van hda eiia ngudi Thai d day va van hda cua nhung nhdm Thai hien dang sinh sdng tai tinh Hoa Binh va dge viing bien gidi Viet - Lao thude cac tinh Thanh Hda, Nghe An eiia Viet Nam e[r]
Trang 1lULIEU
DAN TOC HOC
• •
\ /
DOI NET V£ NGHE DET THU CONG
CUA NGUOI THAI DO
O BAN NON XAA, HUYEN XAYTHANI,
THANH PHO VIEN CHAN
TRAN THI MAI U\N
1 Dat van de
Rgudi Thai Dd la mdt trong ba nhdm
Thai Idn hien dang sinh sdng tai Lao Cung
nhu cac nhdm Thai khae trong ngii he Lao
-Thai (Khamphaeng Thipmountaly, 2003, tr
45-51), ngudi Thai Dd tir lau da rat ndi tilng
vdi nghe det thu cdng Nhiing san pham det
cua ho mang gia trj van hda va tham my cao,
the hien dam net ban sac tdc ngirdi Ngudi
Thai hien dang sinh sdng d ban Non Xaa,
huyen Xaythani la mdt bd phan eiia nhdm
Thai nay
van hda eua ngudi Thai Dd vdn la de
tai nghien ciru eiia kha nhieu hgc gia Lao
Nhirng edng trinh nghien ciru eiia ho de cap
tong the den nhieu khia eanh van hda khae
nhau eiia ngudi Thai Dd Lien quan din
nghe det thii edng cua hg, hai nha nghien
ciru la Khamphaeng Kettavong (1997) va
Outala Vanyuveth (2006) da ed nhirng
nghien ciru kha toan dien vl nghi det thu
cong tren cac ITnh vuc nhu hoa van, trang
phue va trang sii'c
2 Sa lirgc ve ngudi Thai Dd d dja
ban nghien ciru
Ngudi Thai Dd trude khi den djnh eu
d ban Non Xaa vdn sinh sdng tai tinh Hiia
Phan mdt tinh giap vdi bien gidi Viet -Lao Ban Non Xaa (thude huyen Xaythani)
la mdt ban ngudi Thai each trung tam thu dd Vien Chan khoang 18 - 19km Cdng ddng ngudi Thai cu tru trong ban gdm ba nhdm Thai thude ngii- he Lao - Thai cua Lao la Thai Trang, Thai Den va Thai Dd Ca ban cd
670 hd; trong dd, ngudi Thai Trang cd 10
hd, ngudi Thai Den cd 624 hd va ngudi Thai
Dd ed 36 hd - chiem khoang hon 5% dan so
ca ban (Thdng tin do dng In Tha Phomsanit, ban Non Xaa, huyen Xaythani, thanh phd Vien Chan eung cap)
van hda eiia ngudi Thai d day va van hda cua nhung nhdm Thai hien dang sinh sdng tai tinh Hoa Binh va dge viing bien gidi Viet - Lao thude cac tinh Thanh Hda, Nghe
An eiia Viet Nam ed mdt sd net tuong ddng Nghe det thii cdng ciia ngudi Thai Dd d Non Xaa hien dang duge khdi phue va rat phat trien San pham det thii cdng khdng nhiing mang lai ngudn thu nhap chinh cho cac hd gia dinh ma cdn gdp phan Idn eho xuat khau, dem lai ngudn thu dang ke
3 Ve ten goi va xuat xir cua nhom Thai Do
Xung quanh ten ggi Thdi Dd van tdn
tai nhieu gia thiet va y kien khae nhau Cd y
Trang 270 Trdn Thi Mai Lan
kiln cho rang ggi la Thdi Dd vi trong dam
tang eiia hg, ngudi eon dau thudng mac
tang phue mau dd Ngoai ra, trong nhirng
nghi le trgng the eiia dan tdc, hg rat hay su
dung mau dd tren trang phue, nhat la phu
nir Gia thilt khae lai eho rang cd the nhdm
Thai nay xuit phat tir Trung Qude, qua Viet
Nam rdi mdi den Lao, hg di theo dudng
sdng Hdng (sdng cd mau nude do) nen mdi
cd ten ggi la Thai Dd Ngudi Thai Dd d Lao
sinh sdng phan Idn d tinh Sam Nua - mdt
tinh giap tinh Thanh Hda cua Viet Nam qua
bien gidi Viet - Lao, tinh Hua Phan, Xieng
Khoang va rai rac d mdt sd noi khae trong
dd ed viing ngoai d ciia thii dd Vien Chan
Nhu'ng dgt di cu eiia hg dien ra le te vi muc
dich muu sinh
Ngu'di Thai Dd di eu den Lao thudng
hay nhap vao eac ban eua ngudi Thai Trang
va cdng eu vdi hg Theo nhung tai lieu ed
san thi hg den Lao each day khoang hai the
ky Tuy nhien, nhung ngudi dan d day lai
eho rang td tien ciia hg da den dinh eu d Lao
each day khoang 400 nam Hien nay, ngudi
Thai Do la mdt nhdm Thai chfnh thue trong
sd cac nhdm tdc ngudi thude ngu' he Lao
-Thai d Lao
4 Mot so dac diem ciia ngudi Thai Dd
Ngudi Thai Dd d ban Non Xaa ed
nguon gdc tir mot nhdm Thai Dd d cae
tinh Hiia Phan va Sam Nua Nhiing ngudi
Thai Dd dau tien chuyen den Non Xaa
each day khoang 1 4 - 1 5 nam (Theo dng
In Tha Phomsanit, ban Non Xaa, huyen
Xaythani thanh phd Vien Chan) Tir khi
den day hg da ed giao tiep van hda vdi
cac nhdm Thai sd tai, khien cho ban sac
ciia ngudi Thai Dd bi mai mdt rat nhieu, nhat la van hda vat chit Khi den Non Xaa, ngudi ta khdng the tu phan biet dugc dau la nha d va trang phue ciia ngudi Thai
Dd Tuy vay, mdt sd dae diem van hda cd tinh chit dac trung tdc ngudi van dugc ngudi Thai Dd luu giir || Diem ndi bat va de nhan thay nhat la
ngudi Thai Dd rat thfeh mac trang phue mau dd vdi cap vay dd Chiee vay cua hg khi det xong thudng dugc can them mdt
manh vai det theo ky thuat muk Day la dac
diem ma cac nhdm Thai khae khdng ed
Nhin ehung, trang phue ciia ngudi Thai Dd anh hudng cua ngudi Thai Trang nhieu
hon; hg eiing khdng ddi khan pieu gidng
nhu ngudi Thai Den Ve hoa van, hinh
tugng nag (dau rdng minh ran) tren san
pham det ciia ngudi Thai Dd dugc ua ehudng ban so vdi ngudi Thai Trang Hinh
anh nag vdn tugng trung eho Phat giao
trong khi nhdm Thai Dd khdng theo Phat giao nhieu va ciing khdng the hien miie do siing bai dao Phat manh me nhu nhdm Thai Trang Su mau thuan nay den nay dudng nhu van chua dugc giai thich mdt each thau dao Ngudi ta phdng doan rang:
ngudi Thai Dd vi sinh ke da dan dan nhap vao cac lang eiia ngudi Thai Trang va cung dan chiem ludn ca noi cu trii cua hg Mac dii chiu anh hudng va tiep thu nhirng dac diem van hda eiia ngudi Thai Trang nhung ngudi Thai Dd da nudi duong va luu giir duge ehiing lau ben ban, trong khi ngudi Thai Trang da danh mat ban sic van hda duge the hien trong nhirng hoa van det eua ehinh minh
Trang 3Hinh thoi la mdt bieu tugng hoa van
rat phd bien tren san pham det eua cdng
dong ngudi Thai ndi ehung O cac nhdm
Thai khae nhau, ngudi ta danh nhirng ten ggi
va y nghia khae nhau cho bieu tugng hoa
van nay, ed nhdm ggi la kip, tugng trung eho
nhirng canh hoa, cd nhdm ggi la ludng ta,
tugng trung cho khudn mat Tuy nhien, d
ngu'di Thai Dd, bieu tugng hoa van nay xuat
hien tren chiec khan ma thay eung ddi tren
dau trong qua trinh hanh le cung saman lai
CO y nghTa de dudi ma du', xua di mgi do'
ban xui xeo
Ve tin ngudng, khae vdi cac nhdm
Thai Trang va Thai Den theo dao PhaL
thudng vao chiia tung kinh trong cac dip le,
Tet, ngay ram, mdng mdt, ngudi Thai Dd
noi bat vdi tin ngudng thd eiing td tien va
saman giao Trong tat ca cac le cung, le vat
eung ciia hg ehi la ea; hg khdng bao gid
eiing thjt Mdi nam, ngudi Thai Do d day
can 50 - 100kg ca de lam le ciing, Trong cac
le hoi, phu nu' Thai Dd thudng mac trang
phue do, danh trdng, danh ehieng miing hdi
Ho cung gdi banh ehung vudng va an Tet am
lich gidng nhu ngudi Viet
Trong dam cudi, cd dau ngudi Thai
Do thudng mac bd trang phue dd cui lay
trude ban thd td tien nha chdng Day ciing
la bg trang phue ma ngudi con dau thudng
mac trong ngay gia dinh td ehuc le com
mdi vao thang 5 am lich hang nam Sau
khi mac bd trang phue nay, ed dau den ban
thd gia tien mdi td tien ve du le tiep dd, tu
minh lay nhung bd lua nep dem di dap,
xay, gia thanh gao de nau com mdi (Dang
Nghiem Van va cdng su, 1988) Day la dae
diem van hda rat gidng vdi nhdm Thai d huyen Mai Chau, tinh Hda Binh cua Viet Nam Tuy nhien, ngudi Thai Dd d ban Non Xaa dimg ea nudng, cdn ngudi Thai Mai Chau lai diing ea mudi chua dd chin de ciing trong le com mdi
Trong dam tang ciia ngudi Thai Dd, ngudi eon dau thudng mac ao dai mau dd
De td chirc le cung cho ngudi cheL gia dinh con trai thudng cung trau, gia dinh con gai
va eon re ciing bd hoac gia dinh con trai Cling bd va gia dinh con re eung Ion Ciing nhu ngudi Thai Den, ngudi Thai Do d ban Non Xaa thudng ehdn ngudi chet nhung ngudi Thai Trang lai thieu xac chet va dua tro xuong vao chiia de ehdn gidng nhu phong tue ciia ngudi Lao
5 Nghe det thu cong cua ngudi Thai
Do d Non Xaa hien nay Hien nay, ngudi Thai Dd d ban Non Xaa sdng ehu yeu dua vao ngudn thu nhap til' nghi det thii cdng Quy trinh ehe bien, se sgi, nhugm sgi thii edng ed truyen khdng con nira Ngudn nguyen lieu chfnh de det hien nay la sgi cdng nghiep va ta tam duge ehl biln sin Hg cd the dl dang mua nhting san pham sgi to tam nhieu mau sac ciia Lao, Trung Qude va Thai Lan tren thi trudng Vien Chan Ngudi dan d day cdn cho biet: chit lugng to tam nhap ngoai deu tdt nhu nhau nhung gia ta tam ciia Thai Lan re ban nen nhung san phim ciia hg dimg to tim cua Thai Lan nhieu hon
san phim chfnh ciia nhirng phu nu
Thai Dd d day la vay va pha biang - iam
vai bdng hoac vai to tam cd do dai 2m ma
Trang 472 Trdn Thi Mai Lan
nam gidi va phu nir Lao thudng diing de
phu len vai va quanh than theo cac each
khae nhau
Nhirng phu nir Thai Dd d Non Xaa
thudng tap trung lai vdi nhau theo tirng
nhdm de det Nhu'ng phu nu- tre thudng det
thue nhieu hon phu nir diing tudi it det thue
ma ehu yeu det nhirng san pham de diing
trong gia dinh hg Cd mdt vai ngudi chii
diing ra thue det va giao dich true tiep vdi
cac thuong nhan Cac thuong nhan tieu thu
va xuat khau san pham det phan Idn la ngudi
Lao Ngoai ra, dang ehii y la mot thuong
nhan ngudi Thai Dd d tinh Hiia Phan Chi da
thanh lap mdt cdng ty kinh doanh san pham
det thii cdng cd chi nhanh d rit nhilu nai
Cdng ty nay chii truo'ng trg gia cho viec
trdng bdng sgi va trdng dau nudi tim; thue
nhung chuyen gia tir Vien Chan din cae ban
CO nghe det thii edng, trong dd cd ban Non
Xaa de hudng dan ky thuat ddng thdi tap
hgp thu mua nhung san pham det eiia hg
Ngudi ehu Idn nhat d Non Xaa cd tir 15 din
20 khung det thu hiit va tao viec lam cho
phan Idn cac phu nir tre ngudi Thai Dd din
til' tinh Hiia Phan Hg san xuit ed sir chuyen
mon hda rd rang Cd nhung ngudi chuyen
det than vay nhting ngudi khae chuyen det
cap vay hai phan nay dugc rap lai vdi nhau
nhd chiec may khau, mdt bd phan khae lai
chuyen 6etpha biang
Nhin ehung, san pham det ciia ngudi
Thai Dd chira dung nhilu hoa van hon so
vdi san pham det ciia ngudi Thai Den va
Thai Trang nhung hien nay hoa van dugc sii'
dung tren vai det eiia hg khdng edn mang
tfnh truyen thdng ciia ngirdi Thai Dd nua ma
da bi biln ddi rit nhilu Ban than nhieu ngudi thg det tre eung khdng cdn phan biet dugc dau la hoa van truyen thdng ciia ngudi Thai Dd, dau la hoa van vay mugn Nhirng san pham eiia hg lam ra chi mot phan phue
vu nhu eau trong vimg va trong nude, cdn phan Idn la de xuat khau va ban eho khach
du lich den Lao nen cac hoa van tren san pham phai bien ddi lien tue eho phii hgp vdi nhu cau thi trudng Su thay ddi ed the tir chinh y tudng ciia nhung ngudi thg true tiep det cd the do su dat hang ciia nhirng thuong nhan til' Vien Chan Hg thudng mang den mdt mieng vai cd met mau hoa van eu the hay tham ehi cd the la mdt mau hoa van tren mdt td tranh, mdt biic anh de yeu cau ngudi thg det theo nhirng mau dd
Nhung loai mau hoa van nhu vay da dan lan at va chiem ehd eua hoa van truyin thdng, lam phai nhat dan dac trung van hda ciia ngirdi Thai Dd duge thi hien tren san pham det nhung lai dem din cho hg ngudn thu nhap kinh tl rit dang kl - chilm 2/3 tdng thu nhap hang thang cua hg gia dinh Tit ca cae hd gia dinh ngudi Thai Dd d ban Non Xaa deu la nhung hg phi ndng nghiep Hg hoan toan khdng ed dit canh tac va khdng ed chut thu nhap nao tir ndng nghiep Nhiing phu nir tham gia det vai ed thi ed thu nhap tdi thieu la 1 trieu kip/thang Ngudi det gidi, thu nhap ed thi len tdi 2 trieu kip/thang, trong khi nhirng ngudi nam gidi trong gia dinh ehi ed thi thu dugc 500.000 kip din I trieu kip/thang tir lam edng nhan trong nha may hoac lain thue d Vien Chan (Theo ehi Thavixay Xdn, ban Non Xaa, huyen Xaythani, thanh phd Vien Chan)
Trang 5Viec phat triln nganh nghe truyen
thong von cd cua tdc ngudi trong ddi sdng
hien nay khdng phai d dau va vdi nghe
nao cung thue hien dugc Su phat trien dd
khong nhirng nang cao ddi sdng kinh te
cho eac tdc ngudi thieu sd ma cdn gdp
phin bao tdn van hda truyen thdng ciia hg
Tuy vay, nhGng ngudi chii det d day chua
dugc Nha nude hd trg, ma van ehi hoat
dong tu phat
6 Ket luan
Xet ve khfa canh phat trien kinh te,
nghe det thii cdng eua ngudi Thai Dd d ban
Non Xaa la md hinh nen duge nhan rdng d
cac nhom toe ngudi thieu sd khdng chi tai
Lao ma con d nhieu nude khae, vi cd the tan
dung dugc ky nang san xuat truyen thdng
cua mdt tgc ngudi de phat huy nd trong ddi
song hien tai ma khdng mat cdng dao tao va
chuyen ddi nganh nghe mdi Nhung ve khia
canh van hda, su bien ddi tu do khdng ngimg
ve cac mau ma hoa van khien cho ngudi
Thai Dd cd the de dang danh mat mdt trong
nhung gia tri van hda truyen thdng lien quan
den ban sac tdc ngudi cua minh Tren thue
te, viec san xuat san pham det hang hda d
Non Xaa hien nay mdi ehi ke thiia dugc
nhirng ky nang det truyen thdng ma chua
khai thae dugc vdn quy tir dac trung van hda
toe ngudi tren san pham det truyen thdng
Thiet nghi, ben canh nhung giai phap phat trien kinh te thanh cong, nhiing kl hoach bao tdn gia trj van hda truyen thdng, trong dd cd nhtrng mau hoa van tren san pham det thii edng can dugc nhanh chong dat ra ddi vdi cdng ddng ngudi Thai Dd d day Chi cd nhu vay, hg mdi cd the tdn tai
lau ben vdi cai ten Thdi Dd ma khdng bj hda
lan vdi cac nhdm Thai khae trong cdng ddng tdc ngudi Thai da va dang sinh sdng d Lao
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Khamphaeng Kettavong (1997),
"Nghien cuu ve do vai truyen thdng
Lao" Tgp chi Di san Lanxang, So 4,
Vien Chan Lao
2 Khamphaeng Thipmountaly (2003), "Cac tdc ngudi Lao hien nay"
Tgp chi Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A, Sd 3,
tr 45-51
3 Dang Nghiem Van va cdng su
(1988), Tim hieu vdn hda cd truyen ciia ngirdi Thdi Mai Chdu Uy ban nhan dan
huyen Mai Chau, Sd Van hda Thdng tin tinh Ha San Binh
4 Outala Vanyuveth (2006), " D I
vai ciia ngudi Tay Deng", trong: Dd vdi ciia ngudi Thdi d tieu vimg sdng Mekdng tiep ndi vd bien ddi, Bao tang
Dan tdc hoc, Ha Ndi