Ngoai viec khang dinh lai nhung gia tri CO ban la Tu do, Cdng bang, Doan ket, Cuong ITnh mdi neu rd SPD tu coi minh la dang nhan dan canh ta, cd ngudn gdc tir Do Thai giao va Thien C[r]
Trang 1DANG XA HOI DAN CHU DLTC - Ll/QC TRINH 135 NAM TCrTRUviN THONG DEN HIEN D A I ( 1 8 7 5 - 2 0 1 0 )
PGS TS Nguyen Hoang Giap PGS.TS Nguyen Thj Que
Vien Quan he quoc te Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
Dang Xa hdi dan chu Diic
(Soziademokratische Partei Deutschland
-SPD) ra ddi nam 1875, trd thanh chinh dang
ddc lap dau tien ciia giai cap cdng nhan va
lao ddng tren the gidi Sir kien nay ddng
thdi ciing md ra cdt mdc cho su hinh thanh
trao luu xa hgi dan chii qudc te Trong lich
sir 135 nam qua, SPD mac dii da trai qua
nhirng giai doan hoat dgng thang tram, phiie
tap, nhung van la mdt chinh dang ldn, cd
anh hudng sau rdng trong ddi sdng chinh tri
xa hgi nudc Diic ciing nhu d chau Au va
tren the gidi Vdi 23 nam tren vi tri dang
cam quyen trong 61 nam ke tir khi Cdng hda
Lien bang Dire dugc thanh lap (1949), SPD
cd nhiing ddng gdp xiing dang ddi vdi sir
phat trien cua nudc Dire duang dai Mat
khac, SPD cdn la mdt trong nhiing dang xa
hdi dan chii ndng cdt ciia Qudc te Xa hdi
(Socialits International-SI), td chirc qudc te
cd sir tham gia ciia han 160 dang va td chiic
thanh vien tir tat ca cac chau luc tren hanh
tinh hien nay
Dang Xa hgi dan chu Diic ra ddi la ca
mdt qua trinh, gan bd mat thiet vdi cugc diu
tranh cua phong trao cdng nhan, lao ddng d
Dire va chau Au tir giira the ky XIX Trudc
sir phat trien manh ciia phong trao cdng nhan, nam 1863, F Latxan (Ferdirrad Lassalle) - mdt nha lanh dao cua giai cap cdng nhan Diic- da thanh lap Tdng hdi Cdng nhan Diic (ADAV) Sir kien nay cd y nghTa quan trgng, thiic day sir trudng thanh y thiic giai cap va tang cudng doan ket thdng nhat giai cap edng nhan
Latxan chii truang dau tranh chdng chu nghTa tu ban bang con dudng cai luong nghi trudng Ong cho rang, de gianh thang lgi thi giai cap cdng nhan phai thanh lap mdt chinh dang rieng ciia minh va phai lay viec bau cir phd thdng dau phieu cdng bang va true tiep lam khau hieu va nggn cd tap hgp lire lugng, coi day la nguyen ly boat ddng ciia dang Latxan khang dinh, ehi cd dai dien ciia giai cap cdng nhan trong cac ca quan lap hien ciia Diic mdi bao dam nhirng lgi ich chinh dang ciia hg ve mat chinh tri, do dd viec tiin hanh nhiing hoat dgng hoa binh, hgp phap phai la cuong ITnh ciia dang cdng nhan KI thira tu tudng cua Latxan, sau nay Becxtanh (E Bernstein) va Cauxky (K Kautsky) -nhiing thu ITnh ciia Dang Xa hdi dan chii Dire- da phat trien thanh chii nghTa ca hgi cai luang trong phong trao edng nhan qudc tl
Trang 2Nam 1869, nhiing ngudi theo tu tudng
maexit d Dire, dimg dau la A Bebel (August
Bebel) va W Lipnech (Wilhelm Liebknecht),
thanh lap Dang Cdng nhan Xa hdi dan chii
Dire (SDAP), thdng qua Cuong ITnh Aixonac
(ten dia diem dien ra dai hdi thanh lap
Dang) Cuong ITnh xac dinh muc tieu dau
tranh xda bd chii nghTa tu ban, xay dung nha
nudc nhan dan tu do, coi tu do chinh tri la
tien de de giai phdng giai cap cdng nhan ve
kinh te va cudc dau tranh giai phdng lao
ddng mang tinh qudc te Den thang 9-1875,
Dang Cdng nhan Xa hdi dan chu Diic hgp
nhat vdi Tdng hdi Cdng nhan Diic thanh
Dang Cdng nhan xa hdi chii nghTa Dire
(SAPD), thdng qua Cuong ITnh Gdta, trong
dd chiia dung nhiing tu tudng cai luong ciia
phai Latxan Do dd, C.Mac da phe phan gay
gat ban cuong ITnh nay trong tac pham ''Phe
phdn Cuang linh Goto" Den nam 1891,
SAPD chinh thirc khang dinh ten ggi ciia
Dang la Dang Xa hoi dan chu Diic (SPD)
va ten ggi dd tdn tai cho den ngay nay Nhu
vay Dang Xa hdi dan chii Diic la dang xa
hdi dan chii dau tien tren the gidi Tir cai ndi
giau tiem nang ly luan tu tudng va truyen
thdng each mang la nudc Diic, trao luu xa hdi
dan chil lan tda ra chau Au va the gidi, chinh
thiic trd thanh mgt trao luu qudc te vao nhung
nam 70-80 cua thi ky XIX
Trong thdi ky khdi dau, SPD the hien
kha rd net khuynh hudng each mang, cd mdi
quan he gan bd vdi chii nghTa Mac Mat
khae, Dang bit dau tham gia ngay cang tich
cue vao nhieu cudc tuyen cir phd thdng dau
phieu, ty le phieu iing hd cho Dang tang len dang ke va cac dai bieu ciia Dang da cd mat tai Nghi vien Dire Viec sir dung tuong ddi thanh cdng phd thdng dau phieu de tang cudng anh hudng da tao ra mdt phuang thirc dau tranh mdi ciia nhirng ngudi xa hdi dan chil Diic Day dugc coi la mdt sang tao trong phuong phap dau tranh cua phong trao cdng nhan qudc te, lan dau tien dugc giai cap cdng nhan Diic va nhirng ngudi xa hdi dan chu Due tien hanh
Tuy nhien, cang ve nhiing nam cudi the
ky XIX trd di, nhat la sau khi Ph Angghen qua ddi, cac thii ITnh cai luong, co hdi va xet lai trong SPD, dung dau la Becxtanh cang gia tang liing doan Dang va phong trao xa hdi dan chu qudc te Dang bi chia re sau sac, lam vao cudc dau tranh ndi bd trien mien giiia cac phe phai, nhat la giira hai khuynh hudng each mang va cai luong co hdi Sir thang the ciia khuynh hudng ca hdi, xet lai lam cho SPD ngay cang xa rdi nhiing nguyen ly each mang maexit, tham chi sa vao lap trudng chdng chii nghTa xa hdi khoa hge Ve chinh tri Dang chuyen manh sang thoa hiep giai cap, tir bd dau tranh each mang vi sir nghiep xda bd ap biic bdc lot ciia chil nghTa tu ban Becxtanh khing dinh nhiem vy ea ban ciia phong trao cdng nhan
la dau tranh cho nhiing cai each nham cai thien hoan canh kinh te ciia giai cap cdng nhan dudi che do tu ban chii nghTa Tir day, con dudng dau tranh nghi trudng dugc tuyet ddi hda nhu la eon dudng duy nhat cd thi cai bien chu nghTa tu ban de di tdi chii nghTa
Trang 326 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 ni8).2010
xa hdi Phuang cham mang tinh ca hdi cai
luang ndi bat nhat ma Becxtanh neu ra la:
"Phong trdo la tdt cd, muc dich cudi cung
chi la con so 0" va "Chi cdn 50% dgi bieu
cong nhdn trong nghi vien tu sdn thi cdeh
mgng vo sdn nhdt dinh thdnh cong" Ve
thuc chat, day la nhiing luan diem phii nhan
Sli menh lich sir ciia giai cap cdng nhan theo
quan diem chu nghTa xa hdi khoa hge
Khi Chien tranh the gidi thir Nhit no ra,
phai ca hdi xet lai trong SPD diing tren lap
trudng chil nghTa xa hdi dan tdc sd vanh, img
hd khau hieu "Bao ve Td qudc" ciia giai cip
tu san SPD bi phan liet thanh hai dang: SPD
ddc lap (USPD) va SPD da sd (MSPD; mau
thuan vdi nhau gay gat va mai den nam 1922
mdi thdng nhat lai Trong nhirng nam 20-30
ciia the ky XX, ndi bd SPD van khdng thdng
nhat, do dd khdng dua ra dugc dudng ldi
cuong ITnh rd rang, nhat la trong bdi canh
chil nghTa phat xit d Diic ngay cang phat
trien Nam 1933, Hitler vdi Dang Qudc xa
len nam chinh quyin, SPD rai vao tinh thi
khd khan va den nam 1934 bi phat xit giai
tan, phai riit vao hoat ddng bi mat
Sau Chien tranh thi gidi thii Hai, SPD
chinh thiic hoat ddng cdng khai trd lai vao
thang 5-1946 Mac du cd rit nhilu cd ging
trong hoat ddng ly luan va thuc tien, nhung
qua nhieu ky bau cir Qudc hgi Lien bang sau
chien tranh, SPD van la dang ddi lap Nam
1951, SPD tham gia thanh lap Qudc tl Xa
hdi (SI) tai thanh phd Phranphude ciia nudc
Diic va cd nhung ddng gdp quan trgng nhit
trong viec soan thao ban Tuyen ngdn ciia td
chiic qudc te nay - Tuyen ngon Phranphude
Ndi dung Tuyen ngdn the hien rd lap trudng cua SPD, trong dd dua ra quan diem trung lap ve the gidi quan, phi y thiic he va de xuit
con duong thic ba - khong phdi Id con dudng chit nghTa tic bdn, khong phdi con dudng chii nghTa xd hoi md Id con duang tien toi mot xd hoi cdng bdng, mot doi song tot hon, tu do
vd hod binh tren the gioi Tu tudng mdi ve
"phi y thirc he" danh dau viec trao luu xa hgi dan chil ndi ehung va SPD ndi rieng dd hoan toan doan tuyet vdi nhirng tu tudng cua chii nghTa xa hdi khoa hge Hoc thuyit Mac chi cdn la di san van hoa - lich sir, dua xudng ngang hang vdi cac trao luu chinh tri - tu tudng khac ma nhiing ngudi xa hgi dan chii
cd the sir dung de dat tdi mdt xa hdi cdng bang Nhiing ngudi xa hdi dan chu phe phan chil nghTa tu ban, chii nghTa thuc dan, nhung lai tuyen bd y dinh khic phuc chii nghTa tu ban bang mdt che do xa hdi mdi vdi su md rdng tu do ca nhan tren ca sd sung tiic vl kinh te, ddng thdi kich liet cdng kich chu nghTa xa hdi hien thuc la khdng cd dan chu
va tdn thd sir ddc quyin thdng tri cua Dang
va Nha nudc
Nhiing ndi dung ca ban neu tren ciia Tuyen ngdn Phranphude dugc tiip tuc khing
dinh lai trong Cuang ITnh Godexbec cua SPD
nam 1959 Ciing vdi viec bac bd thi gidi quan va he tu tudng ndi chung, Cuang ITnh Godexbec loai bd chu nghTa Mac trong nin tang tu tudng ly luan cua minh, dong thdi viit bd khai niem giai cip va diu tranh giai cap cua Mac Cuong ITnh khing dinh chu
Trang 4nghTa xa hdi dan chu bat ngudn tir giao ly
Thien chiia, tir chu nghTa nhan dao va nhieu
quan diem cua triet hge cd dien Tren ITnh
vuc kinh te, Cuong ITnh Gddexbec nhan
manh y nghTa va vai trd ciia canh tranh, xda
bd chil truang xa hdi hiia, nhung van danh
mdt phan ndi ve sd hiru cdng, coi dd nhu la
hinh thirc hgp phap ciia sir kiem soat eiia nha
nudc Lan dau tien trong cuang ITnh, SPD
neu ra va khang dinh nhirng gia tri ca ban
ciia minh la: Tu do, Cdng bang va Doan ket
Cuong ITnh Gddexbec danh dau sir chuyen
bien co ban cua SPD nham thich iing vdi
nhiing dieu kien xa hdi da thay ddi, dae biet
la the hien y chi gianh lay quyen lire chinh tri
nha nude SPD da gat sang mdt ben "rao
can" giai cap nham thu hut manh hon cac
tang ldp dan cu trong xa hdi Tir mdt dang
vdn ciia giai cap cdng nhan va lao ddng, gid
day SPD da trd thanh mdt dang nhan dan
Cuong ITnh Gddexbec trd thanh kim chi nam
cho SPD trong qua trinh dau tranh dat tdi
muc tieu gianh quyen lire ehinh tri
Tren phuong dien ddi ngoai, Cuong ITnh
Gddexbec cho rang, trong bdi canh Chien
tranh Lanh dang ngay cang trd nen gay gat,
nhiem vu ldn nhat va cap bach nhat la giii
gin hda binh va bao dam quyen tu do thdng
qua hgp tae, doan ket qudc te va giai trir
quan bi Mat khac, trong mdt the gidi ma tat
ca eac lgi ich va cac mdi quan he dan xen vdi
nhau thi khdng mdt dan tdc nao cd kha nang
tu minh giai quyet dugc cac van de chinh tri,
kinh te - xa hgi ciia minh neu khdng cd sir
hgp tac vdi cac dan tgc khac Do vay, SPD
chil truang xay dung quan he ngoai giao va quan he thuang mai binh thudng, da dang hda vdi tat ea cac nudc khdng phan biet che
do chinh tri va ca cau xa hdi
Sau nhiing thay ddi va dieu chinh dudng ldi chinh tri nhu da ndi, SPD tap trung ciing
ed ve td chiic tir trung uong den cac dia phuong, ddi ngii dang vien SPD da tang len kha nhanh chdng dat xap xi 1 trieu ngudi Trong bdi canh lien minh cam quyen ciia Dang Lien minh Dan chu Co ddc giao (CDU) vdi Dang Lien minh Xa hdi Co ddc giao (CSU) va Dang Dan chii tu do diing trudc nhiing khd khan to ldn ca ve ddi ngi lan ddi ngoai, nhat la tren ITnh vuc kinh te va viec lam, SPD da nhanh chdng, cd cac cude thuong lugng thanh cdng de tien tdi thanh lap chinh phii dai lien minh giira SPD vdi CDU-CSU vao cudi nam 1966 Lan dau tien sau Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai, SPD budc vao vi tri cam quyen Sau ba nam (1966-1969) trong dai lien minh cam quyen, tai cudc bau cir thang 9-1969, SPD gianh thing lgi ldn trong bau cir Qudc hdi va lien minh vdi Dang Dan chii tu do (FDP) lap chinh phii
do W Brandt lam Thii tudng, md ra giai doan 3 nhiem ky lien tuc cam quyen ciia SPD-FDP tir 1969 din 1982
Trong 16 nam cam quyen (1966-1982), SPD da chiing td vai trd va vi the ciia minh trong xa hdi Dire Dac biet, giai doan
1969-1982, chinh phii lien minh giiia SPD vdi FDP da dem lai cho nudc Due nhiing thanh qua to ldn: day nhanh cac cudc cai each, tang cudng mang ludi an sinh xa hdi, md rdng
Trang 528 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 11181.2010
tinh cdng khai, phat huy tinh tu quyet va su
tham gia dan chii cua cdng dan vao cac hoat
ddng xa hdi Ve ddi ngoai, dudng ldi chinh
sach ciia SPD da gdp phan tich cue thiic day
giai trir quan bi, xiic tien quan he cua CHLB
Diic vdi Lien Xd va cac nudc xa hdi chii
nghTa, khdi ddng tien trinh Hdi nghi ve Hoa
binh va An ninh chau Au tai Henxinky
(19731975), lam giam ddi dau Ddng
-Tay Vai trd cua SPD trong phong trao xa
hdi dan chii qudc te, dac biet la ciia Chii tich
SPD, ddng thdi la Chii tich Qudc te Xa hgi
W Brandt dugc danh gia cao Trong viec
giai quyet nhirng van de qudc te ciing nhu
nhieu van de mang tinh toan cau khac, Qudc
te Xa hdi chiu anh hudng khdng nhd tir quan
diem cua SPD Dudi sir lanh dao ciia W
Brandt, td chiic qudc te nay ra tuyen bd iing
hd ddi thoai Bac - Nam, iing hd cudc dau
tranh thiet lap trat tu kinh te qude te mdi, de
xuat cae bien phap chuyen giao sang the gidi
thic ba nhung cdng nghe phu hgp, ddng thdi
de xuat hgp tac vdi eac nudc dang phat trien
ve kinh te, bao ve mdi trudng, khai thac cd
hieu qua ngudn tai nguyen san cd ciia nhirng
nudc nay Dang chii y la nhung kien nghi
Clia Qude te Xa hdi xung quanh van de giam
cang thang qudc te, giai trir quan bi, chdng
chay dua vii trang, bao ve mdi trudng thi
gidi dugc cdng ddng qudc te, nhit la cac
dang cdng san va cac nudc xa hdi chii nghia
ddn nhan tich cue, gdp phan cai thien rit
dang ke quan he giiia nhiing ngudi cdng san
va nhiing ngudd xa hgi dan chu trong nhiing
thap nien 1970- 1980^" Vdi nhung kit qua dat dugc trong 16 nam cam quyen neu tren, SPD da gdp phan nang cao vi the kinh te va chinh tri cua nudc Diic tren trudng qudc te Tuy nhien, trong ddi ngi, do can nguyen cua nhiing khd khan kinh te khdng dugc giai quyet triet nen nen kinh te Dire van an chiia nhieu bat dn va tiep tuc bi day tdi trudc nhirng nan giai mdi, keo theo nhiing van de
xa hdi nhu that nghiep, khoang each giau ngheo, mdi trudng xudng cap Tinh hinh do lam gia tang su ran nirt trong cac quan diem xay dung chinh sach giira SPD va FDP ciing vdi cudc dau tranh ndi bg SPD dan den sir sup dd giiia chimg chinh phu lien minh SPD-FDP vao thang 9-1982, chim diit mdt "ky nguyen xa hdi dan chii" SPD budc vao thdi
ky 16 nam lien tue tren vi tri dang ddi lap (1982-1998)
Trudc nhiing van de mdi dat ra trong dieu kien eua mgt dang ddi lap, SPD nhan thay can phai xay dung cho minh mdt dien mao mdi, ddng thdi chii truang tang cudng sire manh ciia Dang thdng qua ddi thoai va lien he mat thiet vdi nhan dan, coi viec phin dau ve cac gia tri ca ban: Tu do, Cdng bing, Doan kit trong thuc tiin la nhiem vu thudng xuyen nhim thu hiit cir tri dl gianh lai
quyen luc chinh tri Cuang ITnh Berlin dugc
SPD thdng qua nam 1989 la nhim hudng tdi muc tieu dd Ngoai viee tiip tuc nhin manh cac gia tri ca ban, lin diu tien mgt cuong ITnh chinh tri cua SPD da dl cap din
*'' Quan he quoc te, Nxb Chinh tri- Hanh chinh Ha
Noi, 2010, tr 177
Trang 6con ngudi, quyen con ngudi mdt each kha
toan dien, den van de mdi trudng - sinh thai
va tinh ben vung ciia su phat trien Dang
chil truang nen dan chu nghi vien vdi sir
phan cdng trach nhiem phai ngay cang cu
the, rd rang han giira Qudc hdi va Chinh
phu, giura Nha nudc Lien bang vdi bang va
dia phuang, giira Nha nudc va edng dan
SPD nhan manh viec tang cudng sir tham
quyet va tu chiu trach nhiem ciia dia
phuang va cdng dan Di theo hudng nay,
tir giira thap nien 90 the ky XX, SPD cimg
vdi Cdng dang Anh va mdt sd dang xa hdi
dan chil d Tay Au dua ra dudng ldi trung
dung mdi - "Con duang thic ba moi'' nhu la
cau tra ldi cho nhiing van de kinh te - xa hdi
dang dat ra liic dd ddi vdi cae dang xa hdi
dan chu Day la sir ehuyen hudng tu tudng
de thich nghi vdi nhung thay ddi cua the
gidi sau Chien tranh Lanh va sir phat trien
ciia xu the toan cau hda, la nd luc tim kiem
giai phap thay the cho phuang an con
dudng thii ba truyen thdng ciia trao luu xa
hdi dan chu vdn da trd nen khdng hieu qua,
tham chi be tae do ganh nang chi tieu cho
phiic lgi xa hdi ngay cang ldn
Con duong thic ba mai duac coi Id con
duong trung dung giiia con duong thic ba
truyin thing (mo hinh nhd nuoc phiic loi)
ciia cdc ddng xd hoi ddn chii vdi chii nghTa
tu do moi cua chii nghTa tu bdn Day thuc
chat la vira dua vao nha nudc, vira dua vao
kinh te thi trudng va chii nghTa tu do mdi ve
kinh tl Con dudng thii ba mdi chii truang
tao ra mdt nen kinh te hdn hgp cac hinh thiic
sd hiiu nhung khdng gidng vdi nen kinh te hdn hgp do phai ta cii neu ra, khdng phai la tim kiem sir can bang giiia qudc hiiu vdi tu hiiu, ma la tao ra sir can bang giiia quan ly va xoa bd quan ly, la sir ket hgp giiia chiic nang can thiep eiia chinh phii vdi tinh tich cue cua thi trudng xa hdi Ndi mdt each khac, nd chii trgng sir can bang trong quan ly kinh te bang each cat giam quyen han ciia chinh phii va tang quyen han, trach nhiem cua ca nhan, ciia doanh nghiep, quan tam den quy luat cua kinh te thi trudng Day la ehii truong phan giai quyen lire nha nudc xudng dudi cho cac dia phuong va chuyen them quyen luc cho eac doanh nghiep, nhat la cac cdng ty da qudc gia
Dudng ldi trung dung mdi ma SPD theo dudi nhan manh rang, eudc dau tranh giira kinh te thi trudng va kinh te cdng hiiu da ket thiic, cho nen can chuyen sang thiie day mdi quan he hgp tae giiia chinh phii vdi gidi cdng nghiep, giira cac hinh thiic sd hiiu vdi nhau nham giam bdi mau thuan, tao nen sir tang trudng lau dai va ca hdi tao ra nhieu viee lam nham giai quyet mdt trong sd nhiing van
de kinh te - xa hdi rat biic xiic, gay gat la nan that nghiep cao trudc xu the thay ddi nhanh chdng eiia ca cau san xuat hien dai trong bdi canh toan cau hoa va phat trien kinh tl tri thiic Ve ITnh vue xa hdi, SPD ehii truong thay ddi chinh sach phiic lgi nha nudc nham giam ganh nang ngan sach, chii trgng tao ra nhieu viec lam chii khdng qua tap trung vao trg cap that nghiep Nha nudc can quan tam
Trang 730 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (118).2010
den cdng tac dao tao de mdi cdng dan cd ca
hdi tim kiem viee lam, thich ling nhanh vdi
xu the toan cau hoa^ '
Nhiing cd gang cua SPD tren ca phuong
dien hoat ddng ly luan va thuc tien da dua lai
ket qua vdi su thang lgi cua Dang trong cudc
bau cir Qudc hdi lien bang thang 9-1998 va
ciing vdi Dang Xanh lap chinh phii lien minh
cam quyen Bdn nam sau, tai cudc bau cir
Qudc hdi Lien bang nam 2002, lien minh
Dd-Xanh (giiia SPD va Dang Xanh) lai tiip
tuc gianh thang lgi trong nhiem ky thir hai
lien tiep
Thanh cdng ldn nhat trong viec thuc
hien dudng ldi trung dung mdi cua SPD
trong hai nhiem ky lien minh cam quyen
theo danh gia eua cac chuyen gia, la da dua
nudc Due thoat ra khdi tinh trang "ddng
bang" ve cai each Chinh phii da tiin hanh
cai each manh me tren nhieu ITnh vuc: phat
trien kinh te, cdng bang xa hdi, an sinh xa
hdi, thi trudng lao ddng Mdi quan he cdng
dan - nha nudc - xa hdi ciing bien ddi nhanh
chdng Qua trinh ca the hda tang len, con
ngudi tu chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi ban than
nhieu hon, sir tu quan cua cdng dan manh
hon; ngudi dan hieu va yeu cau nha nudc
phai dan chu, cdng khai, minh bach hon,
nhat la dan chu tnong kinh te va rd rang,
minh bach trong thu chi ngan sach va ddi
dugc quyen tham quyet manh me hon
Ngugc lai, nha nudc ciing phan quyen manh
hon, chia se trach nhiem vai dia phuong va
Nhdn dien "Con duang thic ba mai" ciia cdc ddng
ddn chil xdhdi, T/c Sinh hoat ly luan, 1/2005, tr 4
cdng dan nhieu han Quyen va nghTa vu ciia dia phuong, ciia ngudi dan dugc phan dinh
rd rang hon Chinh phii da xuc tien cat giam kha manh cac miic thue ap dung ddi vdi hoat ddng kinh doanh Trong Hch sir CHLB Dire, chua cd chinh phii nao timg cat giam thul nhieu nhu chinh phu cua Thu tudng G Schroder
Tuy nhien, tren thue te SPD da khdng tao ra dugc budc ngoat thuc sir trong chinh sach; nen kinh te, thi trudng lao ddng tuy trai qua nhieu cai each nhung nhiing cai each do
ve ca ban lai deu mang tinh nira vdi, nen ngay cang rai vao khiing hoang tram trgng Chinh phu SPD khdng nhirng khdng thuc hien dugc lai hiia giam that nghiep, ma cdn phai danh mdt khoan tien ldn hon cho viec chi tra bao hiem va trg cip xa hdi Ty le thit nghiep cao gin 10% (han 5 trieu ngudi), diu
tu giam Slit, cau ve hang hda va dich vu suy giam, du ng nha nudc tang Nhin chung, kinh tl Diic tang trudng kem hon cac nudc trong khu vuc, ngan sach tiip tuc tham hut (vugt qua ngudng 3% ciia Lien minh Tiin te Chau Au - EMU), phiic lgi xa hgi bi giam siit nghiem trgng, ddi sdng ngudi lao ddng ngay cang them khd khan, sir chenh lech trong thu nhap va mirc sdng giira cac nhdm dan cu ngay cang tang khiin cho cdng bing xa hoi van chi la mdt udc ma xa vdi Tit ca dilu nay lam cho uy tin ciia chinh phu sut giam nghiem trgng, SPD lien tiip bi mit dilm tai cac cudc biu cir dia phuang Trudc tinh thi
dd, lien minh cam quyin quyit dinh biu cir trudc thdi han nhim liy lai ldng tin cua cu tri Nhung trong biu cir Qudc hgi lien bang
Trang 8trudc thdi ban vao thang 9/2005, SPD da
khdng gianh dugc da sd, budc phai tham gia
dai lien minh vdi CDU-CSU va mat quyin
thanh lap chinh phu G Schroder phai
nhudng vi tri thu tudng cho ba Anggela
Merkel Trong lich sir Diic, day la lan thii hai
CDU-CSU va SPD lien minh vdi nhau thanh
lap chinh phii dieu hanh dat nudc (lan thir
nhat vao nam 1966)
Sau that bai trong bau cir Qude hdi Lien
bang nam 2005, SPD dang tieh cue chuan bi
de cd the quay trd lai cam quyen Mdt trong
nhiing nd lire dd la viec soan thao va thdng
qua cuong ITnh mdi - Cuang ITnh Hambuoe
(10-2007) Day dugc coi la Cuong ITnh hanh
dgng ciia SPD trong thi ky XXI - "thi ky
dau tien thuc sir toan cau hda", the ky ma "tir
trudc den nay chua bao gid mgi ngudi tren
khap the gidi lai phu thuge vao nhau den nhu
vay" Ngoai viec khang dinh lai nhung gia tri
CO ban la Tu do, Cdng bang, Doan ket,
Cuong ITnh mdi neu rd SPD tu coi minh la
dang nhan dan canh ta, cd ngudn gdc tir Do
Thai giao va Thien Chiia giao, tir phong trao
Nhan van va Khai sang, tir nhung phan tich
xa hdi maexit va nhirng kinh nghiem dau
tranh cua phong trao cdng nhan Diem mdi
dang chii y d day la sir de cap den "nhirng
phan tich xa hdi maexit" trong ngudn gdc
ciia SPD Cuong ITnh xac dinh 8 muc tieu va
chinh sach ciia SPD, dd la*^': 1) Mdt thi gidi
hda binh va cdng bing; 2) Mdt chau Au dan
chil va xa hdi; 3) Mdt xa hdi cdng dan doan
ket va mdt nha nudc dan chii; 4) Binh dang gidi; 5) Tien bd mang tinh ben virng va tang trudng cd chat lugng; 6) Viec lam tir te cho tat ca mgi ngudi; 7) Mdt nha nudc xa hdi lo xa; 8) Mdt he thdng dao tao tdt hon, mdt xa hdi than thien vdi tre em va nhiing gia dinh virng chac
Danh gia ve chii nghTa tu ban trong dieu kien toan cau hda hien nay, SPD cho rang nd song hanh vdi tinh trang thieu dan chii va bat cdng Chil nghia tu ban toan cau di ngugc lai muc tieu ve mdt the gidi tu do va doan ket, lam sau sac hon nhiing bat cdng vdn cd va tao ra nhiing bat edng mdi Chinh vi vay, nhiing ngudi xa hdi dan chii Dire phai tien hanh dau tranh d trong nudc, d chau Au va tren the gidi cho mdt cau tra ldi mang tinh xa hdi ddi vdi chii nghTa tu ban toan cau Tir nhan thiic nay, SPD xac dinh: "Nhiem vu ldn cua the ky XXI la kien thiet qua trinh toan cau hda bang nhung bien phap chinh tri dan chu"(^\
Hoat ddng cua SPD cho thay, trong dilu kien da nguyen chinh tri, da dang ddi lap d mdt nudc tu ban phat trien Dang phai khdng ngimg dieu chinh mdt each thich hgp ve mgi mat tir dudng ldi cuong ITnh den phuang thiic lanh dao va hoat ddng thuc tien, niu khdng se phai ddi mat vdi viee bi day ra khdi
vi tri cam quyen Ve phuong thiic hoat dgng
va lanh dao, kinh nghiem cua SPD da chi ra rang phai dua tren ba chii the trong Dang, dd
la eac hoat dgng ciia: toan Dang, dang doan trong Qudc hdi, lanh tu va cd van ciia Dang
'^' Dang Xa hpi dan chii Diic, Cuang Unh Hamburg
ndm 2007, Tai lieu djch ciia Hpc vien Chinh trj
-Hanh chinh qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh, tr 63
''*' Dang Xa hpi dan chii Due, Cuong linh Hamburg ndm 2007, Tai lieu do din, tr 7-11
Trang 932 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (118).2010
SPD dac biet quan tam hoat ddng cua dang
doan trong Qudc hdi vi nd gay dugc anh
hucmg rat ldn Nhiing bien phap chinh sach
cu the ciia nha nudc dugc thao luan va thdng
qua tai Qudc hdi, chii khdng phai cac nghi
quyet Dang d cac cap Hon niia, SPD thudng
cam quyen trong mdt chinh phii lien minh (it
nhat mdt ddi tac), cho nen trudc khi ban
hanh cac chii truong, chinh sach, quyet dinh
Dang phai thdng nhat vdi ddi tac lien minh
cua minh Day la sir hgp tac cua da sd cac
nhdm cir tri khac nhau trong xa hdi va mdi
ben deu ed quan niem rieng ve eac chinh
sach Tir cuong ITnh ciia cac dang khac nhau
trong lien minh, SPD phai lam the nao de
dua ra dugc chinh sach trung hiru, cd tinh
chat thda hiep vdi cac ben ddi tac
Ngoai ra, d Diic, hiep hdi gidi chii va
cac cdng doan deu rat manh Hiep hdi gidi
chil bao gdm hang nghin giam ddc cac doanh
nghiep va cd anh hudng ldn den chinh sach
kinh te, cdn cae cdng doan d Diic cd khoang
8 trieu doan vien la mdt luc lugng xa hdi
ddng dao Tren thuc te, SPD bao gid ciing
phai lien minh vdi mdt dang canh hiiu nao
dd ve mat chinh sach xa hdi Khi tranh gianh
cir tri bao gid ciing phai tranh gianh vdi
nhung dang canh hiru, khi mudn dua ra dao
luat nao va thuc thi nd ciing deu phai tinh
den su phan img ciia cac dang canh hiru
trong Qudc hdi Trong bat cii van de nao
ciing phai tham dd y kien ciia gidi chu va
cdng doan vi hg la nhiing nhdm xa hgi cd
anh hudng ldn manh
De gay anh hudng va uy tin, SPD ludn
coi trgng vai trd tien phong guong mau ciia
ddi ngii dang vien hoat ddng trong cac co quan nha nudc, cac td chiic ehinh tri xa hgi Qua dd Dang van ddng va thu hiit dugc tat
ca cac lire lugng xa hdi, nhat la nhimg ngudi lao ddng cd trinh do cao, de hg img hg cuang ITnh cua Dang, quan tam den hoat ddng cua Dang Nha vay, nhieu nam qua ea sd giai cap xa hdi ciia Dang cd sir thay ddi ldn vdi sir thu hep edng nhan cdng nghiep nhung lai
md rdng sang cac tang ldp cdng chiic, tri thiic, trung luu, nhiing ngudi lam dich vu va
ky thuat cao Ca cau do tudi dang vien SPD
cd xu hudng tre hda Mat khac, de phuang thiic hoat ddng va lanh dao cd chat lugng va hieu qua, SPD ludn quan tam den ddi mdi ve hinh thiic, ca cau, ve cdng tac dang SPD trong phuang thirc boat ddng va lanh dao chu trgng boat ddng kiem tra Uy ban Kiem tra do Dai hdi bau ra, iiy vien Ban chap hanh Trung uong khdng dugc phep nam trong Uy ban Kiem tra IJy ban nay hoat ddng ddc lap,
cd quyen kiem tra bat ky mdt td chirc hoac mdt dang vien nao cho dii hg d mdt cuong vi nao
Chinh sir quan tam thudng xuyen viec ddi mdi cdng tac td chiic va phuong thiic hoat ddng do giiip cho SPD duy tri dugc vai trd, vi tri va anh hudng cao trong ddi sing chinh tri, xa hdi dat nuac trudc siic ep canh tranh va dau tranh quyit liet giira cac dang phai theo nhiing khuynh hudng chinh trj khac nhau Dilu dd cang tdi luyen ban ITnh
va phong each cua mdt chinh dang vdn giau truyen thdng cim quyin nhu SPD, ddng thdi
md ra nhiing kha nang mdi dl hg cd thi vuot qua nhung thach thiic dang dat ra hien nay./