Trong chien dich van ddng ciia minh, iing cU vien Bush da vai lan vi Trung Qud'e nhU "dd'i thu canh tranh chien lUde" eiia Hoa Ky^ Khai niem nay dUdc nha'n manh trdng Bad ca[r]
Trang 1DIEU CHINH CHINH SACH CUA HOA KY
DOI V6l TRUNC OUOC
Dl/dl THCll TONC THONC C W BUSH
Trung Qud'e ke tii chuyen tham
cua Tdng thd'ng R.Nixon (1972)
cho tdi khi ket thiic Chien tranh Lanh
dUde hinh thanh tren cd sd cd nhUng
xem xet chien lUde Idn hdn va dUde thiic
hien thdng qua nhUng nd liic hdp tac
giUa hai ben Sii kien Thien An Mdn
thang 6 nam 1989 da d i n tdi bUde
ngoat trong quan he hai ben va de lai
mot sd' 'di san' v&n edn tac ddng manh
tdi viec hoach dinh chinh sach ciia Hoa
Ky dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e hien nay 'Di
san' thii nha't, nhU Kenneth Lieberthal
ndi, mang lai "cdi nhin lech lac ciia Hoa
Ky ve Trung Qudc'' Trong khi nhUng
van de ve he tU tUdng da hi gat sang
ben khi Chien tranh Lanh ket thiic, thi
nhiing va'n de mdi nhu ldi ich chien
lUde qudc gia hay nhan quyen ngay
cang cd anh hudng den quan he hai
ben Ndi chung, khac biet giUa hai nUde
ve he thd'ng, gia tri xa hdi, chinh tri va
kinh te trd thanh nhUng yeu td ngay
cang tac ddng manh den hoach dinh
chinh sach dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e cua Hoa
Ky Di san thii ba la sii ma't niem tin
chung giiia hai ben, thay vao dd la mdi
nghi ngd lan nhau ve y dinh eiia mdi
ben, nhUng ba't ddng ve nhan thiic, ldi
ich ve nhUng van de chung nhU trat tii
chinh tri the gidi sau Chien tranh
Lanh, hay nhU van de kiem soat va
ca'm phd bien vu khi hat nhan, va'n de
Nguyen Lan Hiiofng
Vien Nghien ciiu Chau My
lien quan den thUdng mai hay thiie day nhan quyen Va ngoai ra nhan thiic ve
sU "ndi len cua Trung Qudc" se tac ddng tdi ldi ich chien lUdc ciia Hoa Ky d khu vUe Chau A - Thai Binh DUdng, khien chd quan he hai nUde cang trd nen phiie tap hdn
Hau he't cac va'n de gay ban tam che cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach Hoa Ky deu lien quan tdi mdt thiic te rang Trung Qud'e dang ndi len thanh mdt nUdc Idn tren trUdng qudc te', bdi vay Washington se phai tinh den viec giai quye't va dieu chinh quan he My -Trung nhu the nao Ta't ea deu thd'ng nha't d diem Trung Qud'e dang ndi len thanh cUdng qudc ve kinh te va quan sii, nhUng lai khdng thd'ng nhat dUde ve miic do siic manh eua Trung Qud'e va nhUng tac ddng ciia nd, va chinh sach
an ninh ma Bac Kinh se theo dudi Cac chinh quyen Hoa Ky tU nhUng nam 1990 lien tue cd nhUng each giai thich va chinh sach khac nhau ve va'n
de ndi len eua Trung Qudc TrUdng phai "Trung Qud'e la md'i de do?i" cho rang mdt nUde Trung Qud'e ndi len, ciing vdi td'e dp tang trUdng kinh te nhanh, tang eUdng siic manh quan sii, thiic day yeu cau thd'ng nha't lanh thd,
va chinh quyen "ddc tai' trong nUde se ngay cang ciing ran va cd tinh dd'i dau hdn, ve lau dai se thach thUc hien trang va dao Idn can bang quyen liic
Trang 2ciia khu vUc va the gidị Theo ly
thuyet cd cáu hien thiic, cac qudc gia
se rat nhay cam vdi kha nang thich
ling trong he thd'ng qud'e te va tim
each thay đi cd cáu qud'e te theo each
phue vu td't hdn va thiic day ldi ich
qudc gia ciia minh Khi yeu siic, ho cd
the mien eUdng cháp nhan nhiing ban
che ap dat len ho, nhUng mdt khi da
dii siic, ho cd xu hUdng theo dudi
quyen liic va tim each thay đi hien
trang Ndi chung theo trUdng phai
nay, quan he Trung My tif chuyen
tham eua Chu tich Giang Trach Dan
va Tdng thd'ng Bill Clinton vao cudi
nhUng nam 1990, chii yeu la dUdc td
ve them; nhUng bát đng ed ban gay
ra nhUng nguy ed xung dot trong
tUdng lai se khdng cd each nao giai
quyet dUdệ Cach td't nhát la kiem
che Trung Qud'e trUde khi nUdc nay
trd nen qua manh, bdi khi đ mdi
kiem che thi qua td'n siic
TrUdng phai "can dii", tuy hdan
toan nhan thiie dUdc siic manh cua
Trung Qud'e, nhUng van cho rang do
anh hudng ciia truyen thd'ng lich sU,
van boa va dao Khdng, Trung Qud'e cd
the khdng lam thay đi he thd'ng qud'e
te cho dii Trung Qudc ed trd nen manh
hdn nUạ Them vao đ, tang sii phu
thudc l l n nhau trong cdng đng qud'e
te va tham gia vao cac td chiie qud'e te
cd the khuyen khich eac hanh vi hdp
tac hdn eua Bac Kinh Vi vaỵ thed
trUdng phai nay, tha}^ vi kiem che thi
nen giiip đ Trung Qud'e gia nhap he
thd'ng quóc tẹ Ld gich an sau ván de
can du toan dien vdi Bac Kinh la: mdt
chien lUde nhU vay se tao dieu kien
gan ket nhan thiic siic manh khu viic
va toan cau vao he thd'ng khu viic,
qudc te va ngan chan xung dot toan
cau nhu da tifng xay ra vdi sii ndi len
ciia Diic, Nhat Cud'i cung trUdng phai
nay cho rang hai nUde nen chia se ldi
ich chien lUdc de chiing td hdp tac la can thiet va kha thị
TrUdng phai thii ba, cho rang hai each hieu tren dan tdi nhUng quan niem, chinh sach thai qua ve hdp tac hay đ'i daụ NhUng ngUdi thiie dung than trong tap trung vao kha nang eiia sU can bang quyen liic trong khu vUc hdn vao y dinh Ho cho rang dii cd
sU tang trUdng va phat trien manh ve kinh te, quan sii trong 2 thap ky qua, Trung Qudc van edn đ'i mat vdi nhieu ván de trong nUdc va quóc tẹ Do khoang each giUa tham vong va kha nang, chinh sach cua Trung Qud'e vdi cac nUde lang gieng can mem mong hdn; than trong hdn, tranh nay sinh xung dot Chien lUde td't nhat vdi Trung Qud'e la thich iing vdi ldi ich ciia Trung Qud'e trong khi dieu chinh hanh vi ciia Trung Qudc thdng qua bien phap ldi keo cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach ciia nUdc nay bang phan thudng va đi dau vdi nhUng hanh vi khdng hdp tac thdng qua lien minh an ninh trong khu vUc
Chinh sach đ'i vdi Trung Qud'e do Chinh quyen Bill Clinton de ra viia nham muc dich thiic day nhUng muc tieu chinh sach phue vu cho Uu the vUdt trdi ciia Hda Ky (sU thinh vUdng kinh te, tang ldi ich qudc gia, anh hudng), viia thiic day md rong dan chii, thi trUdng tren toan the gidị Chinh sach đi vdi Trung Qudc ciia Clinton khdng thd'ng nhát do khuynh hudng eiia Chinh quyen Clinton mud'n xoa diu ca cac nhdm ldi ich va Qud'e hoị Clinton tim each gan viec cap quy che tdi hue qudc cho Trung Qudc vao muc tieu thiic day nhan quyen, mdt nhiem vu ma sau đ dng da phai thifa nhan la khdng thẹ Khi d giUa nhiem
ky hai, Clinton bat dau xay diing chinh sach đ'i vdi Trung Qudc tren mot khudn khd cd tinh xay diing hdn
Trang 3mdt md'i quan he "dd'i tac chien lUde"
Nguyen nhan la do Chinh quyen
Clinton nhan ra rang: ho can cd quan
he hdp tac ciia Trung Qud'e trong viec
giai quye't va'n de cam phd bien vii khi
hat nhan, hoa binh va dn dinh tren
ban dao Trieu Tien, td chiic va phd'i
hdp giai quye't eac van de d cap do khu
vUc va toan cau NhUng ldi ich kinh te
eiia Hoa Ky d Trung Qud'e cung la
nhan td quan trong tac ddng tdi chinh
sach eua Chinh quyen Clinton Tdng
the ed the goi chinh sach dd'i vdi
Trung Qud'e eiia Chinh quyen Clinton
la chinh sach "can dii"
Ngay tii dau, Chinh quyen Bush cd
each tiep can khac hoan toan trong
viec giai quye't cac va'n de qud'e te
Trong chien dich bau eif nam 2000,
cac ed' va'n eiia Tong thd'ng Bush ung
hd each sii dung siic manh ciia My de
thiic day ldi ich qud'e gia, xay diing eac
lien minh an ninh va eUdng quyet vdi
cac dd'i thu tiem nang Trif mdt sd'
ngoai le, hau bet cd' va'n cao ca'p ve
chinh sach dd'i ngoai deu la nhUng
ngUdi ed tU tUdng bao thii, ciing ran,
tifng phue vu trong Chinh quyen
Reagan va Bush cha trifdc day Ho
phe phan each tiep can ciia Chinh
quyen Clinton la qua mem mong,
thieu quye't doan, chi quan tam tdi
chii nghia da phifdng ma khdng tap
trung vao ket qua cud'i ciing Dieu nay
cung cd the la do thien hUdng eiia nen
chinh tri Hoa Ky Dd la cac tdng
thd'ng mdi se dUa ra chinh sach khac
vdi tdng thd'ng tien nhiem, ban dau ed
the la nham chiing td sii khac bi|t,
tham chi la trai ngifdc vdi quan diem
eiia tdng thd'ng tien nhiem Theo
James Mann, "Sau Chinh quyen
Nixon, tat ca nhiing ai dUde bau vad
Nha Trang khi nham chiic deu ed y
dinh thay ddi phong each hoac chinh
sach dd'i vdi Trung Qudc".'
it nha't ed hai khac biet ed ban giUa hai Chinh quyen Clinton va Bush trong hoach dinh chinh sach cua Hoa
Ky dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e Dd la: thit
nhat, thay vi xem Trung Qud'e nhU
mot "dd'i tac chien lUde"\ Chinh quyen Bush neu dac trUng quan he vdi Trung Qud'e mdt each phUe tap hdn trong dd hai nUde viia cd the hdp tac tren met sd' va'n de cu the, nhifng nhin chung cd xu hudng canh tranh hdn tren eac van de khac Trong chien dich van ddng ciia minh, iing cU vien Bush da vai lan vi Trung Qud'e nhU
"dd'i thu canh tranh chien lUde" eiia Hoa Ky^ Khai niem nay dUdc nha'n manh trdng Bad cao qud'e phdng bd'n nam mdt lan (QDR) va bao cao Tdng quan tinh hinh hat nhan (NPR), trong
dd coi Trung Qudc vUa la dd'i thii canh tranh quan sii tiem tang eua Hoa Ky tai chau A - Thai Binh DUdng va vUa
la muc tieu ma Hoa Ky nen suy ngam
ve viec sii dung vii khi hat nhan eiia nUde nay
ThiC hai Id khac biet ve each tiep
can chinh sach Neu Clinton tim each gan nhUng tien bd ve nhan quyen vdi ca'p quy che td'i hue qudc cho Trung Qud'e hoac dieu chinh nhUng bat ddng trong cac va'n de cu the nham xem xet nhUng bd'i canh rong hdn trong quan
he hai ben, thi Bush thdng qua mdt chinh sach phan doan gan vdi tifng va'n de cu the Ndi each khac, Hoa Ky
se tim kiem sii hdp tac vdi Trung Qud'e d nhUng linh viic ed the, nhUng
se Cling ran trong giai quyet d nhUng va'n de can phai ciing ran Dieu nay cd the giai thich tai sao ifng cii vien Bush lai iing hd viec ca'p quy che quan
he thUdng mai binh thUdng vinh vien cho Trung Qudc (PNTR), nhUng Chinh quyen Bush cung san sang ap dung lenh trifng phat (it nhat 7 lan cho tdi gan day) vdi nhung gi ma
Trang 4Bush cao budc Trung Qudc vi pham
quy che ca'm phd bien vii khi hat
nhan Them vao dd, cac quan chiic
cua Chinh quyen Bush, ke ca tdng
thd'ng, cung chi ra rang, hdp tac hai
ben trong va'n de chd'ng khung bd' se
khdng dUdc sii dung la cd cho Trung
Qud'e bien minh cho nhUng vi pham
ve tdn giao va nhan quyen eiia minh*^
Nguyen nhan cua sii thay ddi chinh
sach nay dUde Co' va'n chinh sach ddi
ngoai Condoleezza Rice giai thich la
do Trung Qud'e cd "nhiing lai ich sdng
con khong dUdc gidi quyet" vdi Dai
Loan va bien Ddng, Trung Qudc ba't
man vdi vai trd ciia My, Trung Qud'e
khdng phai la qud'e gia thich sii
nguyen trang ma mud'n thay ddi can
bang quyen liic d chau A theo mong
mud'n ciia minh Ba Rice cho rang,
chinh sach ap dung dd'i vdi dd'i thii
chien lUdc la nen theo dudi sU hdp tac
bat cii khi nao cd the, nhUng Hoa Ky
cung "khong bao gid nen s(S ddi dau
vdi Bac Kinh" khi ldi ich bi xung ddt.^
Viec xac dinh lai md'i quan he My
-Trung nay cung phu hdp vdi chien
lUdc toan cau do cac thanh vien chinh
ciia ndi cac nhU Dick Cheney va Paul
Wolfowitz vach ra vai nam trUde dd
Chien lUdc nay nham muc tieu duy tri
vi tri doe tdn eiia Hoa Ky tren the
gidi Nd vach ra mot trat tii the gidi
trong dd Hoa Ky can ngan chan khdng
de cho bat ki qudc gia nao hay lien
minh nao trd t h a n h cUdng qudc va
khdng cho ba't ki qud'e gia nao ndi len
thanh dd'i thii toan cau bat ke liic nao
Vdi quan diem chien lUdc nay, bat ki
qudc gia nao du ehi gan d vi tri thach
thiic vi tri ba quyen eua My nhU
Trung Qud'e, ciing se la dd'i thu chien
lUdc: "Muc tieu dau tien cda chung ta
Id nhdm ngan chdn mot doi thu mdi
lai ndi len Day la doi hoi xem xet sii
thd'ng tri ddng sau chien liicfc quo'c
phong khu viic mdi vd doi hdi chung
ta no liic ngan chan bdt ki ciidng qudc thil dich nao thdng tri khu viic cd cdc nguon liic, diidi si/ kiem sodt chat che,
du de tao ra ciidng qudc toan cdu Cdc khu viic do bao gom Tdy Au, Dong A, lanh thd Lien Xd cu, vd Tdy Nam A."^
Vu khiing bd' 11/9 vao nUdc My tac ddng ra't Idn tdi quan he My - Trung
Thu^ nhat, nd lam thay ddi tU duy
chien lUde trong xay diing chinh sach dd'i ngoai eua nUde My Nd khie'n Chinh quyen Bush dot nhien kham pha ra mot ke thii mdi hien thiie hdn -mdt md'i de doa tiic thdi hdn dd'i vdi an ninh My, chii khdng chi la mot dd'i thu tiem tang va lau dai - Trung Qudc Tren thiic te, trong tUdng lai gan, md'i
de doa an ninh chii yeu vdi Hoa Ky khdng phai bat nguon tii cac eUdng qud'e Idn ma tii "nhUng mang ludi ngam" eiia chii nghia khiing bd' qud'e
te Trong bai phat hieu tai West Point vao thang 6/2002, Bush ehi ra r i n g hdp tac ciia cac nUde Idn trong cude chien ehd'ng khiing bd' thuyet phue
dng rang: "chung ta cd cd hdi td't nhat
ke tii khi cd sii xuat hien cua cdc nhd niidc ddn toe trong the ky XVH trong viec xay diing mot the gidi, ndi md cdc ciidng qudc canh tranh trong hod binh thay vi chudn bi cho chien tranh."'''
Ban Chien lUdc An ninh qud'e gia (NSS) eua Nha Trang nam 2002 cung
khang dinh lai y tUdng nay: "Hien
nay, cdc ciidng qudc the gidi nhan thay ho d ciing phia - thd'ng nhdt bdi nhiing de doa chung tii bao loan vd khung bd'."'" Diia tren nhUng nhan
thiic mdi nay, Ngoai trUdng Powell phat trien "chien lUdc quan he dd'i tac" trUde khi he't nhiem ky Ong cho rang cuoc chien chd'ng khiing bd' va viec xay diing quan he mang tinh xay diing giiia cac cUdng qud'e khdng loai trif lan
Trang 5nhau Hoa Ky thiie hien cude chien
ehd'ng khiing bd' "vdi mdt mdt hiCdng
ve sii hdp tdc giUa cdc ciidng qudc.""
ThiC hai vu khiing bd' 11/9 da mang
lai cd hdi cho Trung Qudc diing gan
My hdn Chac chan Washington
khdng can mdt "dd'i thii chien lUdc" d
Ddng A khi ho dang hi mac vao cude
chien tranh du kich d Iraq Trai lai,
Washingtdn can sii hdp tac ciia Trung
Qud'e hdn bao gid he't de duy tri sii dn
dinh tai chau A - Thai Binh DUdng
Quye't dinh chien lUde eiia Trung
Qud'e nhanh ehdng iing hd cude chien
chd'ng khiing bd cua Hoa Ky mot lan
nUa lai dat Bac Kinh (it nha't la be
ngoai) vao vi tri dd'i tac quan trong
cua Washington Dieu nay da cd tac
ddng den sii dieu chinh chinh sach dd'i
vdi Trung Qud'e eiia Bush Va de dap
lai thien chi eiia Trung Qud'e, Bush
quye't dinh dii hdi nghi APEC tai
ThUdng Hai, ba't cha'p cude chien tai
Afghanistan dang tiep diln, day cung
la chuyen tham nUde ngoai dau tien
tii sau vu khung bd 11/9 Bush tuyen
bd neu hdi nghi khdng dUde td chiie d
Trung Qudc, dng cd the se khdng
tham du.'' Sau dd, vao thang 2/2002,
Bush sang tham chinh thiie Bac Kinh
trong chuyen tham ba nUde chau A O
Trung Qudc, Bush ca ngdi nd liic eiia
Trung Qud'e trong cude chien chd'ng
khung bd (WOT) va khuyen khich
tang eUdng hdp tac an ninh va kinh te
trong linh vUc nay Day la dieu quan
trong va khdng binh thifdng ve viec
mdt Tdng thd'ng My tham mot nUde
hai lan trong vai thang Nd cho thay
sU quan tam va thay ddi trong thai do
eiia Bush ddi vdi Trung Qud'e Cd the
coi dd la bUdc dao dau cho viec thay
ddi tiet tau chii dao trong chinh sach
ciia My dd'i vdi Trung Qudc
Trong cude gap dau tien vdi Chii
tich Trung Qud'e, Bush chinh thiic tif
bd viec sii dung cum tii "dd'i thii chien lUdc" Bush bat dau gdi Trung Qud'e la
"mdt nUde Idn va khdng phai la mdt ke
thu ciia My" Bush khang dinh "coi
Trung Qud'e nhU mdt ngUdi ban ciia My" va tuyen bd' Hoa Ky tim kiem mdt md'i quan he "thang than, xay diing va hdp tac" (Candid, Constructive and Cooperative) Tinh tii "xay diing" va
"hdp tac" la nhUng gi ma Trung Qudc mdng mud'n trong khi tinh tif "thang than" dUde Hoa Ky them vao nhu sii
du phdng cho kha nang xau ciia mdi quan he trong tUdng lai Khai niem 3C nay cung lam sang td tU bat nguon tU thuat ngU IC (competitive) la canh tranh trUde dd Trong phien dieu tran trUde Qud'e hdi thang 4/2002, Ngoai trUdng C Powell khang dinh lai cdng thiic 3C de md ta quan he My - Trung Ong giai thich quan he 3C nay cu tlie
la: "mdt mdi quan he mang tinh thdng
thdn, xay diing vd hdp tdc Id nhiing gi chiing ta dang xay dUng vdi Trung Qudc: thdng thdn d nhiing chd chiing
ta bdt dong; xay diing d nhiCng cho chung ta hieu ra tii nhiing viidng mac triidc do; vd hdp tdc d nhiing chd chiing
ta CO chung ldi ich kinh te, khu viic hay toan cau."'' Trong budi tiep Thii tUdng
On Gia Bao tai My vao thang 12/2003, Powell nha'n manh hdn vao quan he
3C nay: "Cdc ong thdng thdn, xay
diing vd cdc ong tim kiem quan he hdp tdc vd dd chinh xdc la nhiing dieu chiing toi tim thay d Trung Qudc" Ong
ndi rd: "chung toi can mot quan he nhU
vay cho cdc the he trong tiidng lai de tdng ciidng vd md rong hod binh."''
Tuy nhien, nhU da de cap d tren, trong quan he My - Trung khdng ehi
bao gdm khia canh "xay diing vd hdjj
tdc', ma edn bao gdm ca khia canh
"thdng thdn" d nhUng van de bat ddng
ha>' nghi ngd giiia hai nUdc Chinh \i vav, khi cac nha ngoai giao dang nd lUc
Trang 6tang CUdng phat trien quan he chinh tri
giiia hai nUdc thi cac nha hoach dinh
chien lUde quo'c phdng My van ludn can
than de phdng vdi sU phat trien kinh te
va siic manh quan sii eua Trung Qud'e
Ndi each khac, bdng ma ve "md'i de doa
Trung Qud'e" khdng bao gid bien ma't
trong tam ly ciia mot sd' ngUdi My
Nam dau tien trong nhiem ky hai cua
Bush, va'n de Trung Qudc, sau khi da
lang diu di mdt each dang ke tii ba nam
trUdc dot nhien lai trd thanh tam diem
eiia cdng luan My
Treng suo't nam 2005, phUdng tien
truyen thdng My danh sd' lUdng thdi
gian dang ke dUa tin ve Trung Qud'e
va quan he My - Trung Vd sd' cac
tieu de bai bao, tin thdi sii, bai tap
chi va sach tap trung vao eac van de
kinh te - quan sii cd khiic mac trong
quan he hai nUde Chang ban ve kinh
te, nhUng lo ngai nay sinh tii cac hau
qua "toan cau hoa", tang dang ke ve
gia dau do sii trdi day cua Trung
Qud'e; cac vu mua lai cac cdng ty My
ciia cac cdng ty Trung Qudc (nhU Tap
doan Chinese National Offshore Oil
Corporation (CNOOC) mua lai cdng
ty dau Unocal, Haier mua cdng ty
san xuat Maytag eiia My va Lenovo
mua lai chi n h a n h may tinh ca nhan
IBM) Ve quan sii, vd sd' bao cao cua
Bd Qud'e phdng va Qud'e hdi deu
mang am dieu dang ngai trUdc viec
Trung Qud'e day manh xay diing
quan ddi hien dai Mot sd' ngUdi cdi
dieu nay nhif la lan sdng khac ve "edn
sd't Trung Qudc" trong cdng chiing
My NhUng ngUdi khac gdi la sii quay
trd lai ciia sU bai ngoai "md'i de doa
Trung Qud'e" NhUng dii ba't cii dien
ta nao, ly do that sii dang sau cua lan
sdng mdi nay la nhan thiic ve sii trdi
day ciia Trung Qud'e nhU cUdng quo'c
khdng Id ve kinh te va quan sii Rd
rang, mot sd chinh khach va lanh dao
quan sii va gidi tinh hoa My dang lo lang ve td'e do trdi day cua Trung Qud'e, dac biet ve quan sU Viec sa lay tai Iraq ciing lam tang them sU lo ngai nay cua ho
Nam bat dUdc va'n de nay, nhUng nha hoach dinh chinh sach dd'i ngoai Trung Qudc tim each lam diu di md'i
lo ngai tii phia My va eac nUde khac Bdi vi, ho hieu rang neu khdng nd ciing se khdng mang lai sii dn dinh trong md'i quan he hai ben Vi vay, tii nam 2002, gidi tinh hoa Trung Qud'e, dai dien la Zheng Bijian, tifng la Trd
ly cho Chii tich Hd Cam Dao bat dau phat trien ly thuyet mdi ve "sii trdi day hda binh" nham giai quye't nguon gd'e sau xa sU hoai nghi ve Trung Qudc ciia phUdng Tay ndi chung va Hda Ky ndi rieng Trong phat hieu nhan chuyen tham Hoa Ky, Tdng bi thu Giang Trach Dan cd' gang leo lai luan diem: Hoa Ky can mot khung chien lUdc mdi de nhin sU trdi day eiia Trung Qud'e nhu mot cUdng qud'e Zheng Bijian tuyen bd' Trung Qud'e se nam lay con dUdng mdi trdi day hda binh hoan toan khac vdi Diie, Nhat va Lien Xd cu Con dUdng mdi dUde dac trUng bdi sii gan ket hdn la tach biet khdi tien trinh tdan eau hda kinh te Toan eau hda kinh te khien sii trdi day hda binh eiia Trung Qud'e la ed the Su phat trien ciia Trung Qud'e can mdi trUdng hda binh, ddi lai, sii phat trien dd se cung cd' hdn nUa hda binh qud'e te Tdm lai, sii trdi day hda binh ciia Trung Qudc mang lai nhUng
cd hdi hdn la thach thiie chd cdng ddng qud'e te
Thuyet "sii trdi day hoa binh" ciia Trung Qud'e rd rang cd tac ddng den nhan thiie eiia quan ehiic va gidi tinh hoa My Thii trUdng Ngoai giao My Robert B Zoellick cho rang: "Viec lam the nao ddi phd vdi siic manh dang
Trang 7khdng ngiing trdi day eiia Trung Qud'e
la mot va'n de quan trong trong chinh
sach ngoai giao eiia My." Va dng neu
ra quan diem "My phai thay ddi chinh
sach "hoa nhap" trong 30 nam qua"
nham "giiip Trung Qud'e van dung
hanh dong mang tinh xay diing."'''
Phat bieu ciia Thii trUdng Ngoai giao
Rober Zoellick ve md'i quan he hai
nude vao thang 9/2005 la sii cu the
hoa cho sii thay ddi nay'^ Trong phat
bieu cua minh, Zoellick dat ra mot sd
nen tang mdi trong quan he My
-Trung 6 n g dUa ra thuyet ve "Ben
lien quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem"
Chinh sach nay nham dUa Trung
Qud'e trd t h a n h "ben lien quan ldi ich
cd trach nhiem" trong he thd'ng qudc
te dang tdn tai do My giU vai trd chii
dao Trong dd, lan dau tien trong
tuyen bd chinh thifc eua chinh quyen,
dng chi ra rang, Trung Qudc khdng cd
he tu tUdng ciic doan va chd'ng My va
khdng tim each lat do he thdng quo'c
te dang tdn tai Ket luan nay cd ban
cha'm diit sii tranh cai lau nay trdng
cdng chiing My ve viec lieu Trung
Qudc ed thanh mot Lien Xd ke tiep
hay khdng trong ky nguyen hau
Chien tranh Lanh ZoeUick cung
tuyen bd la Trung Qudc khdng con
diing ngoai he thd'ng qud'e te Sau hai
thap ky cai each va md cifa, Trung
Qudc da trd t h a n h thanh vien tdan
dien cua he thd'ng qudc te Dii Trung
Qudc van chUa phai la mot nen dan
chii, nhUng ban than Trung Qudc
khdng bao gid tham gia vao cude chien
chd'ng dan chu Vi vay, Hoa Ky khdng
can loai bd hdp tac lau dai vdi Trung
Qud'e k h a i niem thii vi nha't dUdc de
ra trong phat hiiu nay la keu goi
Trung Qudc trd thanh "ben lien quan
ldi ich cd trach nhiem" trong he thdng
qudc te dii dng khdng thiic sii giai
thich cum nay cd nghia la gi
Cum tii mdi "ben lien quan ldi ich
ed trach nhiem" gay ra sii tranh luan sdi ndi trong gidi quan sat ve Hoa Ky ciia Trung Qud'e Tranh luan trd nen thii vi hdn do tinh md hd ciia cum tU nay va khd khan trong viec dich sang tieng Trung Qud'e vdi mdt cum tU tUdng iing Xua't hien mdt vai each dich khac nhau tren cac phUdng tien truyen thd'ng eiia Trung Qud'e Mdt sd nha phan tich Trung Qud'e ehi ra rang Hoa Ky dang hinh thanh nen mdt chien lUdc mdi vdi Trung Qud'e va Hoa
Ky s i n sang cha'p nhan sii trdi day cua Trung Qudc NhUng ngUdi khac hoai nghi y dinh thiic sU ding sau khai niem nay Ho chi ra ring, trong khi khai niem nay cho tha'y Washington chinh thiic cdng nhan Trung Qudc nhU thanh vien hdp phap ciia he thd'ng qud'e te hien thdi, nd cung cd nghia la hien thdi Washington se dat ra mdt bang ehuln cao hdn cho cac va'n de trong nUde va qudc te ciia Trung Qudc Trong qua khii Hoa Ky cd the cho Trung Qud'e mot sd dd'i xif dac biet ve thUdng mai, nhan quyen, phd bien hat nhan khi Trung Qud'e v l n la nUde diing ngoai
he thd'ng, sU dd'i xii dac biet dd khdng edn dUde dam bao cho mdt ben hen quan ldi ich ed trach nhiem
Cude dd'i thoai nhan thiie cdng khai nhu vay la ehUa tiing thay trong lich sif quan he My - Trung Nd chi ra
r i n g ea hai nUdc nhan tha'y sU cln thiet va tam quan trong eua viec tim^
ra khung nhan tbilc chien lUde mdi
n h i m xac dinh va dn dinh quan he
nay My mud'n tim ra mdt \i do nhan
thifc hdp ly de chap nhan va d niiic do nao dd tham ehi giiip dd sii trdi day eiia Trung Qudc vdi tU each la mdt cUdng qudc Idn Dan dan, khai niem
"ben hen quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem"
n i m trdng ngdn ngii ciia My ve Trung
Trang 8Qud'e Cum tii nay n I m trong nhiing
van kien chinh thiic d eac ca'p khac
nhau trong Bo Ngoai giao, Nha T r l n g
va Lau Nam gdc nhU dUdc phan anh
trdng hai van kien gan day eiia chinh
quyen la QDR va NSS Trong chuyen
tham My gan day eua Chu tich Trung
Qud'e Ho Cam Dao, cac nha lanh dao
hang dau hai nUdc rd rang cung cha'p
thuan each ndi nay Trong nhan xet
hoan nghenh luat South Lawn cua Nha
Trang, Tdng thd'ng Bush lan dau tien
tu dung cum tii nay.'^ Doi lai, nhan xet
ciia Chu tich Hd Cam Dao trong bUa an
trUa tai Nha Trang cung de cap cum tii
nay dii dng nhanh ehdng them rang
Trung Qudc va My nen trd thanh "dd'i
tac mang tinh xay diing".^^
Bat dau vdi khai niem ben lien
quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem, cd ve cac
nha hoach dinh chinh sach cap cao
trong Chinh quyen Bush ed' dUa ra
mot tap hdp ngdn ngU mdi de dinh
nghia ve Trung Qud'e va quan he cua
My vdi nUde nay Gan day, Hoa Ky
van chUa san sang vdi sii trd lai cua
ngdn ngU dudi thdi Clintdn va goi
Trung Qudc la mdt "dd'i tac chien lUdc"
theo nghia rd rang Cd ve Nha Trang
v l n lo lang nhieu ve viec sii dung tif
"chien lUdc" de md ta quan he vdi
Trung Qud'e gid'ng nhU nghia ciia cum
tii "dd'i tac chien lUdc" vd'n dUde danh
cho nhUng ddng minh cua My va cac
nen dan chii (theo dinh nghia ciia
My) Tuy nhien, do anh hUdng cua
khai niem ben lien quan ldi ich cd
trach nhiem, Hoa Ky hien san sang
thao luan nhUng va'n de "chien lUdc"
trong quan he hai nUdc va cdng nhan
Hoa Ky va Trung Qud'e cd mot so' "ldi
ich chien lUdc" chung NhUng dieu
chinh chinh sach nay phan anh mot
thiie te la quan he My - Trung da vUdt
xa pham trii quan he song phUdng,
hai nUde can phai hdp tac trong cac
cdng viec chung de dd'i phd vdi muon
van thach thiie ciia qudc te thdi ky hau Chien t r a n h Lanh •
Chu thich:
1) Kenneth Lieberthal (1996), "A New China Strategy,"
in Agenda 1996: Critical Issues in Foreign Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996), p 183 2) Susan M Puska (1998), New Century Old Thinking:
The Dangers of The Perceptual Gap in U.S.-China Relations (CarHsle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S Army War College, April 10, 1998)
3) James Mann (1999), About Face: A History of America's Curious Relationship with China, from Nbcon to Clinton(New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1999), p 130
4) Ramon Hawley M\ers Michel Oksenberg, and David L
Shambaugh (eds.), Making China Policy: Lessons from the Bush and Clinton Administrations (New York:
Rowman & Littlefield 2001)
5) Council on Foreign Relations' website "Campaign 2000: the Candidates, Their Supporters & E.xperts Debate Foreign Policy" [http://www foreignpolicy2000.org/library/index.html]
6) Rosemaiy Foot (2003) "Bush, China and Human Rights,"
Survival, Vol 45, No 2 (Summer 2003) pp 167-186
7) Rice, Cxjndoleezza (2000), "Promoting the National Interest,"
Foreign Affairs, Januaiy/February 2000, tr 56
8) Frontline (2005) The War Behind Closed Doors
httpy/ \v\\-N\ pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fronlline/shows/ii'aq/ctc'wolf html 9) Bush, George W (2002) "Remarks by the President at
2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy," J u n e 1, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/200 20601-3.html
10) White House (2002), "The National Security Strategy
of the United States of America," September 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf
11) Powell, Colin (2004), "A strategy of partnerships"
Foreign Affairs, January/February, 2004, tr 4, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040101
facssay83104-p50/colin-l-powell/a-strategy ofpartnerships.html
12) Zhiqun Zhu (2006), US - China Relations in the 21st Century, Routledge, Taylor & Francis, tr 113 13) Powell, Colin (2002a) Testimony Before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, April 24, 2002, http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/
2002/9685.htm
14) Powell, Colin (2003) Remarks at dinner honoring Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, December 8, 2003, http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/
2003/26973.htm
15) "Xu hil6ng dieu chinh chien lUdc cua Chinh quyen Bush doi vdi Trung Quoc" TTXVN, TLTKDB, Trl-9,2006
16) Zoellick, Robert (2005a) "Whither China: from membership to responsibility," remarks to National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, September 21,
2005, http://www.ncuscr.org /articlesandspeeches/Zoellick.htm
17) Bush, George W and Hu Jingtao (2006a) , "President Bush and President Hu of People's Republic of China participate in arrival ceremony," April 20, 2006
http://ww\v.whitehouse.gov /news/relcascs'2006/04/images/20060420_v042006db-0046jpg515h.html
18) Bush, George W, and Hu Jingtao (2006b), "President Bush and People's Republic of China President Hu change luncheon toasts," April 20, 2006, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/04/200 60420-2.html