong chi the gi6i quan duy v^t, ma ca phep bien chitng
cung trd thanh doi tUdng phe phan cua Vi Chua So ra ng^y
26-6-1937, td bao phe phan phep bien chiing cua Hegel trong
Logic hoc quan niem ton tai, hOu the dong thdi lai la hu v6
khang dinh tinh than tuyet d6"i la ban nguyen cua the gidi xung quanh ta Khong the c6 dong nhat bien chiing, dong thdi lai bao chiia trong minh no ca sU khac nhau, cung nhu
khong the c6 mau thuan bien chiing theo do hai m^t doi \kp trong long mot sU vat khong the viia thong nhat, l^i vixa djku
tranh^
Phe phan quan niem duy v^t lich sU cho r^ng ton giao bj quy dinh bdi cac dieu kien kinh te, cd sd h^ t^ng cua xa hpi, cho rang quan niem tren qua de cao nhung gia tri vAt chA't trSn tuc, coi nhe cac gia tri dao diic tinh th^n, Kito giao de cao nhiing gia tri van hoa - ton giao, r ^ u cau tam hnh, tinh cam cua con ngudi^ Trich Idi Platon "ton giao la nen tang
quoc gia, la thanh luy cua hien phap trong nUdc", Vi Chiia
khang dinh "cac nha triet hoc va cac nha chinh tri, cac nhi ngon luan noi danh cung deu cong nhan sU c i n thiet cua ton
1 VI Chiia, so ra ng^y 29 thang 1 nfim 1937
2 VI Chua, so ra ngay 25 thang 6 ndm 1937
3 VI Chiia so ra ngiy 29 thang 7 ndm 1938
Trang 5giao de ma gay dung va giii gin trilt tu trong xa hoi ( ) Bdi the nen phan sU d^u tien cua nha nude la phai tuyen truyen, che chd va benh vuc cho ton giao"'
V6i each nhin duy tam ton giao ve the gidi, Kito giao phe
phan the gi6i quan Phat giao, cho ring Phat giao la v6 thin
"Chinh Thich Ca cung khong muon biet Tao hoa ( ) Nhk
Phat chi muon la'y hien trang ma noi ma khong muon tim nguyen uy van vat ( ) Nghia luan hoi ching nhiing la quai dan, ma lai phu phiem ( ) Nha Phat noi banh xe Phap xoay chuyen Nhung khong nhin c6 ai lap Phap, c6 ai chuyen Phap luan trade het, thi cung nha noi trong nude c6 luat, ma khong CO ngudi lap luat"^
Mot dieu can lUu y, Kito giao hien nay khong con do'i lap v6i the gidi quan khoa hoc mot each cue doan nhu d chau Au
thcJi trung co, ma chu tradng cung ton tai vdi khoa hoc Vi Chiia so'ra 22-10-1937 trich cau cua nha triet hoc, nha toan
hoc va vat ly hoc Diic Leibniz (1646-1716) "Toi thich khoa hoc vi khoa hoc cho toi cai quyen dUdc ngUdi ta nghe theo khi toi noi den Thien Chua va den ton giao" Mot so' ngadi cho rfing vdi su phat then cua khoa hoc thi Kito giao dan dan
bien ma't De phan bac lai y kien tren, Vi Chua din chiing
mot loat cac nha khoa hoc cd ten tuoi nha Pasteur, Newton, Faraday, Edison, v.v deu la nhiing tin do Cong giao "Khoa hoc va tin ngudng la hai pham vi biet lap Hai phadng phap khac nhau ( ) Nha sii hoc phai can cii vao nhiing tai lieu cua sii hoc, phai nhd den nhutng nha chep sU d cac ddi trade mdi
1 Vi Chiia, so ra ngay 5 thang 3 nam 1939
2 Vi Chiia so ra ng^y 6 thang 5 nam 1938
Trang 6phat minh ra sU thuc Cung vi le a'y, nha tin ngudng phai dung den mot phudng phap khac vdi phudng phap cua khoa hoc d§ tim chan ly Khoa hoc k h o n g phan doi tin
ngUdng." Pio IX nam 1864 co noi: "Chan ly khong the phan
doi chan ly, tin ngUdng khong the phan doi khoa hoc, vi ca hai deu do d Thien Chiia ma ra Thien Chiia khong the tU phan doi minh dUdc." Giao hoang Leon XIII cung tifng noi;
*Thanh kinh va khoa hoc deu chiing rang cd Thien Chiia*'* Vdi chu de ton giao va khoa hoc, lien tiep trong nhieu so
bao t\X giiia 1941, Vi Chiia md chuyen muc "Khoa hoc", trong
do trinh bay, phan tich, danh gia nhiing phat kien khoa hoc
trong cac linh vUc thien van vat ly, sinh hoc, v.v Cac thuyet
khoa hoc nhU Kant - Laplace ve thai dUdng he, cac thuyet ve
su hinh thanh trai dat, v.v ciing dudc mo xe De cap van de quan h^ giOa tinh than vdi vat cha't, cac nha ly luan Kito giao
lap luan: lam the nao tix vat chat vo sinh v6 giac lai c6 thi xuat hien sU song? Lam sao tii vat chat v6 tri v6 giac lai c6 thi
xuat hien con ngUdi cd cam giac, co linh hon "Ai co tri sang suot minh man ciing phai nhan thay rang cai gi biet cam giac thi khong phai la vat chat, vay khong phai la vat hOu hinh
Cai ay can phai cd mot cuoc Tao dung rieng; khong the nko
tu di tii cho khong tdi cho cd, neu khong cd quyen liic cua Dang Tao cong lam nen moi sU ( ) Arixtot noi rang, con ngUdi
suy tUdng khong tu nao Cau a'y txx xua nay v l n diing viing."^
1 Vi Chua, so ra ngay 22 thang 10 nam 1937 Giao hohng John Paul U
da chinh thiic xin loi ve vu an Gahle Day co th^ coi la sU xin loi cua Giao hoi Cong giao doi vdi nhQng hanh xii qua h^ khAc doi vdi nhOng nhi khoi hoc doi ta do tU tuong Au chau thdi Phuc hUng v^ cSn dai
2 Vi Chiia so ra ngay 1 thang 4 ndm 1942
Trang 7vi quan he giQa bo nao vdi tri tue con ngUdi, Kito giao tan
thanh vdi quan niem khoa hoc cho rang nao bo cd lien quan tdi ta taong, n h a n g khang dinh nao bo chi cd mot vai tro nha't dinh T a than bo nao khong the tu duy dUdc Phai cd ban tay cua Tao hoa Trong van de ly giai nguon goc cua loai ngUdi cung vay Phan tich hoc thuyet cua Lamark, thuyet tien hoa cua Darwin, cac nha ly luan Kito giao ket luan: mac d^u cd nhieu diem tUdng dong giiia ngUdi va khi, nhang khoa hoc chaa the ly giai dUdc bang each nao ma khi lai cd the tien hoa thanh ngadi, bang each nao ma nao khi tien hoa thanh nao ngUdi? Khoa hoc van chaa tim dUdc con vat gi lam trung gian giOa vUdn va ngadi N h a vay, thuyet tien hoa chUa that thuyet phuc Trong va'n de nay can cd ban tay cua Chiia' Cac nha ly luan Kito giao qua quyet: khoa hoc phai luan chiing cho cac quan niem cua Kito giao
Nha vay, cung vdi nhiing ly do van hoa, tam ly xa hoi, v.v thi Kito giao coi viec nhieu nha khoa hoc trii danh van
la tin do cua Chiia ciing n h u su bat lac cua khoa hoc trong viec ly giai nhieu van de la mot dieu kien de khang dinh the gidi quan cua minh
II MOT SO VAN DE DAO DlTC - XA HOI
CUA KITO GIAO
Vi Chua cung tich cac truyen ba nhiing va'n de dao diic-xa
hoi trong t a tadng triet hoc Kito giao Bao so'ra ngay 26-2-1937 viet: "Chiing toi thien nghi d xa hoi ta ve bac hoc thiic uyen tham thi bao gid cung trong thi dao diic ( ) Montesquieu noi
1 Vi Chiia, so ra ngdy 11-5 vk 10-10-1942
Trang 8"dao diic la nguyen khi cua nudc cong hoa" Napoleon ciing tittig noi "cai siic manh cua diic hanh hdn gap may cai cai sue manh cua than the." Dao diic hoc Dong phUdng truyen thong
va dao diic hoc Tay phUdng hien dai tuu chung deu hudng tdi giao due tinh nhan dao nhan ban ciia con ngUdi Phe phan
mot so' quan niem dao diic Nho giao da lac hau Vi Chiia co
xuy xay dung mot nen dao diic hoc mdi cho ngUdi Viet Nam tren cd sd bao ton nhijfng gia tri dao diic hoc truyen thong con phu hdp, dong thdi tiep thu nhiing tinh hoa dao diic hoc cua Tay phUdng'
Dao diic hoc Kito giao khuyen ngUdi ta song hudng thien
va thanh tam, chong lai cai gia ddl Lam dieu thien khong
phai cot chi de khoe me trade thien ha, ma phai iix chinh ban
than minh Moi cai deu cd Chiia chiing giam "Khong phai cho thien ha xem ( ) Chi de cho Thien Chiia thay" (Matteo,
6, 18) Dd la sU thanh that trade mat Chiia Do la nghia chung cho moi ngUdi ( ) Ba't ky viec chi, dau lam phiic cho
ke khac, diu an chay ham minh, diu ciu nguy§n ciing Chua
thi khong nen lam cho thien ha tha'y minh, nghia la khong nen vi ke khac, ciing khong nen vi minh, ma chi de cho Chiia
la Cha ta thay ( ) Thien ha chi thay mat ngoai Lam viec
lanh de cho thien ha thay thi cai ddi phiic diic cua ta nd \k
qua gia do'i? Chi con mat Chiia tha'y sU that ca trong ngoii*^
Vi Chua quang ba nhQng giao ly Kito giao ve dao diic-xi
hoi, n h a ca'm giet ngUdi, ca'm ta dam, khong dudc tham cua ngUdi khac, khong dUdc ngoai tinh, phai thao kinh cha me,
1 V* Chiia so ra n g i y 26 thang 2 ndm 1937
2 Vi Chtia, so ra ngay 1 thang 2 ndm 1942
Trang 9phe phan chu nghia khoai lac tim each hudng thu nhiing thu vui xac thit n h a an uo'ng, rUdu che, quan he nam nu, v.v
"Hi ta giii Idi Diic Chiia trdi va lam viec yeu ngUdi ta ay la difu that ta cd n h a n diic a'y" Con cai do'i vdi cha me thi phai kinh, thadng, vang Idi bo' me lam nhiing viec khong trai vdi giao luat va luat phap Con cai cd bon phan giiip dd bo me phan hon va phan xac Cam pham den cha me trong Idi noi, viec lam Ve phan cha me, "buoc cha me thadng yeu nudi na'ng, gin giii con cai Be tren phai coi sdc be dadi giong n h a cha me do'i vdi con cai vay"' Cha me phai lam gadng cho con cai, cham lo giao due con cai, xii phat khi con cai cd loi Dao dtic Kito giao khuyen ngadi ta giii t ha nh sach ca ve tinh than lan the xac, da lay thi phai tra, da lam thiet hai ngadi khac trai phep cong binh thi phai den 6 ddi cd vay thi cd tra Lay ciia ai thi phai lieu ma t r a ngadi dd Khong dadc cd y tUdng la'y cua ngadi khac trai phep cong binh Phai bang long d bac Diic Chiia trdi dinh Chap n h a n nhiing gi ma Chiia ban cho, khong dadc lam hai ngadi khac trai phep n h a cho vay nang lai, hay dung m a u chadc do'i ma liia gat ngUdi khac, v.v ^ Kito giao de cao dao diic gia dinh Phe phan cac te nan me tin di doan n h a xem bdi, xem tadng, bua me, v.v cung n h a nhiing hii tuc trong gia dinh Viet Nam thdi phong kien nhu
bo me cadng bach con cai ket hon, tao hdn, t a tadng trong nam khinh nii, v.v "Cd gia dinh mdi cd To quoc Ngadi biet yeu men gia dinh mdi t h a t biet yeu nadc Gia dinh Viet Nam, tuy cai phong tuc t a p truyen cd nhieu deu [dieu] dd, n h a n g
1 ViChiia, so ra ngay 21 t h a n g 4 nam 1942
2 Vi Chiia, so ra ngay 1 thang 3 va 21 thang 4 nam 1942
Trang 10nhiing deu [dieu] dd can phai bo, trai lai, cai gieng moi gia dinh can phai duy tri mai mai"'
De thuan tien trong viec truyen ba cac quan niem Kito giao trong dan chiing, Cong giao sa dung cac thuat ngii cd ban cua Nho giao, nhUng dien giai chiing theo tinh than Kito giao^ chang ban, trung dudc dien ta la trung vdi Chiia hi§u
la hieu vdi Chiia, tii dao la tu trung, tu hieu 'Trung thi trung vdi vua Ma Chiia khong phai la vua sao? Khong phai
la vua tren cac vua sao? Phai, Chiia that la vua, ( ) Nude Chiia thi menh mong khong gidi ban Ngai Chiia thi vihig vang ddi ddi Chiia la vua chiing toi ( ) Cac thanh tU dao thi chang phai chet vi diic tin ma thdi, ma nhiit la vi long men Chiia nQa ( ) Cac thanh ciing da men Cha tren trdi cho den chung than, cho den phai chet niia Khong phai la tii hieu hay sao?"^ Dau chi la de phuc vu cho viec quang ba Kito giao nhang d day cac nha ly luan Kito giao da nhan tha'y nhiing diem tadng dong trong cac gia tri Kito giao va Nho giao mang tinh nhan loai
Tiep tuc khuynh hadng tren, Vi Chiia cd nhieu bai luAn
1 Vi Chiia, so'ra ngay 11 thang 1 ndm 1941.*
2 Neu nhu d the ky XIX Cong giao bat dong vdi Nho giao vi ting Mp Nho si trieu Nguyen la lac lifcfng chinh tim each ngdn can su truyen ba Cong giao d Viet Nam thi sang the ky XX, dildi che do tfatipc dia ting k)p
Nho s! khong con quyen \\tc Cong giao chia mui nhpn chinh vko Ph$t giao
vi gid day, vdi tinh each la ton giao Ion nhat Vi^t Nam, Phit giao U "d6i thu" chinh cua Cong giao trong viec thu nap tin do Bat dong giCra hai ion giao cang gay g i t khi phong trao chfl'n hung Phdt giao ichcri sic ttf gito nhQng ndm 1920
3 Vi Chtia, so ra ngay 16 thang 9 ndm 1938