Vdng lifa tara raupi cbi xua't hien khi Phat dat den bac chinh dang giac, tri tue tot bac nen nd la bieu hien cho tri tue vd song, d ldp y nghla nao thi hpa tiet nay vdn la bieu tUdn[r]
Trang 1Di Da Tam ton d chua Thay
(Thien Phuc tu), Ha Noi
TRIEU THE VIET*
Gidi thieu bg tiiOng:
Gdra mdt tUdng Phat A Di Da ngdi
gifla, hai vj Bd tat ngdi hai ben Tfldng
Dai the chi d dang ngdi ket gia, tfldng
Quan the am d dang Bd tat toa
Chat lieu: gd phii sdn
Vj tri: tren tda chua ThUdng, chua
Thdy
Nien dai: De nhan rd hdn nien dai the
loai tUdng nay chung tdi can cfl theo rapt
sd tfl lieu raa Phan Cara ThUdng [2 Tr
131] V Tran Lara Bien [3 Trl26] da
cdng bd' bp tUdng Di Da tam tdn d chfla
Thay (Ha Npi) cd nien dai khoang ddu the
ky XVII, sdm hdn cac bd tfldng cu ig loai
CO nien dai the ky XVII
Khdi niem ve Di Dd Tam tdn:
Trung tdn la Dflc Phat A Di Da, ben trai cua Ngai la Dflc Quan The Am bd tat, ben phai ciia Ngai la Dflc Dai The Chi bd
t a t [ l T r 140]
Trong tranh tfldng Phat giao thfldng xua't hien bp ba nhat Phat, nhj bd tat vdi sfl bieu thj 8 tinh (bat dai), Phat A Di Da ngdi tfl the dai djnh d gifla bieu thj day dii
8 ti'nh (bat dai), Quan The Am bd tat va Dai Iflc Dai The Chi bd tat dflng hai ben, tay ket an bieu thj sfl phan ddi cua 8 tinh; trong dd, Quan The Am va Dai The Chi
B a n g 1 Ben phai (Hflu)
Dai The Chi bd tat
Dai dien 4 tirih ^ ~
dai tri, dai tue
Chi'nh gifla (Trung ton)
Phat A Di Da
— - • 1 • - T - 1 fc
"Dai dien 8 tinh '
' i.'cii 1)1, uai lu, uai ny, uai xa ^
Dai luc, dai hung, dai tri, dai tue
Ben trai (Ta)
Quan The Am bd tat
Dai dien 4 tinh
-Dai bi, dai tfl,
dai by, dai xa
Ths.Trieu The Viet, Dai hoc My thuat Cong nghiep Ha Noi
Trang 2mdi vj bieu thi 4 tinh (cd the hieu la Phat
A Di Da bieu thi 8 tinh = Quan The Am bd
tat bieu thj 4 tinh + Dai The Chi bd tat
bieu thj 4 tinh Sau day, tac gia luan an
tam dUa ra rapt sd dd khai lUdc: Bang 1
1 Do an t r a n g t r i t i e u b i e u t r e n tUcfng
Dai The Chi bo t a t
- Khai niem Dai The Chi bd tat: (S:
M a h a s t h a r a a p r a p t a bodhisattva) Tai
Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, Viet Nam, tfldng
Dai The Chi thudng dfldc ve tac d ben
mat (ben phai - TG) ben canh dflc Phat A
DiDa
- Tfl the tfldng: Tfldng ngdi dang kiet
gia, ae phu kin dui, vat ao chay thong
xudng dai sen, dau vat ao cong deu, kha
bang, hai tay ket an mat phung Hinh
thflc ket an nay khong phd bien, chi tha'y
hinh thflc ket an nay xuat hien tren tUdng
Quan the am d chua Dau, tUdng To ke
dang Ba Tu Mat d chua Tay PhUdng
- Dd an trang tri tieu bieu tren tUdng:
La he hoa van trang tri tren y phuc ciia
tUdng Dai lUc Dai The Chi bd tat bao gdm
cac dang sau: he hat trdn ket chudi, hat
trdn ket hinh bdng hoa, cac bieu tUdng
"bat cat tUdng" cua Mat tdng
- He hat trdn: Chung tdi dat gia thuyet nhflng hat trdn nay cd lien quan den hat bao chau - rapt chi tiet kha quan trpng va thudng xua't hien trong trang tri Mat tong
- Hat trdn ket chudi: Chia than tUdng thanh.tflng d, cac hat cd cac cd, hinh dang khac nhau nara theo bo cue hang ldi va xen ke
- Hat trdn ket hinh bdng hoa: Ndra xen
ke trong chudi hat bao chau cd dang mpt hat trdn, to d gifla vdi rapt hdac hai vdng hat vdng quanh
Hat bao chau tren tUdng cd tdng so' la
854 hat Vdi each bai tri cac hat tren tUdng ta tha'y chung sdp xep thed cap Nhu vay, tren tUdng cd 427 cap hat (cd hat
am, hat dUdng) Con so' 427 cap hat trdn nay trung vdi so' lUdng 427 cau chu Phat dinh Thu ldng nghiem tuyen dpc, Kinh thu lang nghiem [4 tr77-87] Nhflng hat trdn xep theo chudi va tdng so' cap hat trflng vdi so'cau ciia chu Thii lang nghiem Phat dinh (d tUdng Dai The Chi bd tat) va trflng vdi nhieu con so' khac vdi nhieu an y
ma chung tdi chUa du dieu kien de ket
luan Nhung nhflng an y dd du la gi thi
Bang 2: Phan loai kich thUdc hat
STT
1
2
3
4
Phan loai
Loai 1
Loai 2
Loai 3
Loai 4
Hinh dang
Trdn
Trdn
Bdu due
Tron
Chieu do
Dfldng kinh
Dfldng kinh
Chieu dai nha't
Dfldng kinh
Kich cd (mm)
4 0 - 5 0
3 0 - 3 5
25
1 0 - 15
Trang 3Bang 3: So lUtfng va vi tri hat ket d cac dang
" ^ ^ ^ ^ Chung loai
Vj tri ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Mat trudc
Mat sau
Dai sen
Mu
Trai
gifla
Phai
Trai
Gifla
Phai
Diem dai
Vanh 1
Vanh 2
Vanh 3
Cpng
Tdng
Hat bao chau
ket chudi day hoac ddn
46
13
40
112
69
Trfldc: 11; Sau: 11
302
Hat bao chau
ket bdng hoa
49
61
38
11
20
28
Tren: 171; Dudi: 108
42
24
552
854
phUdng phap sif dung con so, bieu tUdng
nhdm de bieu dat giao ly dUdc gpi la mat
ngfl (ngon ngfl bi mat) Day la each flng xif
thfldng tha'y trong Phat giao Mat tdng
Phai chang chi tiet nay ndi len da'u tich
cua Phat giao Mat tdng cdn lai d chfla
Thay (Thien Phuc tif)?
2 Do an trang tri tieu bieu tren tUtfng
Phat A Di Da:
- Tit the tugng: Tudng tU the Di Da dai
djnh, bai tay ket an dai djnh Phap gidi
djnb an/ Di Da djnh an (Samadhi Mudra)
Leai tUdng ndy khdng thay ddi tU the,
ludn trong dpng tac ngdi kiet gia, nhap djnh
- Do dn trang tri tieu bieu ndm chinh gida be tugng:
Be tUdng la khdi chfl nhat cd cudn gdc, trang tri bdn mat Trang tri mat trUdc va mat sau cd hinh chfl nhat, dd an trang tri chinh d gifla Trong hinh vong lifa nhpn dau cd ba hinh la de chfla ba hat trdn d gifla, hpa tiet cay khuc khuyu lam nen cho
dd an
Dd an hinh vdng lUa nhpn dau, cd hai vien, vien to d ngoai, vien nhd d trong vien quanh dd an, d dfldi la cum hoa van hinh
Trang 4bui cay nhd Cac vien chay den day cung
cd tao hinh chu vi theo cum hoa van hinh
bui cay nhd naj' Ba cum hpa tiet nam
chinh gifla cd ket cau gid'ng het nhau, mdi
cum gdm hai ldp la de due kep, d gifla
chfla qua trdn, mdi qua cd ba vdng khac
16m Cac canh cay khuc khuyu vdi 13
nhanh lan tda tfl trong ra
Nhiing gid thiet ve y nghia cda do
dn trang tri tieu bieu ndy:
+ Cdy khuc khuyu: Trong dd an trang
tri xua't hien hinh tfldng cay khuc khuyu
Vdi hien tUdng nay, chung tdi xin dUa ra
mpt gia thuyet nhu sau:
Khi so sanh tao hinh cua hinh cay khuc
khuyu vdi cay san hd trong hoa van Phat
giao Mat tdng, chung tdi nhan tha'y chung
cd nhieu net tUdng ddng vdi nhau Neu gia
thuyet cay nay la cay san hd - la rapt
trong 7 thfl quy (tha't bao) cua Phat giao
thi cung phu hdp ve y nghla khi di vdi bad
chau
+ Ba cum hga tiet hinh tdn Ida tam
mudi • Id de vd hgt trdn: Theo suy luan
cua chung toi thi 3 hat trdn trong dd an
dUdc hieu la 3 vien bao chau cd y nghla va
xua't xfl tfl Phat giao Mat tdng Tay Tang
[5 tr.l72]
+ Hinh trdn nhgn ddu phia sau hgt trdn
Gid thiet 1: Ld hinh Id di: La de gid'ng
nhfl hinh lifa thieng dfldc sif dung kha
nhieu trong nghe thuat tao hinh Phat
giao Nd dUdc tiep thu tfl nghe thuat tao
hinh an Dp vdi y nghla la bieu tUgng cho
tri tue xua't phat tfl sfl tich Dflc Phat giac
ngo dudi gdc cay bd de
Gid thiet 2: Ld vdng Ida tam mudi:
Vdng lifa tara raupi cbi xua't hien khi Phat dat den bac chinh dang giac, tri tue tot bac nen nd la bieu hien cho tri tue vd song,
d ldp y nghla nao thi hpa tiet nay vdn la bieu tUdng cua tri tue va bad chau tUdng trUng cho Dflc Phat
y nghia do dn trang tri; Ba hat trdn
ldn cd tao hinh nhfl vien bao chau trong hoa van Phat giao Mat tdng cd vdng lifa tam raupi/ la de tUdng trUng cho Phat bao, phap bao va tang bao 13 nhanh cay la sU ket hdp cua luc due, that tinh
Chi Cd Phat bad (tri tue), phap bao (chan ly) va tang bao (sU tinh tien) mdi
tieu diet dUdc luc due (sdu ham mud'n) va that tinh (bay trgng thdi tinh cdm thdng thudng ciia con ngUdi) Vdi gia thuyet nay,
dd an cd an nghla: ngdi ca oai dflc cua tam bao va chung sinh dang mong cau dep bd luc due, that tinh ma tinh tien tu hanh
3 Trang tri tieu bieu tren tUOng Qudn The Am bd tdt
• Khdi niem ve Qudn The Am bo tdt:
(S:Avalokiteshvarabodhisattva) Trong Phat giao Trung Hoa, Quan The Am bd tat la rapt trong bd'n vi dai bd tat (Dai tri Van Thfl sU ldi, Dai hanh Phd Hien, Dai luc Dai The Chi va Dai bi Quan The Am) Bd'n vj nay hoang dUdng dao phap d tfl dai danh sdn Quan The Am cd ndi tru xfl ngoai bien Nam Hai, tai nui Phd Da Vi cd tru xfl nhfl vay nen Quan The Am dUdc coi
la vi cflu tinh hay cho dUa tinh than cho cac thUdng thuyen Phat giao Mat tong
cho rdng, Quan The Am bd tat la hda thdn
cua Phat A Di Da hay Phat A Di Da la
phdp thdn thiidng tru cua Quan The Ara
bd tat
Trang 5- Tu the tugng: T u d n g Q u a n The Am
bd t a t ngdi t h e du by toa/ Vudng gia tpa/
bd t a t tpa, c h a n p h a i k h o a n h , c h a n t r a i
budng thoai raai T a y p h a i d a t t r e n dfli
phai, cac ngdn t a y ndra lai p h u hdp vdi
dpng tac cam n a m Tay p h a i de ngifa,
trfldc t r u n g k h u thfl ba (trfldc rd'n), hai
ngdn tay gifla cong lai nhfl d a n g dd vat gi
dd Dfla vad dpng t h a i cua tfldng cho phep
ta dat gia t h u y e t day la tfldng Q u a n The
Am bd t a t t r d n g md tip cdm b i n h cam Id,
vay c a n h dfldng lieu de cflu dp c h u n g sinh
- Do dn trang tri tieu bieu tang 2,
mat sau cua be tiigng: Dd a n cd h i n h
nhfl vdng lifa t a r a mudi n h p n ddu, t h a t
16m hai ben Cd n h i e u y kien cho day la
hinh la de, nhflng c a n cfl vao h i n h dang
thi h i n h nay r a t xa vdi h i n h la de thflc
Tac gia l u a n a n t a m gpi h i n h nay la: Hinh
vdng Ilia tam mudi nhgn ddu cd thdt ldm
hai ben co le phfl hdp hdn c h a n g ?
Trong h i n h c h a m c u m hpa tiet thflc vat
thi cum nay bao gdra 12 n h a n h dfldc rad ta
cung c h u n g rapt gdc, toa len phia t r e n vdi
3 ldp: ldp 5, ldp 4 va ldp 3 n h a n h nara xen
ke trong cac k h o a n g hd cua n h a u Cd
nhieu y kien cho cac n h a n h n a y la c a n h
sen, nhUng c u n g c a n cfl t h e o t a o h i n h thi
nd khac xa vdi h i n h c a n h sen t h u c
C h u n g tdi cho r d n g , neu can cfl theo
tao hinh thi hinh nay gidng h i n h vien
ngoai ciia ca dd a n , chi cd diera khac la
hinh nhflng vdng liia t r o n g nay dai hdn
hinh ngoai, n g h l a la nd v a n dfldc gpi la
hinh vdng Ida tam mudi nhgn ddu cd thdt
ldm hai ben Ben trong cac vdng lifa Id cac
cay menh
Vdi gid thiet vi y nghla cua do dn:
Con so 12 vdng lifa cung gdi cho chung toi gia t h u y e t sau:
Gid thuyet ve thdp nhi nhdn duyen (mUdi hai n h a n duyen): N h a n duyen la ly
do chinh vd cdc diiu kien phii trg ldm sdng td ludt nhdn qud, nghiep [1 tr.412]
N h a n duyen dUdc hieu la nguyen n h a n va qua t r i n h tao nghiep qua cua con ngUdi Tuy theo n h a n duyen ma con ngUdi cd nghiep qua l a n h hay dfl Viec sif dung vdng lifa t a m muoi / la de (tri tue) va cay
s a n hd / m e n h (sinh Iflc vu tru) nhfl mong fldc dieu chinh 12 n h a n duyen giup cho ngfldi t u h a n h tad nghiep qua lanh
Nhfl vay, rapt so' dd a n t r a n g tri kha dpc dao d bp tUdng nay cho chung ta tha'y
sU lien q u a n cua chung vdi hai nga re la
a n h hudng M a t tdng va mang tinh chat cdu mfla, cau sinh lUc: Dd an tan lifa tam mudi, bao chau, cay san bd/ thien menh d
be tUdng P h a t A Di Da, cac h a t trdn (bao chau), cac bieu tUdng cau h a n h phflc /
TAI L I E U THAO KHAO
1 Tran Nghia Hieu (2007), TU viing Phgt hgc thudng diing, Nxb Phudng D6ng
2 Phan Cam Thifdng (1997), Dieu khdc cd Viet Nam, Nxb My thuat Ha Noi
3 Tran Lam Bien (2003), Chiia Viet, Nxb
Van boa th6ng tin Ha Npi
4 Ban Hodng Phap (1963), Kinh thd ldng nghiem, Hpi Phat giao thdng nhat Viet
Nam phien dich, giai thi'eh va phat hanh
Ha Npi
5 Meher Mc Arthur (2005), Tim hii'u My thuat Phgt gido, Nxb My thuat, Ha Noi