NGHIÊN CỨU ĐA DẠNG NGUỒN TÀI NGUYÊN CÂY THUỐC ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CỘNG ĐỒNG MỘT SỐ DÂN TỘC Ở XÃ YÊN LẠC, HUYỆN PHÚ LƯƠNG, TỈNH THÁI NGUYÊN

Taxonomic diversify of medicinal plant resources Researching medicinal plants was based on the experience of San Chay and San Chi ethnic minorities in the study area [r]

DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANT RESOURCES USED IN SOME ETHNIC MINORITY COMMUNITIES IN YEN LAC COMMUNE, PHU LUONG

DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE

Nguyen Thi Thu Hien 1* , Trinh Dinh Kha 2 , Dang Kim Tuyen 1

1

TNU - University of Forestry and Agriculture,

2 TNU - University of Science

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to assess the diversity of medicinal plant resources in Yen Lac Commune, Phu Luong District, Thai Nguyen Province The methods used for collecting data were method of specimen collection, interview method, identification of the species name, method of medicinal plant resources diversity assessment, method of endangered medicinal plants level assessment The results of research have identified initially 182 species of medicinal plants of 158 genera and 89 families which the ethnic minority communities have used for diseases prevention and treatment There are six main life forms of the medicinal plants: herbaceous, vines, small wood trees, moderate wood trees, shrubs and parasitic tree The trees distribution is often in many types of habitat: Forests, gardens, hills and along the riverside In the parts used as medicine, leaves, whole plants and fruits are most used accounting for from 16.94% to 38.80% The results show that there are 20 groups of diseases which could be cured by the experience of using medicinal plants of some ethnic communities in the study area, of which 4 groups of diseases occupy the highest rate: kidney diseases, osteoarthritis diseases, skin diseases, stomach diseases

There are 4 endangered medicinal plants: Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson, Homalomena cochinchinensis Engl, Lonicera bournei Hemsl.ex Forb and Strophanthus wallichii A DC

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Diversity of medicinal plants, Yen Lac Commune, Phu Luong

District, Thai Nguyen Province

INTRODUCTION*

Through the folk experiences of herbalists in

each ethnic community, knowledge of

medicinal plants is passed on and handed

down to next generations Over time,

medications are unique and become popular

in the health care of the people Thus, many

research and medicinal plants and folk

medicine knowledge conservation programs

which have been carried out and brought

many scientific and practical value as well as

the preservation of folk medicine knowledge

have been carried out and brought many

scientific and practical values

Thai Nguyen has rich natural resources,

humid tropical climate, rich vegetation and

abundant ethnic minorities such as Tay,

Nung, San Chi, San Diu, Dao, etc For a long

time, ethnic minorities in Thai Nguyen

province have been able to cure diseases by

using medicinal plants, each ethnic group has

different experience in plan medicine

*

Tel: 0983 419156; Email: nguyenthithuhien@tuaf.edu.vn

reflecting their identifies Among them, the San Chay and San Chi ethnic minority in Yen Ninh commune, Phu Luong district also have unique experiences in medicinal plants However, nowadays forest area is decreasing and the situation of harvesting and trading is complicated causing to a decline in medicinal plant resources In addition, though the medicine has been used by the San Chay and San Chi ethnic for a long time in preventing and treating effectively some diseases, the biological activity and scientific knowledge

of the medicine has not been studied and proven by science Based on the above

reasons, we conducted the study "Diversity of

medicinal plant resources used in some ethnic minority communities in Yen Lac Commune, Phu Luong District, Thai Nguyen Province"

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Method of specimen collection: Specimens

were collected according to Nguyen Nghia Thin’s method in 1997 (Nguyen Nghia Thin, 1997) [5]

Interview method: At the study area,

interviewed herdsmen, cynics, people having

medicinal using experience and using

traditional medicine remedies of ethnic

communities The research’s questionnaire

was based on the community’s medicinal

plants questionnaire and the questionnaire of

the Institute of Medicinal Materials (Institute

of Medicinal Materials, 1993) [10] Collected

information about medicinal plants is:

common name, ethnicity; model number; life

forms; living environment; used parts as

medicine (stem, roots, flowers, fruits, seeds,

etc.); the value each medicinal plant

Identification of the scientific name:

Identification of the tree species in two main

steps: (i) identification in the field; (ii) using

the knowledge and experience of experts and

reliable sources that have been re-examined,

including: methods of Pham Hoang Ho, 1999

[2]; Do Tat Loi, 2005 [3] and Checklist of

plant species in Vietnam (Center for Natural

Resources and Environmental Studies -

Vietnam National University, Ha Noi and

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources

– Vietnam Academy of sciences and

Technology, 2006) [9]

Method of medicinal plant resources diversity

assessment: Based on Nguyen Nghia Thin's

method, 2007 [6]

Method of endangered medicinal plants level

assessment: Identifying preserved medicinal

plants in the study area according to: Vietnam

Red Book (Ministry of Science and

Technology, 2007) [7], Decree 32 of the

Government of Vietnam (Government of Viet

Nam, 2006) [8], Red List of Vietnamese

Medicinal Plants in the Medicinal Plant Handbook to be protect in Vietnam (Nguyen Tap, 2007) [4]

RESULTS

Taxonomic diversify of medicinal plant resources

Researching medicinal plants was based on the experience of San Chay and San Chi ethnic minorities in the study area and found

182 species of plants which the San Chay and San Chi ethnic used as medicine including

158 genera, 89 families The results are summarized in Table 1

Table 1 shows that there was 1 species in Lycopodiophyta has been used as medicine,

accounting for 2.2% of the total number of found species; there were 1 species in

Pteridophyta: Microsorum pteropus Perner;

there were 180 species in Magnoliophyta has found (98.9% of total species) in 156 genera (accounting for 98.73% of the total) and 87 families accounting for 97.75% of the total) This may explain that the flora in the study area mainly Magnoliophyta, which are common in the surrounding hamlets, hills, rivers and streams Therefore, these are also the more common species having chosen to make drugs than other plants

Magnoliophyta play a particularly important role in the medicinal plants and the research analyzed the composition of the taxon levels

in the 2 layers of Magnoliophyta: Dicotyledoneae and Monocotyledoneae The results of the specific numbers and percentages were shown in Table 2

Table 1 Number of discovered medicinal plants in the study area

Table 2 Number of family, genus, species belonging to 2 classes in Magnoliophyta

Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

Figure 1 Diversity of life forms of medicinal plants in the study area

Dicotyledoneae have the number of family,

genus, species used as medicine are

predominant over the Monocotyledoneae

Dicotyledoneae has 145 species, accounting

for 80.56%; 132 genera, accounting for

84.62% and 70 families, accounting for

80.46% of the total number of species The

valuable species are: Pseuderanthemum

palatiferum, Homalomena cochinchinensis

Engl used to treat osteoarthritis disease, etc

Table 2 shows that Moncotyledones contain

only 35 species (19.44% of Magnoliophyta),

24 genera (15.38%), 17 families (19.54%)

Although it is not a large proportion,

Moncotyledones also has some valuable trees

such as: Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd used to

treat headache, fever, abdominal pain;

Amomun xanthioides Wall used to treat

dysuria, abdominal pain, tonic; Homalomena

cochinchinensis Engl used to treat joint pain,

sedation, kidney remedies, etc

Thus, it can be seen that the some species in

Magnoliophyta, especially the Dicotyledones

species, accounting for a large proportion and

play an important role in healing with plan by

the San Chay and San Chi ethnic

communities in Yen Lac commune

Diversity of life forms of medicinal plant resources

The diversity of life forms of medicinal plants

in the study area is shown in Figure 1

Figure 1 shows that most of the medicinal

plants used by the San Chay and San Chi

ethnic communities are herbaceous, with

57/182 species (31.32% of all medicinal

plants) mainly in the family Asteraceae, Zingiberaceae, etc; following by the vines life forms with 41/182 species (22.53%), this species are mainly on the species of Cucurbitaceae, Vitaceae are used to treat abdominal pain, osteoarthritis, kidney disease, treatment of peptic ulcer disease, bronchitis, good digestion, etc; the third was small wood tree species with 33/182 species (18.13%), are

in the Dicotyledoneae, represented in this group are Roseceae and some species Euphorbiaceae, etc; the moderate wood trees with 23/182 species (12.64%), this species are

in some Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae are used

to treat toothache, stomach, deworming children, premature ejaculation, etc; the shrubs with 21/182 species (11.54%), this species are mainly on the species of Musaceae used to treat diseases such as: sprain, stomach, leg numbness, etc; the least species were parasitic tree which is 7/182 species (3.85%), five species of Loranthaceae are used to treat some diseases such as liver, kidney, tonic, heat, detoxification, stomach, etc

In general, the above data proved that the experience of using medicinal plants as medicine for treatment of San Chay and San Chi in the study area is very diverse and abundant

Diversity of habitat of medicinal plant resources

Habitats classification is based on terrain, land, climate where the medicinal plants grow Medicinal plants in the study area have the following habitats: (i) hills: Trees live in hills, wild hills, dusty fields, foothills; (ii)

gardens: Trees live in the garden, the pond,

around the village, (iii) forests: Trees live in

dense forest, secondary forest, forest edge;

(iv) near streams, rivers: Trees live near

flowing water, near streams, rivers, wetlands

The above data show that:

The number of species distributed in the

forest is relatively high with 90 species

(accounting for 49.18% of the total number of

collected species) and most of the species are

distributed in deep forests, for example:

Milletia reticulata Benth is used to treat

joints; Stephaniae glabrae Diels for the

treatment of stomach, kidney, abdominal

pain, etc; Heliciopsis Lobata (Merr.) Sleumer

for treating rheumatism, pain, kidney stones,

urine, etc

The frequency of finding precious medicinal

plants is lower than the past, even some

endangered species only could be found in

deep forests: Pseuderanthemum palatiferum

(wall) Radlk for the treatment of liver cancer,

stomach; Excoecaria conchinchinensis Lour

treats stomach pain, measles, itching;

Homalomena cochinchinensis Engl for joint

pain, sedation, kidney failure, etc Being

aware of the fact that medicinal plants in the

forest have been in danger because of

over-exploitation for exporting to China, many herbalists and local people grew the medicinal plant in their garden with 33.33% of medicinal plants distributed in the gardens in the study area

There were 52 species of medicinal plants found in hills at 28.42% of the total species in

the study area, such as: Homalomena

cochinchinensis Engl for the treatment of

joint pain; Euphorbia thymifolia Burn is used

to treat intestinal diseases, abdominal pain;

Xanthium strumarium L is used to treat

gastritis, gastrointestinal disorders, boils, etc The number of species live along streams is low, with only 4 species (accounting for 2.19% of total species) They are mainly

moisturizing species such as: Houttuynia

cordata Thunb has the effect of ulcers, disease,

headache; Eichhornia crasspes Solms used to treat wounds, headaches; Polygonum chinense

L to treat cough, colitis, detoxification, heat bar, melasma in children, etc

Diversify of used parts of medicinal plants

The results of using the medicinal plants’ parts as medicine based on the experience of the San Chay and San Chi ethnic minorities in Yen Lac commune are shown in Table 4

Table 3 Distribution of medicinal plants in different habitats

(Note: The percentages in the table are more than 100% because some species can live in different environments)

Table 4 Diversity of plants’ parts used as medicine

(Note: The percentages are more than 100% as some species may use different components for drug use)

Table 4 shows that, San Chay and San Chi ethnic people use seven parts of the medicinal plants

In particular, whole plant is the most common part used medicine with 71 species (accounting for 38.80% of the total species); the second largest category is the use of leaves with 47 species (accounting for 25.68% of total species) It can be said that the use of medicinal leaves will help the medicinal plants to be used for a long time, without reducing and protecting the number of

medicinal plants; the next is the fruits section with 31 species of medicinal plants used (accounting for 16.94%); roots with 26 medicinal plant species (14.21%); and the lowest part was stem with 17 species (9.29% of total species)

Diversity of medicinal uses of medicinal plant resources

As folk experience, a medicinal plant could be effective in a disease treatment but there are some diseases requires many types of plants to treat

The results of the survey on the diversity of medicinal plants are shown in Table 5

Table 5 Proportion of species to treat specific diseases

1 Kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, kidney stones, diabetes, etc) 30 16.39

2 Osteoarthritis diseases (arthritis, bone pain, lumbar spine, etc) 26 14.21

3 Skin diseases (boils, scabies, ulcers, rash, urticaria, etc) 22 12.02

4 Stomach diseases (stomach pain, stomach ulcers, colon, etc) 15 8.20

5 Respiratory diseases (pharyngitis, cough, bronchus, lung, etc) 12 6.56

6 Women's diseases (menopause, menstrual irregularities, pregnancy control, etc) 10 5.46

7 Weather sickness (headache, sickness, fever, etc) 9 4.92

9 Digestive diseases (diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, etc) 8 4.37

10 Detoxification (insect allergy, food allergy, etc) 8 4.37

13 Cardiovascular diseases (heart failure, high blood pressure, etc) 6 3.28

14 Diseases of children (deworming, eye, yellow skin, melaleuca, etc) 5 2.73

15 Wound diseases (hemostasis, hematoma, swelling, disinfection, sprain, etc) 5 2.73

16 Diseases of the mouth (gingivitis, tooth decay, etc) 5 2.73

17 Neurological diseases (sciatica, sedation, insomnia, etc) 4 2.19

19 Diseases caused by animal bites (snake bite, centipede bite, dog bite, etc) 2 1.09

20 Eye and nose diseases (red eyes, nosebleeds, etc) 2 1.09 The above data show that the San Chay and

San Chi ethnic communities in the study area

can use their knowledge and experience on

medicinal plants to treat 20 different diseases,

including infectious diseases: Liver, kidney,

heart, bone, joint, intestinal, respiratory tract,

etc The number of medicinal plants used for

treatment mainly are 4 specific types of

diseases:

Kidney diseases: There were 30 species out of

183 species were found (accounted for

16.39% of total species) These species are in

families such as: Marantaceae,

Ranunculaceae, Cucurbitaceae, etc Some

species can be mentioned as: Phyllodes

plancentaria Lour, Rhizoma coptides, etc

Osteoarthritis diseases: There were 26 species

(accounted for 14.21%), some popular species

are: Menispermaceae, Apiaceae,

Apocynaceae, Araceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae,

etc Some species can be mentioned as:

Strophanthus wallichii A DC., Homalomena cochinchinensis Engl, Milletia reticulata Benth, Centella asiatica, Tinospora tomentosa Miers, Cnidium monnieri Cuss, etc

Skin diseases: There were 22 species (accounted for 12.02%), which are mainly families: Rosaceae, Sinaroubaceae, Altingiaceae, Malvaceae, etc For example:

Rosa chinensis jacq, Liquidambar formosana, Eurycoma longifolia Jack subsp, Abutilon indicum L., etc

Stomach diseases: There were 15 species out

of 183 species were found (accounted for 8.20%) These species are mainly distributed

in families such as: Asteraceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, etc

In general, the results proved that: The experience of using medicinal plants as well

as the treatment methods of San Chay and San Chi ethnic communities in Yen Lac commune is very diversified and original

Endangered medicinal plants

This research has identified the rare medicinal plants that need to be protected in Table 6

Table 6 List of preserved medicinal plants in the study area

Granted regulations Vietnam Red

Book, 2007

Decree 32 of the Government of Vietnam

List of red medicinal plants in

Vietnam

1 Fallopia multiflora

2 Homalomena

3 Lonicera bournei

Hemsl.ex Forb

CR B1+2b,

4 Strophanthus wallichii

(Note: VU: Vulnerable; EN: Endangered; CR: Critically Endangered)

There were 4 rare endangered medicinal

species belonging to 4 genera and 4 families

of Magnoliophyta There were three species

listed in the Vietnam Red Book (Ministry of

Science and Technology, 2007) [7], three

species listed in the Catalog Red Medicinal

Plants of Vietnam (Nguyen Tap, 2007) [4]

Specifically:

VU level - Vulnerable by Vietnam Red Book,

including the following 1 species: Fallopia

multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson belong to the

Polygonaceae, which is used to treat

insomnia, hair loss, gray hair

EN level - Endangered by Vietnam Red

Book, including the following 1 species:

Strophanthus wallichii A DC belongs to

family Apocynaceae, used to treat bones,

boils, etc

EN level - Endangered by the Catalog Red

Medicinal Plants of Vietnam, including the

following 2 species: Fallopia multiflora

(Thunb.) Haraldson belongs to family

Polygonaceae; Homalomena cochinchinensis

Engl belongs to family Araceae, which is

used to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatism,

degeneration, etc

CR level - Critically Endangered by Vietnam

Red Book and the Catalog Red Medicinal

Plants of Vietnam, including the following 1

species: Lonicera bournei Hemsl.ex Forb

belongs to family Caprifoliaceae, used to treat acne, make tonic, etc

In general, there were 4 threatened species in Yen Lac could be extinction, they are medicinal plants with high medicinal and economic value Therefore, it is necessary to raise the local people’s awareness of medicinal plants protection and prioritize the conservation of precious and rare genetic resources for a long-term

From the above results, it has proved that this result will be an important information, which will contribute to the databases for functional departments and agencies to formulate strategies and policies for conservation and exploitation these medicinal plants on planned and sustainable Especially rare medicinal plants that are at risk of deterioration In addition, these results are also the scientific basis for other further research on the conservation and sustainable development of medicinal plants and the experience of using medicinal plants as medicine for treatment of San Chay and San Chi in the study area

CONCLUSTION The study has identified 182 species belongs

to 158 genera and 89 families Among them, Fabaceae have the most species with 11 species; Poaceae has 8 species; some families as

Menispermaceae, Zingiberaceae, Asteraceae,

Euphorbiaceae, Vitaceae and Rutaceae have 5

species that have medicinal uses

There were 57 species of herbaceous, 41 species

of vines, 33 species of small wood species, 23

species of moderate wood species, 21 species of

shrubs and 7 species of parasitic tree

The most of medicinal plants are in forest

habitats with 90 species, followed by gardens

with 61 species, hills with 52 species and 4

species near streams

Used parts of the plants for medicine

included: whole plant of 71 species, 47

species’ leaves, 31 species’ fruits, 26 species’

roots and 17 species’ sterms could be used as

medicine

Identified 20 different groups of diseases

could be treated by using the medicinal plants

as San Chay and San Chi ethnic minorities’

methods in the study area In which the

experience of using medicinal plants of the

San Chay and San Chi ethnic communities is

most concentrated in 4 diseases groups

including: kidney diseases, osteoarthritis, skin

and stomach diseases

There were 4 endangered species need to be

preserved, accounting for 2.2% of the total

medicinal plants, including: Fallopia

multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson, Homalomena

cochinchinensis Engl, Lonicera bournei

Hemsl.ex Forb, Strophanthus wallichii A DC

REFERENCES

1 Vo Van Chi (2012), Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam, Hanoi Publishing House,

volume 1-2, Hà Nội

2 Pham Hoang Ho (2001), Vietnamese Herbs,

Young Publishers, Ho Chi Minh City

3 Do Tat Loi (2005), Vietnamese medicinal plants and herbs, Hanoi Publishing House, Hanoi

4 Nguyen Tap (2007), Manual of medicinal plants for protection in Vietnam, Publishing House of

Non-Timber Forest Products Vietnam, Hanoi

5 Nguyen Nghia Thin (1997), Biodiversity Research Handbook, Agricultural Publishing

House, Hanoi

6 Nguyen Nghia Thin (2007), Methods of botanical research, Vietnam University Press, Hanoi

7 Ministry of Science and Technology (2007)

Vietnam Red Book, Plant Section, Natural Science

and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi

8 The Government of the Socialist Republic of

Vietnam (2006), Decree 32/2006 on prohibiting and restricting the exploitation and use of wild fauna and flora species

9 Center for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies - Vietnam National University, Ha Noi and Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources – Vietnam Academy of

sciences and Technology, (2006), Checklist of plant species in Vietnam, Publishing House

Agriculture, Hanoi, Volume 2 - 3

10 Institute of Medicine (1993), Resource of medicinal plants in Vietnam, Science and

Technology Publishing House, Hanoi

TÓM TẮT

NGHIÊN CỨU ĐA DẠNG NGUỒN TÀI NGUYÊN CÂY THUỐC

ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CỘNG ĐỒNG MỘT SỐ DÂN TỘC

Ở XÃ YÊN LẠC, HUYỆN PHÚ LƯƠNG, TỈNH THÁI NGUYÊN

Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền 1* , Trịnh Đình Khá 2 , Đặng Kim Tuyến 1

1 Trường Đại học Nông Lâm – ĐH Thái Nguyên,

2 Trường Đại học Khoa học – ĐH Thái Nguyên

Nghiên cứu này được tiến hành nhằm đánh giá đa dạng nguồn tài nguyên cây thuốc ở xã Yên Lạc, huyện Phú Lương, tỉnh Thái Nguyên Các phương pháp sử dụng gồm có: Thu thập mẫu vật, phỏng vấn, định danh tên loài, đánh giá tính đa dạng nguồn tài nguyên cây thuốc và đánh giá mức độ nguy cấp của các loài cây thuốc Kết quả nghiên cứu bước đầu đã xác định được 182 loài cây thuốc thuộc 158 chi, 89 họ được cộng đồng dân tộc ở khu vực nghiên cứu sử dụng trong phòng và chữa bệnh cho người dân Cây thuốc thuộc 6 dạng sống chính gồm: Thân thảo, dây leo, cây gỗ nhỏ, cây gỗ trung bình, cây bụi và cây ký sinh Cây thường phân bố ở các dạng sinh cảnh là: Sống

ở rừng, sống ở vườn, sống ở đồi và sống ven suối, ven sông Trong các bộ phận được sử dụng làm thuốc thì lá, cả cây và quả được sử dụng nhiều nhất và đạt từ 16,94% - 38,80% Nghiên cứu này đã điều tra được 20 nhóm bệnh được chữa trị bằng kinh nghiệm sử dụng cây thuốc của người dân ở khu vực nghiên cứu, trong đó có 4 nhóm bệnh chiếm tỷ lệ cao nhất là: Bệnh về thận, bệnh về xương khớp, bệnh ngoài da, bệnh về dạ dày Có 4 loài cây thuốc có nguy cơ bị tuyệt chủng đã

được ghi nhận là: Hà thủ ô đỏ - Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson, Thiên niên kiện tía - Homalomena cochinchinensis Engl, Kim ngân rừng - Lonicera bournei Hemsl.ex Forb, Sừng trâu

- Strophanthus wallichii A DC

Từ khóa: Cây thuốc, Đa dạng cây thuốc, Yên Lạc, Phú Lương, Thái Nguyên

Ngày nhận bài: 01/10/2018; Ngày phản biện: 25/10/2018; Ngày duyệt đăng: 31/10/2018

*

Tel: 0983 419156; Email: nguyenthithuhien@tuaf.edu.vn