Thuc hien nhiem vu chi vien trong tinh hinh mdi, bd ddi Trudng Son cd nhirng thuan lgi, tiirdc het la mang dudng chien luge tii mien Bac vao mien Nam, he thdng dudng dng xang diu da [r]
Trang 1OTONG TRTONG SQN • DU'6'NG CHIEN lUOC
N6I HAU PHTONG MI^N BAC vai CACH MANG MIEN NAM
NGUYEN HUY D O N G *
Sau chin nam trudng ky khang chiln,
quan va dan ta da gianh dugc thing lgi
I to Idn, budc tiiuc dan Phap phai ky kit Hiep
; djnh Gioneva ve Ddng Duong Song muc tieu
i thdng nhat, ddc I ^ chua dugc thuc hien trgn
j ven ti^ pham vi ca nudc Dit nudc van bj chia
j cit lam hai mien Nam, Bic Trong khi miln
I Bic bat tay vao khdi phuc kinh tl, han gin vlt
! tiiuong chien tianh, tao dung cudc song mdi, tiii
\ de qudc My "hit cang" Phap nhay vao miln
Nam, dung nen chinh quyen tay sai Ngd Dinh
I Diem Am muu ciia chiing la tieu diet phong
1 trao yeu nudc ciia nhan dan ta, bien mien Nam
; thanh thudc dja kieu mdi ciia My, can cir quan
! sir, tien cdng mien Bac va ngan chan chii nghTa
; xa hdi lan tran xudng Ddng Nam chau A Tham
ddc hon, chiing dimg chinh sach tra thu, khiing
bd da man, tan bao ddi vai nhiing ngudi khang
chien cu va nhiing ngudi yeu nudc, dac biet la
nhiing ngudi cdng san bang cac dpt "td cdng,
dipt cdng", gay nen bao dau tiiuong, tang tdc
cho dong bao mien Nam Cach mang mien
Nam dung trudc nhung thir thach mdi phai true
tiep duong diu vdi My, mdt de qudc cd tiem lire
quan sir, kinh te manh, da trd thanh ke thii
''!i, / f"= 't5*/t.[
* NCS Hpc vien CT-HC qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
chinh, true tilp ciia nhan dan ta va nhan dan Ddng Duong
Trudc tinh hinh dd, Dang ta da chi rd each mang Viet Nam trong giai doan mdi la phai tien hanh ddng thdi hai chien luge: tien hanh each mang xa hdi chii nghTa d mien Bic va tiep tuc hoan thanh each mang dan tgc dan chii nhan dan, giai phdng mien Nam, thuc
hien thdng nhat nudc nha " • ' '''*^^
Ddi vdi each mang mien Nam, Dang ta khang djnh ngoai con dudng each mang, nhan dan mien Nam khdng cdn con dudng nao khac de tiJ giai phdng minh Hdi nghj lan thir
15 cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang
(khoa II), duoi sir chii tri ciia Chii tjch Hd Chi
Minh, de ra dudng ldi cho each mang mien Nam trong tinh hinh mdi: " giai phdng mien Nam khdi ach thdng tii ciia de qudc va phong kien, thuc hien ddc lap dan tdc va ngudi cay
cd rupng Nhiem vu trudc mat la doan ket toan dan, kien quyet dau tranh chdng de qudc
My xam luge va gay chien, danh dd che dp thdng tri ddc tai Ngd Dinh Diem, tay sai cua
dl qudc My, thanh lap mdt chinh quyen lien hgp dan tdc dan chii d mien Nam"'
Hdi nghj chi rd phuong phap ciia each mang mien Nam la each mang bao lire, "Lay
Trang 2NHAN VAT - SU" KIEN
siic manh cua quan chiing, dua vao lire lugng
chinh trj quan chiing la chu yeu, ket hgp vdi
lire lugng vii ti-ang de danh do quyen thdng trj
ciia de qudc va phong kien, dung nen chinh
quyen each mang cua nhan dan"^
Thue hien Nghj quyet Trung uong lan thii
15, khda IE, Bd Chinh trj quyet djnh td chiic
myen van tai quan sir Ngay 5 - 5 - 1959,
Tnmg tudng Nguyen Van Vjnh, Thii trudng
Bd Qudc phdng, thira lenh Bd Chinh trj true
tiep giao nhiem vu cho ddng chi Vd Bam, td
chiic "Doan cdng tac quan sir dac biet" lam
nhiem vu md dudng van chuyen hang quan sir
vao mien Nam
Theo Chi thj cua Trung uong Dang, Quan
uy Trung uong phd bien nhiem vu cu the cua
Doan 559 la md dudng giao lien, van tai
quan su Trudng Son vdi nhiem vu van
chuyen hang dan sir, quan sir chi vien cho
mien Nam, td chirc dua ddn can bd, bd ddi,
chuyen tai lieu, cdng van tir mien Bac vao
mien Nam, tir mien Nam ra mien Bac Tinh
than, khi phach, ban chan cac chien sT va lao
ddng cua con ngudi Viet Nam da hinh thartii
con dudng huyen thoai Mach mau giao
thdng nay da dem siic manh to Idn cua hau
phuong mien Bac xa hdi chii nghTa tiep siic
kjp thdi, tang nhanh the va lire cho cudc
khang chien chdng My, ciiu nudc ciia nhan
dan mien Nam mdt thjt
Trai qua nhieu nam chiln diu gian khd, vdi
quyet tam "xe dgc Trudng Son", vdi tri sang
tao, quan triet tu tiidng chien luge tiln cdng,
dap bang mgi khd khan gian khd, Doan 559
da anh diing md dudng, bien Trudng Son
himg vT thanh mdt he thdng dudng ngay cang
46
md rdng, vuon dai Dudng Trudng Son trai ti-en mdt dien tich rdng khoang 140.000 km\ thudc khu vuc rimg niii Trudng Son, d phia
Tay nude ta, giap \ai nuac Lao va
Campuehia Day la mot he thdng dudng bp lien hoan, gdm 5 ti-uc dgc Bac - Nam va 21 true ngang din xudng cac chien trudng, cd tdng chieu dai 16.000 km va cimg vdi hon 4.000 km dudng dng xang diu, dudng giao
lien, dudng sdng tao thanh mdt mang \uai
giao thdng van tai da dang cd do dai hon 20.000 km Tir chd van tai chi iiy gui thd la chinh, van chuyen tren nhiing eon dudng nhd hep, hoat ddng theo mua, phuc vu cho timg chien djch, da xay dimg duge mdt mang dudng giao thdng van tai chiln luge quan sir khdng Id hinh thanh nhilu he thdng dudng
cho cac loai xe ca giai, ndi lien Bac - Nam, I
ndi lien hau phucmg Idn vdi tien tuyen Idn Neu cao truyen thdng "tudng ddng, vach sat" I
va y chi quyet tam "mau cd the dd, dudng khdng the tie", vdi tri thdng minh, Idng diing cam, cac lire lugng giao thdng van tai tren tuyin dudng da lien tue bam djch, bam ti-png diem, lay mat dudng lam tran dja, dudi Ian mua bom bao dan cua ke thu, van dung phuong cham "bam tru kien cudng ket hgp vdi
ling ciiu linh hoat", gianh giat vai djch timg \ cung dudng, danh bai mgi thii doan nham hiem i
ciia djch, giii virng cau dudng thdng sudt trong | mpi tinh hudng
Vdi y chi quyet tam giai phdng mien Nam, thdng rtiiat Td qudc "md dudng ma tien, (ianh djch ma di", cac lire lupng tren tuyen dudng Trudng Son da phat trien nhartii chdng Tir lire lupng 1 tieu doan, phat ti-ien thanh nhieu
TAP CHI LICH SLP D A N G - S6 2/201 I
Trang 3tieu doan, trung doan, len 5 su doan va tuong
duong cap quan khu, bao gdm nhilu binh
chimg, chii yeu la cdng binh, bd binh, van tai
CO gidi Trong gan 6.000 ngay dem, hang van
bd dpi Trudng Son, thanh nien xung phong,
chien sy giao lien, dan cdng hoa tuyIn, ddng
bao cac dan tdc da bat chap hy sinh tinh
mang, vugt qua mudn van khd khan, kien
cudng, diing cam, dap len bom min ciia ke thii
de giir vung con dudng huyet mach ndi hau
phuong Idn vdi tien tuyen Idn
EEiep djnh Pari ve Viet Nam dugc ky ket,
nhung chinh quyen Nichxon van chua tii bd
chinh sach ap dat chu nghTa thuc dan mdi d mien
Nam Viet Nam, vdi am muu chia cit lau dai dit
nudc ta Ngay sau Eliep djnh, dudi su chi dao ciia
My, chinh quyen Thieu vach ra "ke hoach binh
djnh 3 nam (1973-1975)", "kl hoach kinh tl hau
chiln 8 nam (1973-1980)", "kl hoach xay dung
quan ddi 6 nam (1974 -1979)", rao riet tiiuc hien
khiu hieu xda "tiie da bao", "tran ngap lanh tiid",
lan chiem vimg giai phdng
Hdi nghj Bd Chinh tii Trung uong Dang
thang 10 - 1974 tren co sd phan tich, danh gia
tinh hinh, so sanh lire lugng giiia ta va djch,
thay rd tiidi co Ijch sir da xuat hien va ha
quyet tam giai phdng mien Nam bang cudc
tdng tien cdng va ndi day
Bd Chinh trj Trung uong Dang quyet dinh:
"Ddng vien sOrc manh ciia toan Dang, toan
quan, toan dan d ca hai mien trong thdi gian
nam 1975 - 1976, diy manh diu tranh chinh trj,
dau tianh quan sir, ket hcjp vcM dau tranh ngoai
giao lam thay ddi nhanh chdng va toan dien so
sanh lire lupng tren chien trudng mien Nam
tiieo hudng cd Igi cho ta, khan truong hoan
tiianh cdng tac chuan bj ve mpi mat, tao dilu kien chin mudi cho tdng cdng kich, tdng khdi nghTa, tieu diet va lam tan ra nguy quan, danh
dd nguy quyen tir trung uong den dja phuang
de gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan, giai phdng mien Nam De tranh tiiii tiidi co lich sir, phai ra sire chuan bj ve mpi mat Phai chuin bj diy du nhirng dieu kien can thiet cho cudc tdng tien cdng chien luge Dd la lire lugng quan sir manh, hau can diy dii va nhanh, cd kha nang co ddng Icin ca ve dudng sa va phuong tien"^ Tir sau Hiep djnh Pari dugc ky ket, quan, dan mien Bac ra sire khac phuc dugc hau qua
do chien tranh pha hoai ciia djch gay ra, tiing budc khdi phuc san xuat, dn djnh ddi sdng nhan dan, ddng thdi, tich cue tang cudng chi vien cho each mang mien Nam Nam 1974 mien Bac da huy ddng tren mdt trieu tin luong thuc, chiem 18% tdng san lupng luong thuc de chi vien cho each mang mien Nam Tren 56 van tin vat chat cac loai va 15 van quan dugc
bd sung chuyen giao den hau cir cac chien trudng Toan bd luc lupng va vat chat dd dugc van chuyen qua dudng Trudng Son
Thuc hien nhiem vu chi vien trong tinh hinh mdi, bd ddi Trudng Son cd nhirng thuan lgi, tiirdc het la mang dudng chien luge tii mien Bac vao mien Nam, he thdng dudng dng xang diu da dugc nang cap, tiidng sudt, bao dam cho cac doan xe d td chay lien tuc van chuyen phuang tien vat chat cho cac chien trudng trong
ca hai miia De tang cudng sire manh cho dudng Trudng Son, Bd Qudc phdng da trang bj them nhieu phuong tien va bd sung quan sd Toan bd lire lugng tijyen dudng Trudng Son dugc td chirc thanh su doan, 6 trung doan cdng
Trang 4NHAN VAT-SU" KIEN
binh, 2 trung doan tiidng tin, 4 trung doan
dudng dng, trong dd cd 2 su doan dtd
Sau khi nit quan, vien tra cua My cho chinh
quyen Sai Gdn giam xudng chi cdn mdt nira so
vai nam 1972 Thieu bom dan, may bay va
nhien lieu, bdi vay hoat ddng cua khdng quan
djch tren dudng Trudng San hau nhu khdng
dang ke Trong hoan canh dd, mien Bac da day
nhanh khdi lupng van chuyen vat chit chi vien
cho mien Nam tren tuyen dudng Trudng Son
Thuc hien menh lenh cua Bd Qudc phdng
"giao sam, giao dii va ddng bd", thoa man yeu
cau trudc mat la sinh hoat, chien diu cua bd
dpi, ddng thdi ciing dam bao yeu cau cd dii
luong tiiuc, vat chat ky thuat du trir chien luge
cho cudc tdng tien cdng giai phdng hoan toan
mien Nam ' - , •;• i r.) •••': i •
Ngudn vat chit ky thuat tir hau phuong
chuyen vao bao gdm vii khi, xang dau, lucmg
thuc, thuc pham, dan, quan trang, thudc quan
y va cac phuang tien chien diu nhu: phao
lan, xe tang, cau pha chiem 94% tdng sd
lu(Dng vat chat ky thuat d chien trudng Tren
tuyen dudng Ddng va Tay Trudng Son, bg
dpi ta da huy ddng mpi lire lugng, phuong
tien van chuyen vat chat ra tien tuyen Tranh
thii thdi CO thuan Ipi, ngay tir dau miia khd
nam 1974 - 1975, bd dpi Trudng San da td
chiic nhieu chien djch van tai vdi quy md cap
tnmg doan xe tap trung, vuon xa, vao sau,
mdi cung van chuyen dai tiir 300 - 400 km
Ket hgp sir dung nhieu phuong thiic van tai
mdt each linh hoat, lay van tai co gidi lam
chu yeu, vdi dtd lam chu lire Kit hgp chat
che 3 myen: dudng ca gidi, dudng sdng,
dudng dng de chd quan, chd hang vao hau cii
cac hudng chiln trudng Tri - Thien, Khu 5, Tay Nguyen, Nam Bd " Trong cdng tac chuan bj vat chat ky thuat,
viec chuyen vii khi, dan cac loai vao chien trudng la nhiem vu quan trgng hang diu Sau' Eliep djnh Pari dugc ky kit, vien trg qudc tl
ve vu khi, dan cac loai, dac biet la dan phao giam Slit Neu nam 1973, vien trg qudc te vl
vii khi, dan giam 66% so vai nam 1972, thi
nam 1974 chi cdn 29,6% va nam 1975 khdng cdn Chiing ta phai thu ddn cac loai d kho hau phuong va trong tuyIn dudng Trudng Son dl chi vien cho chien trudng, vdi sd dan chien trudng edn lai va chuyen vao them, tdng sd du tin- dan la hon 70.000 tin, dat 91% kl hoach
Van chuyin xang diu tren dudng Trudng Son la mot nhiem vu rat quan trgng, bdi day
la loai vat chit cin thiet cho chien tranh hien dai Bd ddi Trudng Son da sdm hoan thanh he thdng dudng dng van chuyen xang diu ndi liln tir hau phuong mien Bac den cac ti-am cap, phat xang dau tren cac tuyen dudng true
dgc Trudng Son, vao tai hau eii chiln trudng
va mien Ddng Nam Bd Den trudc ngay md chiln djch giai phdng Budn Me Thudt, da cd mdt he thdng hoan chinh van chuyen xang diu vdi tdng ehilu dai la 1.399 km, gin 50 khu kho cd trii lugng 27.000 m^ vdi 114 tram bom diy Nam 1973 - 1974, bd dpi xang diu
da cip phat dugc 168.000 tin xang va 22.000 tan (jiu Nam 1975, trong 55 ngay dem cua chiln djch Hd Chi Minh da cip 77.000 tin xang va 18.000 tin diu He thdng dudng ong xang diu van hanh lien tuc tir tram bom mien Bac, diy vao qua cac be chira, tram bom d Trudng Son, chuyen cap phat cho cac chiln
Trang 5tirrdng bao dam cho cac lire lupng ca gidi ciia
ta dii xang dau hoat ddng, phuc vu chiln diu
trong sudt qua trinh tdng tiln cdng
Cimg vdi vii khi, dan, xang diu, luong tiiuc,
tiiuc phim, quan tiang, tiiudc quan y va nhilu
mat hang khac ciing dugc chuyen vao chiln
tiurdng Tinh tir nam 1959 din nam 1975, tren
tuyen dudng nay, Bd dpi Trudng Son da van
chuyen, giao cho cac hudng chiln trudng
1.349.057 tin hang "Tinh chung, trong toan bd
cudc khang chien chdng My, bd dpi Trudng
Son qua tiayen dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh da van
chuyen 1,5 trieu tin hang hoa, vii khi, 5.500.000
m^ xang diu chi vien cho mien Nam"^
Ngoai van chuyen hang quan sir, bd dpi
Trudng Son cdn dam bao dua ddn can bd, bd
dpi, thuong benh binh Trong toan bd cudc
khang chien chdng My, "tuyen giao thdng van
tai Trudng Son da bao dam cho hon 1,1 trieu
lupt ngudi di vao chien trudng, hon 650.000
lupt ngudi tir cac chien trudng ve hau phuong
mien Bac, trong dd cd gan 310.000 tiiuong
benhbinh"^
Tren tuyen dudng nay, chiing ta da van
chuyen cung cap hau can cho 7 chien trudng
Idn cua 3 nudc Ddng Duong Vdi tuyen dudng
giao thdng van tai dd, hau phuong mien Bac da
chi vien, van chuyen vii khi, luong thuc, thuc
pham, tiiudc men, bd dpi, tiiuong binh, benh
binh ra, vao cac chien tiirdng dugc kjp thdi,
gdp phan quan trgng vao tiiang lgi to Idn ciia
each mang mien Nam
Do cd vj tri chien luge nhu vay, dudng
Trudng Son da trd thanh chien trudng dac biet
khdng gidng bat cir chien tiiidng nao khac Vi
vay, khi phat hien ra myen van tai quan sir
chiln luge nay, My va chinh quyln Sai Gdn
da sir dung khdng quan, hai quan, bd binh vdi nhiing vii khi toi tan nhit nhu may bay B52, bom tir tiirdng, chit ddc hoa hpc, lap hang rao dien tii Mc Namara dpc vT myln 17, thudng xuyen td chiic cac cudc hanh quan can quet, danh pha ac liet, nhim cit dirt myln dudng nay Khi danh gia vl tim quan ti-png ciia myen dudng Trudng Son, da cd nha nghien ciiu nhan xet rang: "Khdng cd dudng mdn, cdng san khdng the nao chuyen dugc vii khi dan dugc cho lire lupng ciia hp vao miln Nam de cd the duong dau vdi cac su doan hang nhat ciia My Khdng cd dudng mdn thi Bac Viet khdng the chd bang xe tai sd vii khi dimg trong cudc tin cdng Tet 1968, viec xay diing con dudng nay cd le dugc coi nhu ddng
gdp lan lao nhat cho each mang Viet Nam,
ciing Idn nhu Dien Bien Phii"^ Van Geirt, nha van kiem nha bao Phap khi nghien ciiu ve vai ti-d ciia con dudng chien luge nay da phai tiidt len: "Dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh: tir bao nhieu nam nay may danh tir nay da hinh thanh mpt cau mau nhiem, de giai thich dugc tat ca, de tha thii cho tit ca Ngudi ta nem bom nudc Lao, vi con dudng Hd Chi Minh Ngudi ta xam luge Cao Mien vi cd con dudng Hd Chi Minh da di qua dd Mdi con dudng nhd, mdi ldi dudng mdn, mdi ddng sudi deu dugc mang ten Dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - Dudng ra tien myen Ddi vdi nhirng ngudi dang tmy limg nd nhu ngudi My, lai coi su dau khd ciia hg bat ngudn tir con dudng bat kha xam pham nay Con dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh khdng chi la con dudng tilp te Nd la bieu tugng cho cudc chien tranh Viet Nam"^
TAP CHi LICH SLP OANG - S6 2/2010
Trang 6NHAN VAT - SU" KIEN
Nhu vay, cd the ndi, cudc khang chien
chdng My, ciiu nudc la mdt huyen tiioai thi
dudng Trudng Son la mdt ti-ong nhiing bieu
hien sinh ddng cua huyen thoai ay Dudng
Trudng Son khdng chi la eon dudng giao lien
dua ddn can bd, chien sT vao Nam ra Bac, van
chuyen vii khi, phuang tien chi vien cho cac
chien trudng, ma cdn la thdng Ipng xiet chat
yet hau ke djch Vi vay, de qudc My va chinh
quyen Sai Gdn da sir dung tdi da bom dan, ky
thuat, ca siic lire de chan eon dudng, chan sir
chi vien ciia hau phuang mien Bac cho tien
myen mien Nam, song dudng Trudng Son
khdng nhung vung vang trudc mpi tiiii thach,
ma cdn khdng ngimg tda rdng, vuon dai Viec
Dang ta quyet djnh md dudng chien luge
Trudng Son la chu truong diing din va sang
tao trong sir nghiep khang chien chdng My,
ciiu nudc ciia dan tdc ta
Dudng Trudng Son da ddng vai trd vd cimg
to Idn vao sir nghiep giai phdng mien Nam va
la mdt bieu tugng ndi bat ciia quyet tam danh
My va thang My, ciia y chi va tinh cam thdng
nhat dat nudc, cua siic manh tinh than va tri tue
Viet Nam da chien thang sire manh vat chat ky
thuat hien dai ciia de qudc My Ddng chi Le
Duan khi den tham bp ddi Trudng Son da
khang djnh: "Dudng Trudng Son la mdt chien
cdng chdi lgi trong ljch sir khang chien chdng
My ciru nudc cua dan tdc ta Dudng Trudng
Son la eon dudng ciia y chi quyet tiiang, cua
Idng dung cam, cua khi phach anh himg Dd la
con dudng ndi lien Nam Bac, thdng nhat nude
nha, la con dudng tuong lai giau cd cua dk
nude ta Dd ciing la con dudng doan kit ciia
cac dan tdc ba nudc Ddng Duong"^
Trong giai doan cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dit nude, dudng Trudng Son la noi hdi tii, ren luyen cua mdi tre Viet Nam Viec xay dung nhiing cdng trinh, nhiing hoat ddng vSn hoa, van nghe vl dudng Trudng Son se gdp phan vao viec giao due truyen thdng, khoi day niem tu hao vl nhung chien cdng cua Idp cha anh di trudc, de mdi cdng dan, dac biet la tiiartii nien, sinh vien, hoc sinh y thiic dugc vl
dudng Trudng Son - eon dudng da gdp phan
dua dan toe ta din dgc lap, tu do, thdng nhit dit nudc va hdm nay eon dudng nay dang gdp phan dua nudc ta den muc tieu dan giau, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan chu, van minh, nhu mong ude ciia Bac Hd
1, 2 Dang Cdng San Viet Nam: Vdn kien
Ddng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2002, T.20, ti-.81, 82
3 Tdng cue hau can: Van tdi quan sir chien lupc
tren dudng Ho Chi Minh trong khdng chien chong
My, dm nudc, NXB QDND, H, 1988, tr 40
4 Hdu phuang chien tranh nhdn ddn Viet
Nam, tr 224
5 Ngd Vi Thien: "Vai suy nghi vl myen giao thdng van tai quan sir Trudng Son trong khang
chien chdng My", Tap chi Lich sir quan su, sd 2,
1994, ti 32
6 7 Tdng cue chinh tri - Tdng cue xay dyng
kinh tl: Dudng mon Hd Chi Minh, Trdn dd bdt
qudi xuyen rimg ram, NXB QDND, H, 1971, tr
245,287
8 Sd vang tmyen thdng Bd dpi Trudng Son nam 1973