Dang ta chd truang: "Dai doan ket toan dan tdc can lay muc tieu giii viing ddc lap, thdng nhat cda Td qudc, vi dan giau, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan chd, van minh lam diem t[r]
Trang 1Nghien cuu - Trao ddi T a p c h i C d n g s d n
DONG THUAN XA HOI -MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VA THUC TIEN
TRAN DAC HIEN
Dong thudn xd hpi Id vdn de xudt hien vd song hdnh ciing vdi sura ddi
vd phdt trien cua xd hpi loai ngudi, do nhu cdu hpp tdc vd bdo ton cugc
song chung cua cdc cpng dong ngudi trong lich sii quy dinh Ciing vdi su
phdt trien cua lich siixd hoi, vdn de dong thudn ngdy cdng trd thdnh nhu
cdu pho bien, tren phgm vi rpng ldn vd cdy nghia quan trpng doi vdi swton
tgi vd phdt trien ben vUng cua xa hpi
TRUOC hit cd thi thay rang, khai niem
ddng thuan xa hdi dugc phat trien tu
khai niem ddng thuan, vdi nghia la
su-ddng y vdi nhau giua it nhat hai ngudi ve mdt
hoac mdt sd van de nao dd, tren ca sd dd di
din thdng nblt vl hanh ddng Su thdng nhat
giua tu tudng, y chi va hanh ddng cda nbung
luc lugng xa hdi trong mdt he thdng xa hdi
nhit dinh dugc xem la ddng thuan xa hdi Ndi
each khac, ddng thuan xa hdi la su ddng tinh,
nhit tri vdi nhau cda dai da sd thanh vien
trong xa hdi ve mdt hoac mot so van de nao
dd, tren ca sd dd, cac thanh vien nay gan ket
chat che, thong nblt y chi va hanh ddng cda
minh nham dat den muc dich chung Ddng
thuan xa hdi cd ndi dung da dang, phong phd,
phuc tap tren nhieu linh vuc khac nhau cda
ddi sdng xa hdi, nhu kinh te, chinh tri, van
hda, tam ly, nhan thuc, tin ngudng, tdn giao;
cd nhieu pham vi khac nhau va cac mdi quan
he xa hdi khac nhau, nhu trong ndi bd cdng
ddng dan cu, tang ldp, giai cap, dan tdc, nhan
loai hoac quan he giu-a cac luc lugng xa hdi
ay vdi nhau Ddng thuan xa hdi la dieu kien
khach quan cho su tdn tai, dn dinh va phat trien ben vung cda mdi he thdng xa hdi; ddng thdi la phuong thuc tap hgp luc lugng huu hieu nhat trong ddi sdng chinh tri - xa hdi cda
xa hdi hien dai Trong lich su phat trien cda
xa hdi ndi chung, mdi qudc gia, dan tdc ndi rieng, ddng thuan xa hdi cd nhung bieu hien
da dang, dien bien thang tram khac nhau tdy thudc vao su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, dac diem thdi dai, tuong quan luc lugng giua cac giai clp, ting ldp xa hdi va hoan canh lich su
cu thi Mac du vay, chdng tdi cho rang, trong bit ky hoan canh lich su - cu the nao, ddn^ thuan xa hdi deu dugc thiet lap va cdng cd tren cac ca sd chd yeu sau day:
Thit nhdt, su thong nhdt ve loi ich chung giita cdc thdnh vien xd hpi, trong do quan trong nhdt Id ve lpi ich kinh te, chinh tri vd vdn hda Trong ddi sdng xa hdi cd nhieu loai
lgi ich khac nhau tuy thudc each tiep can, ching ban lgi ich chung, lgi ich rieng, lgi ich
CO ban, lgi ich ca nhan, lgi ich giai cap, lgi
' TS, Van phong Chinh phii
S6 809 (thang 3 nam 2010) 3 3
Trang 2Nghien cii^i - Trao doi T a p c h l C d n g s d n
ich qudc gia dan tdc, lgi ich kinh te, lgi ich
chinh tri, lgi ich van hda, lgi ich trudc mat,
lgi ich lau dai v.v Thuc tien va ly luan deu
cho thay rang, lgi ich la ca sd de ket ndi cac
thanh vien cda mdt cdng ddng xa hdi nhat
dinh; su ddng thuan va tinh chat ben vung
cda mdt cdng ddng xa hdi phu thudc vao kha
nang giai quyet mdi quan he lgi ich giiia cac
thanh vien cda nd; vi lgi ich ma con ngudi
cung nhau thda thuan de di den sir ddng
thuan Nhu vay, ca sd cda ddng thuan xa hdi
la ddng thuan ve lgi ich giiia cac thanh vien
xa hdi va ban chat cda ddng thuan xa hdi
chinh la su ddng thuan ve lgi ich Phuong
thuc de tao ra ddng thuan xa hdi la Um kiem
su ddng thuan ve lgi ich chung tren pham vi
xa hdi giiia cac khuynh hudng, luc lugng xa
hdi khac nhau Lgi ich chung nay khdng phai
la mdt dai lugng bat bien, ma tuy thudc dieu
kien lich sii cu the, ndi dung cda nd cd su
khac nhau
Trong xa hdi, giua cac thanh vien xa hdi
ludn tdn tai su khac nhau ve nhan thirc, dia vi
xa hdi, quan diem, tu tudng, tin ngudng, lap
trudng giai cap nen tren thuc te khdng thi
tao ra dugc mdt sir ddng thuan tuyet ddi va
cang khdng the ap dat mdt each may mdc
nhung gia tri, lgi ich chung cda nhdm xa hdi
nay cho nhdm khac Van de mau chdt la lam
the nao de cac thanh vien xa hdi tu y thuc
dugc gidi ban cac lgi ich cda minh trong quan
he vdi lgi ich chung, tir dd di den thdng nblt
gidi ban cda lgi ich chung de tao ra duac su
ddng thuan xa hdi; trai lai, neu lgi ich giu-a
cac chd the xa hdi mau thuan gay gat vdi
nhau thi se lam nay sinh xung dot xa hdi
Thu hai, su tu nguyen nhdt tri, tu gidc gan
ket giifa cdc thdnh vien xd hpi Ddng thuan xa
hdi phai la ket qua cua cac cude thao luan,
dam phan, thuong thao, thda thuan mdt each
khach quan, toan dien tren quy md xa hdi Xa
hdi cang tu do, dan chd thi viec thao luan
cang dien ra cdng khai, rdng rai va do dd
cang dat dugc su ddng thuan cao Nhu vay, giiia ddng thuan xa hdi va dan chu co mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau Xay dung su ddng thuan xa hdi cung chinh la tien tdi xay dung, hoan thien nen dan chd; ngugc lai, dan chu cang dugc bao dam, cac nguyen tac cda dan chd cang dugc coi trgng thi cang dat dugc su ddng thuan xa hdi d muc cao Ndi each khac, muc dd ddng thuan xa hdi ty le thuan vdi chat lugng cda ddi sdng dan chu trong xa hdi Ngugc lai, mgi su cudng buc, ap dat, vi pham dan chd cdng lam cung chi tao ra dugc sir nhat tri tam thdi nao dd chu khdng the tao ra
su ddng thuan dich thuc, tham chi cdn tiem
an kha nang dan den xung dot xa hdi
Thit ba, ton trong vd thda nhdn nhiing su khdc biet khong "di nguac" muc tieu chung, lpi ich chung cila cdc thdnh vien xd hpi
Chung ta biet rang, xa hdi la mdt tap hgp nhung ngudi khdng ddng nhat vdi nhau ve lgi ich, nhu cau, nang luc, quan diem, tu tudng Nhiing khac biet nay dugc xem la nhung "cai don nhat" cda mdi "cai rieng" trong mdi lien
he vdi "cai chung" Chinh nhiing sukhae biet trong ddng thuan xa hdi da tao nen tinh da dang, phong phu, phuc tap trong ddi sdng xa hdi Ben canh su khac biet, ddng thuan xa hdi cung ham chua ca nhiing ddi lap trong chdng muc nhat dinh giiia cac khuynh hudng, luc lugng xa hdi Day la nhung nhan td can thiet trong qua trinh van ddng, phat trien xa hdi
Su ddi lap nay la cd tinh bien chiing chu khdng phai sieu hinh, hay cd tinh chat tieu cue, ddi khang, pha hoai, gay bat dn xa hdi Thuc te cho thay, trong khdng it trudng hgp, nhiing quan diem khac biet hoac ddi lap da trd thanh mdt kenh "phan bien xa hdi" tich cue de qua dd cac chd the lanh dao, quan ly dat nudc dieu chinh, hoan thien chu truang, chinh sach nham tao ra sir ddng thuan xa hdi trong viec thuc thi nhiing chd truong, chinh sach ay mdt each hieu qua Vi vay, phan bien
xa hdi nhu mdt phuong thuc quan trgng de
Trang 3Nghien cuxi - Trao ddi T a p c h i C d n g s d n
dat ddng thuan xa hdi Bdi vi, khdng cd phan
bien xa hdi thi se khdng cd dan chd, khdng cd
dan chd thuc su thi khdng the cd dong thuan,
dai doan ket dan tdc
Ddng thuan xa hdi cdn bao ham ca su dau
tranh giua cac mat ddi lap dien ra tren cac
linh vuc cda ddi sdng xa hdi Phep bien
chiing duy vat mac-xit da chi rd, su vat, hien
tugng trong the gidi khach quan van ddng,
phat trien ludn gan lien vdi su van ddng, phat
trien va giai quyet cac mau thuan Xay dung
va tang cudng ddng thuan xa hdi cung chinh
la qua trinh khdng ngung phat hien va giai
quyet cac mau thuan xa hdi Dua tren ca sd
nhung diem tuong ddng, su dau tranh giai
quyet mau thuan nham dat dugc su thdng
nhat Nhu vay, ddng thuan xa hdi chinh la
muc dich cda viec giai quyet mau thuan bien
chiing giua nhiing mat ddi lap de khac phuc
nhiing bat ddng ve tu tudng, quan diem, lgi
ich va hanh ddng giiia cac luc lugng xa hdi
nham di den su thdng nhat chung Cac mau
thuan d day dugc giai quyet bang phuang
thiic "ket hgp cac mat ddi lap" nham cung cd,
tang cudng mdi quan he doan ket, thdng nhat
va ddng thuan giiia cac luc lugng xa hdi, tao
ddng luc thuc day xa hdi phat trien
Ve nguyen tac, ddng thuan xa hdi la yeu td
thudc ban chat cda xa hdi xa hdi chd nghia
(XHCN), la muc tieu phan dau khdng ngung
cda toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta
Ngay tu khi mdi ra ddi, Dang ta da chd ddng
tich liiy kinh nghiem, lang nghe cac quan
diem, tu tudng chinh dien, phan dien trong
cac luc lugng each mang cda quan chdng
Tren ca sd dd, phan tich ky ludng, de ra cac
giai phap nham dan dan xda bd nhiing khac
biet, bat ddng, ddi lap, ddng thdi thuc day
mdi quan he doan ket gan bd cac tang ldp
nhan dan dudi nggn cd cda Dang cung nhau
thuc hien thang lgi cude each mang giai
phdng dan tdc, xay dung CNXH Trong qua
trinh lanh dao each mang Viet Nam, Chd tich
Hd Chi Minh dac biet chd trgng chu "ddng", vdi ndi dung het sue phong phd, sinh ddng va bien chiing, nhu ddng tam, ddng ldng, ddng muc tieu, ddng ly tudng, ddng lgi ich v.v Ngudi viet: "Dan ta xin nhd chu ddng: Ddng tinh, ddng sue, ddng ldng, ddng minh"; "Biet ddng sue, Biet ddng ldng Viec gi khd lam ciing xong"^') Ngudi cung chi rd: "Sd ta day
ta bai hgc nay: Lde nao dan tdc ta doan ket mudn ngudi nhu mdt thi nudc ta ddc lap tu
do Trai lai luc nao dan ta khdng doan ket thi
bi nudc ngoai xam lan"'^^^ Tirdd, vdi nguyen
tac: Ddn tpc tren het To quoc tren het, Ngudi chd truong: dodn ket rpng rdi, dodn ket chat
che, dodn ket lau ddi vdi tdt cd nhiing ai cd the dodn kit dup'c vi muc tieu chung Nhd
vay, da quy tu dugc mgi thanh phan xa hdi thudc cac giai cap, tang ldp, cac dan tdc, tdn giao, ke ca nhung ngudi bdc lot va bi bdc lot, nhung ngudi trudc day tung la ke thu cda nhan dan nhung nay da thuc su an nan, hdi cai dudi nggn cd each mang, nham xay dung khdi dai doan ket toan dan, tao nen sue manh tdng hgp de cung nhau tien banb each mang giai phdng dan tdc Ngudi chd truong: Mat tran san sang doan ket tat ca nhung ngudi yeu nudc kbdng phan biet xu hudng chinh tri, tin ngudng, tdn giao ^^^; khdng phan biet hg thudc dang phai nao va qua khu cda hg da hgp tac vdi phe nao; Bat ky ai
ma that tha tan thanh hda binh, thdng nhat, ddc lap, dan chd thi dd nhiing ngudi dd trudc day chdng chdng ta, bay gid chdng ta cung that tha doan ket vdi hg^^\ Tu tudng ay xuat phat tu tinh than bien chung va nhan van sau sac trong nhan each van hda Hd Chi Minh Nhd dd, da tao ra su ddng thuan xa hdi rdng ldn, cd dd sue manh trong viec thuc hien
(1), (2) H5 Chi Minh: Todn tap, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia,
Ha Noi, 1995, t 3, tr 229, 232, 217
(3) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t 8, tr 66 - 67 (4) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd t 7, tr 438
So 809 (thang 3 nam 2010) 3 5
Trang 4Nghien ciiu - Trao doi T a p c h i C d n g s d n
thang lgi nhiem vu each mang giai phdng dan
tdc, thdng nhat dat nudc
Quan triet tu tudng cda Chd tich Hd Chi
Minh, Dang ta ludn chd trgng xay dung khdi
dai doan ket dan tdc nham tao ra su ddng
thuan, thdng nhat cao ve y chi va hanh ddng
trong toan xa hdi- Uu the cda Dang ta trong
viec tao ra sir ddng thuan xa hdi la chdng ta
chi cd duy nhat mdt dang, ddng thdi la dang
cam quyen; chung ta cd luc lugng quan
chdng nhan dan gan bd mau thit vdi Dang
qua cac cude chien tranh ve qudc; nhan dan
ta cd truyen thdng doan ket gan bd vdi nhau
Ddng thuan xa hdi tao dieu kien quy tu dugc
luc lugng cda toan dan, de xay dung ca sd xa
hdi - chinh tri vung chac cda Dang Muc tieu
va quan diem ca ban cda Dang ta la tang
cudng ddng thuan xa hdi, khac phuc nhung
khac biet, bat ddng de di den thdng nhat tu
tudng va hanh ddng, tu dd tao ra sue manh
tdng hgp de dua cdng cude ddi mdi theo dinh
hudng XHCN di den thang lgi, ddng thdi
chdng quan heu, tham nhung cd hieu qua va
danh bai mgi am muu, boat ddng chdng pha
each mang cda cac the luc thd dich Vdi y
nghia dd, ddng thuan xa hdi khdng phai la
sach luge ma la mdt chien luge cda Dang
Ddng thuan xa hdi d nudc ta hien nay
phan anh yeu cau khach quan cda viec xay
dung dat nudc giau manh, xa hdi cdng bing,
dan chd, van minh; the hien nguyen vgng
chung cda toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan
ta Ddng thuan xa hdi dugc thuc hien tren co
sd ket hgp hai hda lgi ich cda cac giai cap,
tang lap nhan dan lao ddng Viet Nam, bao
gdm ddng bao cac dan tdc, cac tdn giao, cac
tang ldp nhan dan d trong nudc va ddng bao
ta dinh cu d nudc ngoai Viec ket hgp nay
dugc thuc hien tren co sd muc tieu lgi ich
chung la giii vung ddc lap dan tdc, thong nhit
cda Td qudc, vi dan giau, nudc manh, xa hdi
cdng bang, dan chd, van minh; tren nguyen
tac lgi ich ca nhan, lgi ich tap thi va xa hdi
gan chat va thdng nhat vdi nhau, trong dd lgi ich ca nhan la ddng luc true tiep; coi trgng lgi ich ca nhan nhung khdng tuyet ddi hda, khdng chap nhan chd nghia ca nhan, ich ky dan den mau thuan gay gat, lam tdn hai den lgi ich chung cua cdng ddng, cda dan tdc; ket hgp hai hda lgi ich trudc mat vdi lgi ich lau dai, lgi ich dia phuong va lgi ich ca nudc Dang ta chd truang: "Dai doan ket toan dan tdc can lay muc tieu giii viing ddc lap, thdng nhat cda Td qudc, vi dan giau, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan chd, van minh lam diem tuong ddng de gan bd ddng bao cac dan tdc, cac tdn giao, cac tang ldp nhan dan d trong nudc va ddng bao ta dinh cu d nudc ngoai; xda bd mgi mac cam, dinh kien, phan biet ddi
xu ve qua khu, thanh phan giai cap; tdn trgng nhimg y kien khac nhau khdng trai vdi lgi ich cda dan tdc; de cao truyen thdng nhan nghia, khoan dung, xay dung tinh than cdi md, tin cay lan nhau, giu gin su dn dinh chinh tri va ddng thuan xa hdi vi tuong lai tuoi sang cua dan tdc"^^^ Ddng thdi Dang cung khing dinh: "Ddng luc chd yeu de phat trien dat nudc la dai doan ket toan dan tren ca sd hen minh giiia cdng nhan vdi ndng dan va tri thuc
do Dang lanh dao, ket hgp hai hda cac Igi ich
ca nhan, tap the va xa hdi, phat huy mgi tiem nang va ngudn luc cda cac thanh phan kinh
te, cda toan xa hdi"^^*
Ddng thuan xa hdi la nhan td quan trgng gdp phan bao dam dn dinh chinh tri, xa hdi, tao dieu kien phat trien kinh te, thuc hien thang lgi muc tieu dan giau, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan chd, van minh Do dd, xay dung ddng thuan xa hdi la nhiem vu cua
ca he thdng chinh tri, cda cac cap, cac nganh, cac td chuc xa hdi va la trach nhiem cda mdi cdng dan, dudi su lanh dao cda
(5) Vdn kien Dai hoi dai bieu todn quoc ldn thif X, Nxb
Chinh tri qu5c, Ha Noi, 2006, tr 41
(6) Vdn Iden Dai hoi dgi bieu todn quoc ldn tliu IX, Nxb
Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha Npi, 2001, tr 86
Trang 5Nghien cuu - Trao ddi T a p c h i C d n g s d n
Dang De dat dugc ddng thuan xa hdi, theo
chung tdi, can phai:
Mpt la, tao ra co che de mgi nguoi ddng
thuan vdi nhau va ddng thuan vdi su hudng
dan chinh tri cda Dang va Nha nudc trong
tung nhiem vu, timg giai doan phat trien cda
dat nudc; tao dieu kien de mdi ngudi deu
thay minh dugc tu do, dugc tdn trgng, cd
quyen binh dang nhu tat ca mgi ngudi khac;
hinh thanh va md rdng cac dien dan de
thdng qua dd mgi ngudi cd dieu kien cdng
trao ddi, thuang lugng, dam phan, thda
thuan dl di den thdng nhat ve tu tudng va
hanh ddng vdi nhau
Hai la, xu ly hai hda mdi quan he lgi ich
giua cac giai cap, tang ldp, cac khuynb
hudng, luc lugng xa hdi trong qua trinh
hoach dinh chinh sach, chien luge phat trien
kinh te - xa hdi cda dat nudc
Ba Id, kien tri quan diem lay dan lam gdc,
lay lgi ich can ban cda dai da sd nhan dan lam
dilm xuat phat va ca sd cda mgi chd truong,
chinh sach cda Dang va Nha nudc Dieu nay
ddi hdi cac chd the lanh dao dat nudc phai
biet lang nghe mdt each nghiem tdc, chan
thanh nhiing tam tu, nguyen vgng cda quan
chdng nhan dan va quan chdng nhan dan
cung phai hilu biet nhung ngudi cam quyen
cda minh
Bon Id, md rdng va thuc thi cd hieu qua
dan chd tren tat ca cac linh vuc cda ddi sdng
xa hdi, coi dd vua la muc tieu, vua la ddng
luc cda each mang Qua dd nham ddng vien,
phat huy tinh chd ddng, sang tao, sue manh
vat chat, tinh than cda nhan dan, tao ra ddng
Iuc thdc day su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi va
cdng cd mdi quan he doan ket toan dan tdc;
ddng thdi gdp phan xay dung Dang, chinh
quyen Mat tran Td qudc, doan the nhan dan
trong sach, viing manh, ngan chan va day lui
cd hieu qua nan quan heu, tham nhiing, cdng
cd niem tin cda nhan dan vdi Dang, Nha
nudc, tao ra su ddng thuan cao trong ddi sdng
xa hdi
Ndm Id, day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen,
van ddng, giao due de cac giai cap, tang ldp nhan dan, cac luc lugng xa hdi tu nguyen thdng nhat vdi nhau ve cac van de ca ban, vi muc tieu va lgi Ich chung cda dat nudc; chu trgng cdng tac giao due chinh tri, tu tudng, dao due, ldi sdng trong can bd, dang vien va cac tang ldp nhan dan ket hgp vdi phat huy truyen thdng nhan nghia, khoan dung cda dan tdc
Sau la, cd thai dd khach quan, khoa bgc
trong viec nhan thuc, phan tich va xu ly nbung quan diem, tu tudng lech lac, sai trai trong nhan dan; tich cue, chd ddng trong viec giai quyet cac mau thuan ndi bd nhan dan nham tang cudng ddng thuan xa hdi Viec giai quyet mau thuan dugc thuc bien bang cac bien phap tuyen truyen, van ddng, giac ngd each mang trong quan chdng ket hgp vdi cac giai phap phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than cda nhan dan Thuc tl cho thay, ddng thuan xa hdi khd cd thi dugc xay dung va tdn tai ben vung tren nen tang cda su yeu kem keo dai ve mgi mat trong xa hdi, nhat la ve kinh te Neu tinh trang tri tre, ylu kem toan dien keo dai, nhat
la vl kinh tl, thi sdm mudn se dan den nhung biln cd gay bat dn va rdi loan xa hdi Su tan
ra cda he thong XHCN d Lien Xd va cac nudc Ddng Au da cho ta thay dieu nay Trong xa hdi hien dai ngay nay, khuynb hudng doi diu, ddi dich giua cac qudc gia din chuyin sang khuynh hudng ddi thoai, hiep thuang, ddi tac de hudng tdi su dn dinh, cung cd lgi va phat trien Tu tudng xay dung thi gidi dai dong, xa hdi hai hda, dn dinh khdng nhung mang dam tinh nhan van, ma cdn la mdt khao khat cda nhan loai tien bd-Ddng thuan xa hdi la mdt trong nhung phuang thuc ca ban nhat de dat dugc muc tieu dd.Q
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