Hao giao thong, chien hao da dao cit ngang ca duong bang sin bay Muong Thanh, khiln miy bay dich khong Ien xu6ng dugc, gop phin cung bg dgi phao cao xa, phong kh6ng kb6ng cbl, hen t[r]
Trang 1NHU'NG VAN Dt CHUNG VE LICH SLP D A N G
DIEN BIEN PHU
THANG i g i CUA QUY^T TAM, KY CONG VA SANG TAO
Dai ta, PGS, TS NGUYEN MANH HA*
Ham nira the ky dd troi qua, du dm ciia trgn quyet chien chien lucre lich sit Dien Bien Phil vdn edn dong lgi trong tdm tri ciia moi ngucri Viet Nam yeu nude, ciia bgn be quoc
te vd ciia chinh nhirng nguai dd timg dimg ben kia chien tuyen Mot trong nhirng khia canh noi bat gop phdn Idm nen thdng lai cua trgn ddnh Dien Bien Phit - do Id su quyet tdm, ky cong vd su sdng tgo ciia qudn vd ddn ta
1 Quyit tdm chien ddu vd chien thdng
Quyet tim cua toin Ding, toin din loin
quin ta kb6ng chi the bien frong frin Dien
Bien Phu ma xuyen su6t frong toin bg cuoc
khang chien hr khi chuin bj mo diu cho den
khi kel thiic Ngay tir nhung ngay dau khing
chien o Sai Gon, Nam Bg r6i den Toin qu6c
khing chien quyet tim do bit nguon hr bai
nhin 16 co bin do li: long yeu nuoc quyet
kh6ng chiu lim n6 le v i niem tin vio su nghiep
chinh nghia, vio thing lgi cu6i cimg cua cuoc
khang chien duoi su linh dao cua Ding, dimg
diu la Chii tich H6 Chi Minh Muon dinh
thing ke thii xim luge chimg ta phii co tin tim
(long tin) va quyet tim Chii tjch H6 Cbi Minh
timg due kSl: Din la co mot long n6ng nan yeu
nuoc Do la mot truyen th6ng quy biu cua ta
Tir xua den nay, m6i khi T6 qu6c bi xim ling
thi linh thin ky lai froi da\' no kel thinh mot
Vien I ich sir quin su Viet Nam
lan song v6 cimg manh me cuon chim tit ci be
lu cucTp nuoc \'i bin nuoc
Trii qua bon 8 nim khing chien, quin va
din ta cing chien diu cing truong thanh, \an
manh ve mgi mat, ke dich ngiy cing suy yeu,
bi dgng Do chinh la ly do Bg Chinh tri Trung uong Ding, Chu tich H6 Cbi Minh nhanh chong ha quyet tim lien hanh Iran quyet chien chien luge chi sau 16 ngiy ke tir khi quin Phip nhiy du xu6ng Dien Bien Phu (20-11-1953), lip trung cao nhit sire nguoi, sire cua thuc hien trin dinh quyet dinh, nhim dinh bai
y cbi xam luge cua ke thii D6 li mot quyet tim cue ky tio bao, quyet doan nhung co co
so khoa hgc v i thuc tiln frong khi so sinh luc lugng quan chinh quy ta con kem dich vcM ti
le 1/1,5 lin (290.000/444.900 nguoi) Quygt tim do the hien ro 6 viec Bg T6ng tu lenh v i T6ng Quin uy tir ch6 chi chgn noi djch y6u,
so ho den cb6 quyet dinh dinh thing vio noi dich manh nhit, dieu dgng phin Ion cic don vi
TAP CHi LICH Sin O A N G - S6 6/2009
Trang 2NHU'NG V A N OE CHUNG V^ LICH Sl> O A N G
chu luc Ien Dien Bien Phiu do la cic Dai doan
bg binh 304, 308 312 316 va Dai doan C6ng
binh - Phao binh 351 (5/7 dai doin hien co)
Quyet tim do con the hien o ch6 kien quyet
heu diet tip doan cir diem manh nhit cua thuc
din Phip, mot hinh thirc phong ngu cao nhit
ma hr truoc den thoi diem niy, bg dgi ta chua
timg dinh thing Dai tucmg V6 Nguyen Giip,
T6ng tu lenh kiem Chi huy truong chien dich,
Bi thu Ding uy Mat frin Dien Bien Phu timg
viet trong H6i ky Dien Bien Phii - Diim hen
Hch sir Bg dgi chu luc ta tir truoc den nay (den
truoc chien dich Dien Bien Phii) cbi tieu diet
cao nhit la heu doin dich tang cuong co c6ng
su vung chic a Nghia Lg 0 Ni Sin chimg ta
mai danh vio vi tri lieu doin duoi tieu doan,
c6ng su da chien nim trong tip doin cir diem,
vin CO nhung Iran kh6ng thinh c6ng, bg dgi
thuong vong nhieu
Trong khi do, binh luc quin Phip vi linh le
duong, linh nguoi Thii lue cao nhat 6 Dien
Bien Phu len toi 17 lieu doan vi 7 dai dgi
dugc b6 tri trong 49 vi tri cir diem thugc 8
tmng tim de khing cua 3 phin khu, nim
frong lip doin cir diem manh toi mire li luy
thira 10 so voi tip doin cir diem Ni Sin (theo
su so sinh ciia Raun Xaling nguyen T6ng
chi hu}' quin vien chinh Phip 6 D6ng
Duong) Vi the, day la mot thir thich rit Icm
vi kh6ng he de ding d6i vcM quin ta Them
vio do, bg dgi ta con gap kho khin nhieu mat
nhu chien truong xa hiu phuong bing trim
kil6met, duong di hiem fro, lai bi may bay
Phip dinh phi, kh6ng che; tiep te van tii kho
khin, hieu qui it; bg dgi chua dugc chuin bi
do ke hoach moi va dot xuit v.v
Quylt tam do con dugc the hien rit manh liet
frong loi dan cua Chu tich H6 Chi Minh truoc luc Dai tuong V6 Nguyen Giip len duong ra
frin: Trgn nay phai thdng Chae thdng moi
ddnh, khong chae thdng khong ddnh
2 Nhirng ky' cong ciia chien djch
Theo quylt nghi cua Bg Chinh tri Trung uong Dang, Thu keu ggi cua Chii tich H6 Chi Minh, nhin din cic hnh phia Bic, tu Lien khu
4 d6ng bang Lien khu 3 den Viet Bic Tay
Bic deu no nuc tham gia Kbiu hieu "Tdt cd
vi Dien Bien Phii'; ''Tdt cd cho chiin thdng"
da thoi thuc, dgng vien toin dan tham gia dong gop c6ng sire cho trin dinh quyet dinh niy Con s6 hon 260.000 din cong tham gia phyc •vy chien dich - mot so lugng din e6ng Ion nhit tir truoc den nay, da noi len su ky vi cua frin quyet chien chien luge Luc lugng bg dgi chu luc true tiep tham gia chien djch len icM hon 50.000 nguoi cung li con s6 cao nhit
ke tir diu cuoc khing chien Chimg ta da huy dgng dugc 628 616 van tii, 21.000 xe dap lh6 20.000 cic phuong lien van chuyen khic nhu ngua tho quang ginb, be ming, di van chuyen dugc mot kh6i lugng vu khi, dan dugc luong thuc kh6ng 16 gom 84 khiu phio va sung c6i
hr 75 mm den 120 mm, 12 dan hoa lien 6 nong; hon 20.000 vien dan phio 105 mm; 25.056 tin luong thuc cic loai, 900 tin thjt, bing nghui tin rau va thuc pham khic
Vi dy sinh dgng ve sir ky cong frong van chuyen luong thuc: tinh binh quan mot din c6ng ginh dugc 24 kg gao tir miln Ti\' Thanh Hoa vugt quing duong hon 500 km frong mot thing, da an het 22 kg tren duong di chi con 2 kg tcM gop cho mil frin Mot chiec
Trang 3NHÓNG V A N 0 ^ CHUNG V^ LICH SLF O A N G
ming cho dugc 2-3 la gao, do mot nir din
c6ng dieu khien xu6i dong s6ng Nam Na hon
80 km vugt qua 102 ghenh thie, dua bing toi
dich Xe dap th6 tir 1-2 ta gao, ci biet co xe
tb6 toi 352 kg, vugt qua bing tram km, co
nhieu deo doc Dai ti kh6ng quin Phip Giuyn
Roa, timg li cuu binh cua frin Dien Bien Phu
sau niy da phii thira nhin: "kh6ng phii vien frg
ben ngoii da dinh bai tucmg Nava ma chinh li
nhiing chiec xe dap Po-gi6 th6 200-300 kg hing
va diy bing sue nguoi, nhung con nguoi in
chua du no va ngii thi nam ngay duoi dit trii
tim ni 16ng Cii da dinh bai frrcmg Nava kh6ng
phii li phuong lien, mi li su th6ng minh vi y
chi ciia doi phuong"'
Su ky e6ng thir bai phii ke den do la bg dgi
ta da diing sire nguoi de keo bon 80 khiu
phio nang tren bai tin m6i khiu vio frin diạ
Diy li lin diu tien frong mot chien dich luc
lugng phio binh, phio cao xa dugc huy dgng
nhieu nhu vaỵ De dua phio vio frin dia bao
quanh long chio Dien Bien Phu, xe 6 16 cbi
keo dugc phio den cich Iran dia trung binh li
15 km, con lai phii keo bing taỵ Voi dia binh
quanh co, hiem tro, nhieu d6i nui cao, vuc siu
cua mien Tiy Bic, co noi phii vira keo phiọ
vira lu mo duong mi di, phii vira ngyy trang,
d6i pb6 voi miy bay, phio binh dich bin phi,
can bg, chien si bg binh, cong binh, phio binh
da kh6ng quin ngai vit vi, gian kh6 hy sinh,
dimg sire nguoi (khoing tir 80 den 100 nguoi
keo 1 khiu) dua cic khiu phio vao toi frin
dja sau 9 ngay dem keo phio lien tyc
Nguyen Quang Thuin, nguyen li phio thu
Dai dgi 815 Tieu doan 383, Trung doan 367
cao xa, Dai doan 351, cho biet: Vira co quyet
dinh thay d6i phuong chim thi fren lenh ngay keo phio rạ Phat hien eon duong keo phio cua ta, chung cho phio tir Muong Thanh bin vio, anh em co nguoi bj thuong Keo phio ra cue hon Khi keo phio rạ phii ngy\' trang lai tir diu va rit nguy hiem vi duong d6c gap ghenh chi rgng 2,8 met; mot ben vach nui dyng dimg, mot ben la vuc siụ Don vi phin c6ng nhung d6ng chi khoe nhit, c6 tinh thin chien diu t6t giii" cing phiọ Phio di lui khi xu6ng d6c, nguoi do cing phio phii lii sao cho nhung nguoi phia fren di dugc D6c Ba Toi (do bg dgi dat ten), d6c 60-70 do; khi keo
vio, 100 bg binh bim vio khiu phio moi keo
len dugc timg buac mot Khi keo phio ra, ciy c6i bi dan phio dich d6 ng6n ngang, phii dimg cho c6ng binh dgn duong, r6i moi bugc toi laị Phio 37 ly, ning 2.4 tin, co 3 day toi,
80 chien si bg binh giii: phio phia tren de dua xu6ng Nguyen Quang Thuin va hai chien sT
li nguoi lii cing Den giira d6c, toi dirt tung
ci 3 diy, phio lao xu6ng Bg binh 6 phia tren quyet tim giir phio, dii bi phio keo le di, co ngucri bi rich bet quin io, chiy miu, co nguoi
bi ving ra ngoii, c6 nguoi bi tung xu6ng vuc Mil phio se mil sire chien diụ Bing mgi gii phii bio ve phiọ Hai chien si giir cang kh6ng chen dugc, bi ving di, phio cir lao xu6ng Nguyen Quang Thuin dung cim be cing phio dua vio vich di, khiu phio khung laị Truac do, anh T6 VTnh Dien di by sinh frong khi keo phiộ
Sau khi Bg cbi huy chien dich vi Ding uy Mat frin quyet dinh thay doi phuong chim tic chien hr "Dinh nhanh giii quyet nhanh" sang
"Dinh chic tien chic", tit ci cic khiu phio lai
TAP CHi LICH SLF O A N G - SO 6/2009
Trang 4NHliNG V A N Dt CHUNG V^ LICH SLF OANG
dugc lenh keo ra frong tam trang can bg, chien
sT khong phii ai cung thong suot ve tu tuong
Kh6ng cbi bg dgi phio binh co ky c6ng
keo phao vao, keo phio ra ma bg dgi c6ng
binh ciing dong gop rat quan trgng vio ky tich
niy Ong Pham Nggc Sinh, nguyen Dai dgi
truong Cong binh, Dai doan 316, timg true
hep tham gia chien dich cho biet: Nhiem vy
cua c6ng binh li di truoc ve sau, mo duong
cho bg dgi Ien Dien Bien Phii Ong Sinh phy
frich anh em lam duong keo phio Ngyy
frang la khiu quan frgng boi may bay dich
lugn su6t ngay Bg dgi phii thay nhau di liy
li de lam "gian muc3p" che, phii di xa liy la
de kh6ng 16; vai ngiy li beo lai phii thay
Dich kh6ng ngo nui cao nhu vay ma bg dgi
ta lai mang dugc phio hang ning vao Lam
duong cho phao rat vat va, phii du rgng de
dua phio Ien Niii cao, dao Ien toin dit d6 va
da to Dyng cu chi co choong sat bang co tay,
xeng vi cu6c Troi lanh, anh em lam kb6ng
muon nghi, mong keo phio vao nhanh de
dinh nbanh^ Bg dgi c6ng binh vira tham gia
lim duong keo phio, vira xiy dung Iran dia
phio Giai doan lam ham luu phio 105 ly d6i
vc3i chien sT c6ng binh kh6ng ic liet nhung
cue ky vit va, gian kh6: phii bat suon nui ve
phia djch thinh vich diing r6i khoet mot cai
hang to du de khi xep cing phio lai co the diy
lui ci kbiu phio vao cit giau Phia ngoai hang
la ham phio khi rgng de trien khai chien diu
Him CO nhung cot cb6ng, di do Da g6 duong
kinh phii 35 cm, cot chong duong kinh it nhit
25 cm Cic da da, cot ch6ng khong dugc lim
vuong dgng tic ciia phio thu va lam vucmg
khau phio khi dang cang ra bin Hai da go
ben sat mep vich ham dugc rai mot lop go fron duong kinh it nhit 15 cm, sau do phu lien hip nhung bo cay sat xep hang dgc, fren lai nen dit day 2 met, t6ng chieu day nap him 3 met Mieng him phai dii rgng de phao c6 the lui vio dugc Sau do dimg sgt xep kin, chi con chira 16 chiu mai cho nong phao nho ra ngoai du de ban Bin xong, phio dugc xep cang, lui vao ham phia frong va dimg sgt dit xep kin 16 chau mai,
de phong dan dich khi chimg phin phio M6i trin dia deu co ham ban, him lui phio ve phia sau, him dan, ham true chien, ham chi huy • M6i dai dgi deu c6 trin dia du bi, frin dia gii de du bi va phan tan boa luc dich khong dugc phep chit ciy quanh frin dia de lam him phio ma phii di xa bon, nam, c6 khi gin chyc ciy s6 de tim ngyy trang, ma ciing chi dugc chat tia cay rimg va van chuyen bang d6i vai ve noi lam frin dia''
Mot ky c6ng noi bat frong chien dich Dien Bien Phu la bg dgi ta theo phuong cham "Dinh chic tien chic", (3a dao hang fram kil6met giao thong bio, chien hao theo duong xoiy fron 6c bao vay, thit chat thong Igng quanh Phan khu Trung tam tap doan cir diem dl heu diet Diy la mot ky c6ng dong thoi cung la sang tao dgc dio cua bg dgi ta Cich dinh "boc v6" timg vi tri, timg cu diem, cum cir diem, trung tim de khing thanh cong chinh la nho bg dgi ta da ngay dem dio ham hao, lan dhi, bao viy quan Phap Hao giao thong, chien hao da dao cit ngang ca duong bang sin bay Muong Thanh, khiln miy bay dich khong Ien xu6ng dugc, gop phin cung
bg dgi phao cao xa, phong kh6ng kb6ng cbl, hen toi chit dirt cau hang khong hip tl cho Dien Bien Phii ciia Phip
Trang 5NHÚNG V A N 0 ^ CHUNG V^ LICH SLF O A N G
Vao dgt hai chien dich, cir diem 106 li cir
diem phong ngu kien co ciia dich a buong
Tay Bic Trung tim Muong Thanh Xung
quanh cir diem co hang rao kem gai rgng toi
200m, duoi IcTp rao li bai min diy diẹ Cir
diem 106 nim giira cinh d6ng tr6ng frii nen
viec mo cira rit kho, chi c6 each dao bao lin
dan duoi lop rao, den khoing cich thich hgp
moi mo dugc dot phi khiụ Chien si ta 16
chirc dao ba miii bio lin din vio cir diem 106
o ba hucmg khic nhaụ Duong bio cang vao
siu, cing kh6 khin, vit vi, cang thing voi
nhirng tieng luu dan, tieng dan sung c6i dich
n6 danh ngay fren noc M6i ngiy dem, chi
dio dugc khoang 50 met duong ngim^
Ngay diu tien trien khai chien thuat danh lin
la ngay 17-4 Dit rin, bg dgi phii nim diọ Dio
dugc b6 nho r6i quy khoet dit, du siu thi dimg
diọ Anh em nam xep hing, cir mot lieu dgi thi
ngoat chir chi va b6 cic nbinh bio ra cic phiạ
Kb6ng do dem dugc bao nhieu kil6met bio, chi
neu nhin tir fren xu6ng thiy kh6ng khic gi
nhung mach miu chang chit vai cic duong bio
chinh vi bio nhinh Di lai frong giao th6ng bao
phii CO bien chi duong M6i ngiy chien sT ta
phai dao 18 tieng frong tu the rit kh6 khin cin
xeng phii cit ngan mcM c6 the thao tic dugc
frong khoing kh6ng gian chit hep Mgi nguoi
luin phien dio bao, chuyen dit ngiu nghi ngay
tai Iran diạ Mot bg phan khic dugc nit vio rimg
lay g6, liy ciy che chin phia fren Sau mot thoi
gian cic duong hao chang chit ngang dgc thit
din, quin Phip sau m6i dem tinh day lai thiy
vong vay siet chit''
Ky c6ng ding ke nira la viec bg dgi ta dio
mot duong him dai hang chyc met vao long
d6i AI, noi dien ra frin dinh keo dii nhit, ic het nhit vi thuong vong cua bai ben ciing nhieu nhit trong toin bg mat frin Dien Bien Phụ Hai trung doan 174 vi 102 cua ta n6 sung hen c6ng cir diem d6i AI frr chieu ngiy 30-3, nhung den chieu ngiy 4-4 vin kh6ng diit diem dugc, chi chiem dugc 1/3 cir diem
in ngir phia D6ng khu Trung tim Muong Thanh Trin chien diu tai diy dien ra dai ding, ac liet cho den ha tuin thing 4-1954 Ngay 17-4, ong Nguyen Phii Xuyen Khung, liic do li Dai dgi truong "Dgi 83" c6ng binh, Trung doin 151, Dai doin 351, nhin dugc lenh cua d6ng chi Chu Huy Min giao cho Dgi 83 dao duong bim vi dit boc phi trong long d6i AỊ Chgn vi tri sau khi xic dinh cira bim r6i, bat dau dio ngiy 20-4 Thoi gian dio bim va dit boc phi khoing 14 ngaỵ Gang vio cang thieu khi nggt ngat birc b6ị M6i t6 3 nguoi vio diọ Anh em dung xeng moi dit chu kh6ng dio hiing bye vi se mil nhiet, mil sire, thieu 6xị Vi duong bim cbi rgng 90 cm cao 90 em, dao mot luc lai phii xep bao dit dii theo duong him, bao khiu tir vii du 40 cm x 40 cm, chieu ngang bim thinh
ra con 50 cm Anh em con dio ci mot cii bu6ng de tbu6c n6, cao lm50, rgng lm50 Den khoing ngay 4, ngay 5-5, do dugc 38 m thi CO lenh dit boc phi de dinh Boc phi chuyen vio frong r6i, tren lenh cho n6 t6i ngiy 6-5 Boc phi 1000 kg n6 ngim duoi dit, chi nghe "Uc" mot cii; nhung frong him du dua ghe gcmi, byị dit di ving xậ
3 Sang tao trong chien dau
Sing tao Ion nhit co tinh quyet dinh nhit chinh la hm ra dugc cich dinh phii hgp Cich
TAP CHi LICH SLF O A N G - S6 6/2009
Trang 6NHLFNG V A N D ^ CHUNG V£ LICH S L F D A N G
dinh trong chien dich Dien Bien Phu li dinh
kieu boc v6 hinh, tir ngoii vio frong, heu diet
cac vi tri, cir diem, trung tim de khing 6
ngoai vi truoc r6i din din dao hao, phit tnen
vio Phin khu Trung tam tip doan cu diem,
thit din vong viy quanh So chi huy cua Do
Citxtori Diy thuc su la mot chien dich tien
c6ng frin dia co quy mo lan nhat ciia quin dgi
ta frong cuoc khing chien chong Phip Cich
dinh sing tao dugc bieu bien:
- Som binh thanh the Iran bao viy, xay
dyng Iran dia tien c6ng vi bao viy, ngiy cang
siet chit timg cym cir diem vi ci tip doan cir
diem, chia cit the lien hoin, lim cho dich kh6
CO the img cim dugc cho nhau
- Tip tnmg uu the binh luc, h6a luc, phit
huy sire manh chien dau hiep d6ng binh chimg
(phio binh bin phi frin dia dich, phio cao xa
khong che biu froi ngin chin miy bay dich
nem bom, c6ng binh dio bio lin dui vao vi tri
dich, bg binh xung phong lieu diet dich), dinh
chic thing, tieu diet timg bg phin sinh luc lien
toi lieu diet khu tnmg lim tip doin cir diem
- Chgn cich danh hiem, phit buy uy luc
mgi thir vu khi, ket hgp dinh chinh dien vai
cic miii thgc siu, lu6n siu; ket hgp cic dgt
dinh Ion voi boat dgng tic chien thuong
xuyen bing viy lin, bin tia, ban che ch6
manh, khoet siu ch6 yeu cua dich
- Chien thuat c6ng kien dugc phat trien
sing tao len mot mire cao c6 quy m6 dai doin,
the hien bing viec tieu diet cym cir diem Him
Lam; cym cir diem Dgc Lap, d6i AI, CI
Trong chien dich niy, bg dgi ta ciing da
sing tao ra mot binh thirc chien thuat moi do
li chien thuat "ddnh ldn\ mot hinh thirc phit
tnln cua dinh cong kien trong dieu kien ta to chirc hln cong, true tiep tiep xuc voi dich nhung so sinh lye lugng chua cho phep ta heu diet dich ngay Thinh c6ng cua hinh thirc
ddnh Idn niy thi hien trong cic Iran tieu diet
cic cu diim 106, 105 va die biet la frin dinh cir diim 206 ciia Tnmg doan 36, Dai doin
308, hr ngay 17 din 23-4-1954 Dai hrong V5 Nguyen Giip dinh gii diy la frin "Da hoin thien va thuc sir khing dinh thinh cong cua cbiln thuat dugc ggi li "dinh Ian" Mot Ian nira, chung ta cing thiy ro tic dyng to 1cm cua cich dinh nho truyen th6ng, the hien su thong minh, sing tao, chii dgng ciia nhiing nguoi chien sL "^
1 Jules Roy: Trgn Dien Bien Phu dir&i con mat
nguai Phdp, NXB TP HCM, 1994, fr 608-609 Ban
djch tieng viet ciia Bin Tran Phuong
2, 3 Xem: Chuyen nhimg ngir&i lam nen lich sir,
H6i ire Dien Bien Phu 1954-2009, CTQG, H, 2009, fr.77, 58
4 Theo lai ke cua ong Nguyen Huyen, nguyen Chinh fri vien pho Dai doi 54, Tieu doan 106, Trung doan 151 cong binh, Dai doan 351, hien la Thu ky
ciia Dai tuong V6 Nguyen Giap; dan theo Chuyen
nhirng nguai lam nen lich sir, Sdd, fr.59
5 Theo loi ke ciia ong VQ Xuan Vinh, nguyen Tham muu truong Trung doan 36, Dai doan 308; din
theo Chuyen nhiing ngirai lam nen lich sir Sdd, fr 155
6 7 Theo Trinh Trang, nguyen la mot Dai doi truong thuoc Trung doan 36, Dai doan 308; din theo
Chuyen nhimg ngirai lam nen lich sir, Sdd, tr.l57,
174-175
8 Dai tuong V6 Nguyen Giap: Dien Bien Phu
-Diem hen lich su, NXB QDND, H, 2000, tr 238