Ve hinh thirc, DTH bieu hien qua sir tap trung dan cu vd dd thi, sir md mang ranh gidi dd thi hoac hinh thinh cic dd thi mdi, qui trinh xay dung va phit trien ha ting va cdng trinh d[r]
Trang 1NGHIEN CCru -TRAO OOI
DO TH! H0(1 d CMflU ^
ThS PHAM XUAN DUCfNG'
I Dd thj hda va he luy dd thi hoa
a Dd thi hda (DTH) vd yi'u to chi phdi
qud trinh DTH
DTH li qui trinh chuyen ddi phuang
thiic sdng ttr ndng thdn ra thanh thi Sir
thay ddi ve lao ddng li yeu td quan trpng
nhat thay ddi phuang thurc sdng niy Ding
ke nhit li sir chuyen ddi ttf ndng nghiep
sang cdng nghiep, sang dich vu hoac ttr
cdng nghiep sang dich vu Cd the ndi cdng
nghiep hda chfnh la ddng lire cua DTH
trong giai doan ban diu ttr xa hdi ndng
nghiep di len ciia tit c i cic qud'c gia
Ve hinh thirc, DTH bieu hien qua sir tap
trung dan cu vd dd thi, sir md mang ranh
gidi dd thi hoac hinh thinh cic dd thi mdi,
qui trinh xay dung va phit trien ha ting va
cdng trinh d dd thi cung nhu sir gia tang ve
quy md va tinh tap trung ciia cic boat ddng
kinh te d khu vuc nay
Khi ndi tdi DTH, cd the ndi tdi dae thu
qui trinh nay dudi gde dp lupng va chit
Ve mat lupng, DTH chii yeu la sir gia tang
quy md, sd lupng dan cu hoac pham vi
ranh gidi dd thi Vd mat chit, DTH d trinh
dp cao la sir chuyen ddi toan dien cd chieu
sau nhu tfnh ddng bd ciia khdng gian va
cudc sdng dd thi, su dim bao ciia cac cdng
trinh ha ting, mdi trudng hay chit lupng
cudc sdng dd thi ndi ehung
Tuy nhien, DTH vin dupc do bing ti le
dan sd dd thi tren tdng dan sd lanh thd tfnh
loan nen chua the do ludng trinh dp DTH
bing cac tieu chf danh gia ve chit Do dd,
sir chuyen ddi hoan toan hay khdng cung
cd tfnh tuang ddi
Neu ndi chuyen ddi lao ddng la bin chat ciia DTH thi cic yeu to thiic diy chuyen dich lao ddng la cac yeu td inh hudng tdi DTH Nhiing yeu td do bao gdm nhu eiu lao ddng d dd thi va khu cdng nghiep tap trung, chenh lech mii'e sdng dai dien cho "luc hiit", thu hiit lao ddng dich
cu va thay ddi bin chat lao ddng d khu vuc ndng thdn Luc diy la nhung yeu td nam o chfnh khu vuc ndng thdn, khi ndng dan khdng cdn tu lieu sin xuit hoac thi trudng
de tieu thu sin pham truyen thdng ciia minh Hp budc phai rdi ndng thdn de muu sinh d khu vuc dd thi Luc diy \a lire hut bieu trung cho qua trinh dich chuyen lao ddng dudi gde dp kinh te \a xa hdi
Nhirng yeu td anh hudng khac bao gdm vin de chinh sach phat tridn trong nudc, qua trinh hdi nhap va canh tranh toan eiu, sir thay ddi trong giao tiep va truyen ba thdng tin trong ki nguyen internet, \a \an
de ddi mdi giao due va day nghe cung lam cho qui trinh chuyen ddi nghe nghiep sang phi ndng nghiep didn ra nhanh hon, toan dien ban va sau sac hon Nhirng yeu td nay tac ddng da chieu vao khu vuc ndng thdn cung nhu ngay chfnh lire lupng ndng dan d khu vuc dd thi
Tren gde dp dia ly, su diu tu, qu\ hoach, phan bd ngudn lire ciia qud'c gia va qudc te vio cic khu vuc nhit dinh quycl dinh tdc dp tang trudng cdng nghiep hda
va dd thi hda ciia ttrng vung Dau tu vao Chu tjch UBND tinh Thdi Nguyen
Trang 2NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO OOI
cic khu vuc trudc bet la diu tu vao ket eiu
ha ting kT thuat nhu giao thdng, dien nudc,
cung nhu cic ca sd ha ting xa hdi khie Su
hdi tu ciia vdn, kinh nghiem quin ly, khoa
hpe - cdng nghe va lao ddng lim thay ddi
bd mat ndng thdn va cic vting lanh thd
b DTH Id mot xu hudng tdt yi'u ciia
todn cdu
Theo thdng ke cua Lien hop qud'c,
thang 9-2007, the gidi chfnh thiic budc
sang ki nguyen dd thi, vdi ti le DTH tren
toan the gidi vupt ngudng 50% Trii qua
ban hai the ki DTH, ti le DTH ngay eang
tang didn ra tren the gidi trd thinh mdt xu
the khdng the dio ngupe, ttr khoing 2%
dan sd the gidi nam 1800 den tren 50%
nhu hien nay
Tren the gidi, trinh dp phit trien ciia cic
qud'c gia xet theo miic dp DTH dupe chia
ra lim ba nhdm:
Nhdm cic nudc phit trien cd ti le DTH
khoang 75-80% hoac cao han nira, vf du
nhu Bic My, Tay Au, Nhat Bin, Bic Au
tham chf Ien tren 90%
Nhdm cac nudc trinh dp phit trien trung
binh, ti le 50-60% nhu Bra-xin, cac nude
cdng nghiep rndi, mdt so nudc Ddng Au,
Ddng A, Tay A, Dii Loan, va mdt so nudc
My La-tinh Lien bang Nga, tfnh ci cic
nudc cdng hda tu tri cung d trong nhdm
nay
Nhdm cac nudc cham phat trien ti le
DTH khoang 30-40% nhu Trung Qudc, An
Dp, hiu bet cic nudc Ddng Nam A (trir
Xinh-ga-po), Nam A, mdt sd qud'c gia
Nam My va hiu het chau Phi, cac nudc d
dio An Dp Dupng va Thii Binh Duong
Ngoai ra, cic nudc kem phit trien ti le
DTH thap ban (20-30%, Viet Nam ehung
ta dang d khoing niy)
Cic nudc phit trien di trudc trong tien
trinh cdng nghiep hda da sdm budc vao ki
nguyen dd thi vao diu theki XX Cic nudc
dang phat trien va cham phat trien bit diu
thdi kl cdng nghiep hda mudn ban, sau the
chien thu' hai hoac cham ban niira, vio cudi theki XX Mdt sd qud'c gia d chau Phi hien nay nhu U-gan-da, E-ri-te-ri-a, Sd-ma-li-a, Cdng hda Cdng-gd cdn trong tinh trang ndi chien tham chf cdn chua budc vao giai doan cdng nghiep hda
Tuy miic dp dd thi hda mdi noi mot khie, xu the ehung ciia loai ngudi vin la chuyen din tir dinh cu d khu vuc ndng thdn sang khu vuc thinh thi, bieu hien bing xu the ehung ciia dai da sd cic qud'c gia tren the gidi Viet Nam da manh nha thdi ki cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda d ci hai midn nhirng nam 60, tuy nhien, sau ddi mdi, diu thap nien 90 the ki XX, Viet Nam mdi thuc sir budc vio giai doan cdng nghiep hda - hien dai hda v i dd thi hda manh me
c Hi luy ciia DTH
- DTH va tang trudng
Dd thi ludn li dau tau tang trudng cua dat nudc, gin lien vdi sir phit trien ciia do thi hoi hoi vd chit, dae biet li d chau A Nam 2004, 70% GDP ciia Viet Nam dupc tao ra d dd thi 6 Phi-lip-pin, 80% tang trudng duac tao ra d khu vuc ijiy va
dd thi chiem tdi 75% GDR Tai An Dp, rieng viing dd thi Mum-bai tao ra 1/6 GDP, trong khi dan so chi chiem 1/50 dan sd ca nudc Tang trudng vd gii tri dupc tao ra P
dd thi lam cho chiing trd thanh nam cham thu hiit rit manh cu dan mdi, md rdng do thi
Dd thi trd thinh nhirng ddng lire oiia sir tang trudng, hoac hat nhan tang trudng P cic dd thi Idn Binh quan GDP cua Hi Ndi gap 2,3 lin binh quan ehung ca nudc nam (2007); TP Hd Chf Minh chiem 20% GDP ciia ca nudc \'a Ha Ndi 10% (nam 2008) Thdng ke nam 2002 cho thay, ti le nay P Bang Cdc so vdi mat bing ehung d Thii Lan la 3,5 lin, d Thupng Hii (Trung Qud'c)
la 3,7 lin va 1,9 lin d Ma-ni-la (Phi-lip-pin) Tang trudng cao d cac dd thi diu tau thudng din dit xu hudng tang trudng kinh
te Vi vay cd the ndi ti le tang trudng dd
Trang 3NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
thi hda cd gin ke't hiru co vdi tang trudng
kinh te
- DTH va mdt so vin de bat cap cin giii
quyet
DTH di kem nhidu bit cap 6 cic nudc
dang phit trien, bieu hien rd net nhit la sir
hinh thanh cac khu d chudt ciia nhirng
ngudi mdi di cu ra thinh thi Ben canh dd
la su thieu hut nha d va ngudn lire diu tu
cho ke't cau ha ting kT thuat va xa hdi
Quan ly cac dd thi rat Idn, phit trien nhanh
trd nen rit khd khan ttr nira cudi the ki XX
cho den nay
Cic van dd sir dung dit dai, quin ly
giao thdng, bio ve mdi trudng, kiem soit
phit trien va xay dung, bio dim trat tu an
toan xa hdi vin li nhirng vin dd cdn biie
xiic d hiu bet cic dd thi d cic nudc dang
phat trien Sir hinh thinh nhi d chudt chi la
mdt trong nhidu dau hieu vd nang lire kem
trong quin ly ciia chfnh quydn dd thi
Nhung van de khie cd the ke den nhu tic
nghen giao thdng, ngheo ddi, te nan xa
hdi, bit binh dang vi suy thoii mdi trudng
DTH bao gid ciing di kem vdi dich
chuyen ciia cu dan ttr ndng thdn ra thanh
thi Neu la DTH thuc chit, viec lim mdi
thudng dem lai nang suit lao ddng cao
hon, thu nhap Idn ban, nhu eiu nhieu ban,
\'a tang trudng ehung ciia c i ndn kinh te
Thdng ke cung cho thiy mdt sir lien he khi
dn dinh giira tdc dp tang trudng va tdc dp
tang vd dan sd dd thi ciing nhu DTH Tuy
nhien, neu nhu viec dich dan cu chua di
kem vdi cdng viec phu hop thi dd la DTH
cd tfnh gii tao, DTH khdng di kem vdi nhu
eiu that vd lao ddng va khi nang chuyen
ddi nghd sang phi ndng nghiep mdt cich
dn dinh Qui trinh dd thj hda vdi ddng luc
nhu vay se khd di kem vdi tang trudng
kinh te
Ngoai di cu, nhimg he luy cua DTH
khdng lanh manh thudng di kem vdi that
nghiep va ddi ngheo Chau A cd sd lupng
dd thi Idn xa phit trien nhanh nhat so vdi
cac khu vuc khie ciia the gidi cung phan
anh tinh trang tren tuy cd ft trim trpng ban so vdi chau Phi nhung vin kha nghiem trpng d Nam A, va mdt sd vting Ddng A
2 Ket qua qua trinh dd thi hoa a
chau A
Xu hudng ehung ciia qui trinh DTH d chau A
- Tdc dp tang trudng vd DTH
Trong 6 thap ki qua, dan sd dd thi d
chau A ngay cing tang va lam thay ddi xi
can can thi dan tren the gidi
Hinh I: Ca cdu DTH a chdu A so vdi thi' gidi ^
Nam 2008, chau A cd gin 2 ti thj dan, trong khi the gidi cd chua tdi 3,5 ti ngudi
So vdi cac khu vuc khac tren the gidi, chau
A cd tdc dp tang trudng dan sd dd thi Idn hon nhieu so \ di cac khu vuc khac tren the gidi trong 40 nam qua
Hinh 2: tdc dp tdng tritdng ddn sd'dd thi
d chdu A so vdi cdc khu vUc khdc trin the gidi~
•OCMTM
• MorlhArwio QEuropi
•LdinAmsncVCMibbtar^
Q A S M
BAfrica
Xet ve CO eiu, dan so chau A chiem tren 1 nira tdng dan sd sdng d khu \ irc do thi tren the gidi
Trang 4NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO OOI
Hinh 3: Ca cdu ddn so dd thi cdc chdu
luc trin thi'gidi (ndm 2008)^
North Amsfta
8%
azope ^ —
a % ^ - ^ ^
America/Carbbe^
13%
Ocoania
1 %
^i
Alrica 12%
- " ^
^
^ ^ Asia
5 1 »
Ti le DTH d chau A nam 2006 li
khoing 40%, so vdi nam 1950, chi cd
khoing 16%
Hinh 4: Tdng trudng ti le DTH d chdu
A giai doan 1950-2010^
^%
^ 2 7
^^
BA) S90 2000 20t)
Trong sudt 6 thap ki, tdc dp gia tang ti
le DTH d chau A khdng hd suy giim, bat
chap ti le tang trudng dan sd ehung ciia
chau luc cting tang nhanh
- Sir hinh thinh cic sieu dd thi trong qui
trinh DTH nhanh.Tdc dp tang trudng cao
cLia cic dd thi Idn d chau A lim cho cic dd
thi Idn phit trien rit nhanh Trong 10 vtin^
dd thi Idn nhit the gidi cd 6 d chau A,
trong 15 vung dd thi Idn nhat thi cd 9 (xem
bing dudi day) Dieu nay din den sir tap
trung qui miic ciia qua trinh nay vio mdt
sd vung, din den sir phit trien mit can ddi
xet d quy md lanh thd
Bdng: 15 dd thi Idn nhd't thi gidi (ndm
2005)^
Xep hang
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Thanh pho
Td-kl-« (Nhit Bin)
Me-xl-cd (Mexi-co) Niu Ode (My) Sao Pau-lo (Bra-xin)
Bom Bay {in 6 6 ) Det-hi {fin Od) Thuong Hi\ (Trung Qu6c)
Cal-cut-ta (an Do) Ja-kar-ta (in-do-ne-xi-a)
Bue-nos Aires (ac-hen-ti-na)
Dha-ka (Bang-la-d6t)
Los An-gio-let (My)
Ka-ra-chi (Pa-ki-xtSng)
Ri-o dd Ja-nei-ro (Bra-xin)
6-8a-ka Ko-be (Nh$t Bin)
Dan so (trieu ngudi)
•, 35.1Slf''* 19,411 18,718 18,333
18,199 9
1 5 , 0 4 f f > ^
14,503 ^ 14,277
13,215 12,550
12,430
12,298
11,608
11,469
11,268 ^
Trong xu hudng nay, ti le tang trudng ciia cic dd thi Idn nhanh ban cic dd thi cdn lai, hinh thinh cic dau tau hay "dau to" chi phdi sir tang trudng vi dd thi hda toin bd cic qud'c gia trd nen phd bien trir Hdng Kdng va Xinh-ga-po vdn la hai thanh phd'/qud'c gia, Thii Lan (Bang Cdc), Mdng Cd (U-Ian Ba-to), Cam-pu-chia (Phndm Penh), I-ric (Bit-da) hay Ap-ga-ni-xtang (Ka-bul) deu trd thinh nhimg kieu dd thi chi phdi qui trinh DTH nhir vay O Viet Nam, sir phit trien d Ha Ndi va
TP Hd Chf Minh cung ngay cing chi phdi manh me sir phit trien ciia qud'c gia va vin
dd DTH ndi rieng
- Chit lupng DTH d chau A
Neu dinh gii viri dd chat lupng DTH chua cao chi d chau A la chua diy dii Tinh trang DTH qua ndng vdi su hinh thanh cic khu nha d chudt, mdi trudng d nhidm, va tic nghen giao thdng thuc ra vin didn ra d phuang Tay du mii'e dp thap ban so vdi chau A hien nay Bing chirng la mat dp dan cu d cic dd thi Idn d phuang Tay cung
da cd liic Ien tdi 10.000 ngudi/km^ d Niu
Trang 5Ooc, Luan Ddn, hay Pa-ri d i u the ki XX
Cac dd thi Idn d phuang Tay giii quyet
dupc vin dd di lai d dd thi Idn bing tau
dien ngam ttr cudi the ki XIX (Luan Ddn),
dau the kl XX (chau Au va Hoa Ky) Su
phit trien md rdng vting ngoai vi dd giim
mat dp trong nhidu thap ki da giiip cic
vung dd thi phuang Tay giii quyet bai toan
mat dp
Tuy nhien, hien tai mat dp dan cu d cac
dd thi chau A cung dang d mii'e cao ban
cic khu vuc k h i e tren the gidi (7.600
ngudi/km2), khoing g i p ddi so vdi cac
nudc phat trien (3.500 ngudi/km^) Vimg
lanh thd ciia Trung Qud'c: Hdng Kdng va
Ma Cao cd niat dp ki luc, Ien tdi 29.400
ngudi/km2 An Dp (15.700 ngudi/km2) va
Trung Qud'c (10.500 ngudi/km2) la hai
qud'c gia cd mat dp dan sd dd thi vao loai
cao tren the gidi
Cac nudc chau A ciing cd ti le dan sd
song trong cac khu nha d chudt rit ding
ke Ti le n i y giira c i c qud'c gia d chau A
cung cd ti le k h i e nhau Gitra Tay A, Nam
A, vdi Ddng A \'a Ddng Nam A cd nhung
khie biet d i n g ke vd mii'e dp n h i d chudt
tai cac dd thi
NGHIEN CQU - TRAO OOI
Hinh 5: Ti li nhd d chudt a cdc khu vuc ciia chdu A so vdi cdc khu vifc khdc trin the gidi^
Nhin ehung, ti le n h i d chudt d chau A
d mire trung binh thap (<30%) d Ddng Nam A, tang Ien d Tay A (31 %) va d mire
dp cao d Nam - Trung A va Ddng A ( 4 8 % & 4 6 % ) a
1 2, 3, 4 A.sia 2015 Vien Nghien cihi Phai trien 2006
5 Thong ke do thi 2005
6 Mue lieu thien nien ki UN-Habitat 2005
7 8 T6ng hop tir nhidu tai lieu ciia Bo Xay dung va Tcing cue thong ke
H < H < : H * « H < « H : * H <
TAC DONG CUA GIA NHAP WTO
(Tii'p theo trang 14)
- \ i tinh minh bach hod: Tfnh minh
bach tiep tuc dupe cai thien d Viet Nam
Hau het c i c quy dinh p h i p luat phii dupc
dang tai de Iiy y kien trudc khi ban hinh
Luat phip va cac quy dinh phai dupc cdng
bd tren Cdng b i o trudc khi cd hieu luc
phap luat Hiu het cac quy dinh ddu dua ra
thdi han cu the de xet xir cac don thu khieu
kien Viec sira ddi Ludt Khii'u nai, td cdo
xa Phdp linh X'fly cdc vu dn hdnh chinh da
cai thien ding ke c i c thii tuc de cac doanh
nghiep \a cdng dan khieu kien \a xem xet
lai cac quyet dinh hanh chfnh
Nhd boat ddng cai cich the ehe theo WTO, luat phap, nghi dinh va thdng tu dd tiep can hon thdng qua cic website ciia Chinh phii \ a Qud'c hdi (trudc day, cic cdng ty luat phii mua van ban ciia cac cdng
ty cung c i p dich vu) Cic du thao nghi dinh
v i van bin giai trinh cung cd sin tao didu kien cho cac luat su va doanh nghiep theo ddi nhung didn tien du kien trong viec xay dung luat Co sd dir lieu true tuyen cd the
tra cihi dupc, gdp phin cai thien hieu qua
nghien ciili phip luat Sd lupng cac van dd dieu chinh bdi hinh thii'e cdng van da dupc giam bdtQ