Linh vflc dich vti d Viet Nam chfla thflc sfl thuan ldi cho cac nha dau tfl, them vao dd kha nang tie'p can cac dich vu cua thi trfldng cdn ban che, nen Viet Nam cung nhfl cac nfldc [r]
Trang 1KINH TE THE GI0I
Ddu ta trac tiep cua Uen minh Chau Au vao
Viet Nann: thac trqng va trien vong
NGUYEN QUANG THUAN
trien kinh te ddi ngogi ciia Viet Nam Lien minh Chdu Au (EU) Id nhd ddu ta ldn,
CO trinh dp cong nghe cao vd Id ddi tdc kinh te quan trgng vdo bdc nhdt cua Viet Nam hien nay Do vdy, thu hut ddu tU triic tie'p nUdc ngodi td EU co y nghla het sdc quan trgng ddi vdi nudc ta trong qud trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa ddt nUdc Mac dil EU Id nhd ddu tU ldn
vd sdm CO mat d Viet Nam nhUng den nay ddu tU cua EU vdo Viet Nam vdn con khiem tdn vd chua dn dinh Bdi viet ndy se phdn tich thtic trgng ddu tU cua EU vdo Viet Nam, dUa ra nhang nhdn xet vd dil bdo bdo trien vgng trong giai dogn tdi
1 Thflc t r a n g d a u txi c u a E U vao Viet
N a m
EU la mpt nha d i u tfl ldn va sdm cd mat
d Viet Nam Cac nfldc t h a n h vien EU d i u
tfl vao Viet Nam tfl cuo'i nam 1987, khi Viet
Nam ban hanh Luat Dau tfl nfldc ngoai
Tinh den het ngay 20-10-2009, da cd 20
nfldc treng 27 thanh vien EU ce dti an dau
tfl vao Viet Nam
Ve vdn ddng ky
EU la nha d i u tfl ldn thfl 6 tai Viet Nam
(tinh den tbang 10-2009), sau cac nfldc va
vung lanh thd: Dai Loan, Han Quoc, Malaixia,
Xingapo va Nhat Ban Tdng sd vdn dang ky
cua EU den thdi diem 20-10-2009 dat 13,03 ty
USD (chie'm 7,46% vdn dang ky vao Viet Nain) va khoang 5 ty USD d i u tfl thflc hien trong sdhdn 900 dfl an dau tfl cdn hieu Iflc So vdi cac nha dau tfl hang d i u d Viet Nam, sd dti an ciia EU con hieu Iflc den het nam 2008 chi dflng sau Han Qud'c, Dai Loan va Nhat Bin, nhieu hdn cua Malaixia va Xingapc, nhflng so' vo'n lai it hdn cua Malaixia va Xingapo (xem hinh 1) Mac dfl EU la nha diu tfl nfldc ngoai 16n thfl 6 ve vo'n cam ke't danh nghia, thflc te kho'i Ifldng tien cac nha diu tfl
EU bdm vao nen kinh te Viet Nam cdn ldn hdn nhieu do nhflng cong ty xuyen qud'c gia ciia EU cd chi nhanh tai cac nfldc khac dau tfl vao Viet N a m \
HINH 1 D a u tu" c u a E U v a o V i e t N a m so v6i m o t so n h a d a u txi k h a c
(Tinh den ngay 20-10-2009, nhflng dfl an cdn hieu Iflc)
a
CO
Z3
-f 1000 Q
Dal Loan Han Quoc Malaixia Nhat Ban Xingapo EU
Nguon: Bd Ke' hoach va Dau tu Viet Nam
HoaKy
Nguyen Quang Thuan, PGS.TS., Vien Nghien cuu ChSu Au
1 EU-Vietnam economic and trade relations http7/www.delvnm.ec.europa.eu/eu_vn_relafonsArade_econoiTilc/trade_economic.htrn
66
Trang 2Ddu tu true tiep cua
Nhflng nam d i u Viet Nam tien hanh ddi
mdi toan dien dat nfldc, d i u tfl ciia EU vao
Viet Nam khdng nhieu do khi dd EU dang
phai tap trung cho thi trfldng npi bp kho'i va
danh flu tien cho thi trfldng Chau My Den
diu thap nien 90 (the ky XX), cac nha d i u
tfl EU lai hfldng den cac nfldc Trung Au,
Ddng Au Tfl nam 1995, khi Viet Nam va EU
ky ket Hiep dinh khung hdp tac, trong bd'i
canh EU mdi cdng bo' chien Ifldc mdi vdi
Chau A, d i u tfl cua EU vao Viet Nam da cd
sfl phat trien dang ke D i u tfl ciia EU vao
Viet Nam nam 1995 dat dinh cao la 868
trieu USD sau 2 nam suy giim, 16n hdn ca
vd'n diu tfl cua hai nam 1993 va nam 1994
cdng lai Tuy nhien, nhflng nam sau dd tinh
hinh diu tfl cua EU vao Viet Nam lai khdng
dn dinh do nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau
Nam 1996 danh dau sfl giam sut g i n 50%
HINH 2 Von FDI dau tu" m d i cua
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
o
vd'n d i u tfl ciia EU vao Viet Nam, sang nam
1997, tinh trang nay nhanh chdng ket thuc, khi cac nfldc trong khu vflc lam vao khung hoing tai chinh - tien te thi Ifldng vd'n diu tU tfl EU vao Viet Nam v i n tang, tham chi cdn la mflc cao nha't ke tfl nam 1988 Tuy nhien dau bieu lac quan nay khdng duy tri dfldc lau khi
d i u tfl ciia EU trong 2 nam tiep theo lien tuc suy giam, nam 1998 giam 30% vd'n dang ky so vdi nam 1997, nam 1999 giam 47% so vdi nam
1998 Mac dfl ddng vdh nay tfl EU giam sut ve gia tri tuyet dd'i nhflng lai cd xu hfldng tang
ve ty trpng vd'n dang ky Sang nam 2000, khi dau tfl ciia cac nfldc khac vao Viet Nam
b i t d i u cd dau hieu phuc hdi thi d i u tfl ciia
EU lai dat mflc rat cao (1.162 trieu USD), sau dd lai giam trong nam 2001, nhflng so' dfl an dfldc cap giay phep d i u tfl lai ldn hdn nam 2000 la 7 dfl an
EU vao Viet N a m (2000 - 10-2009)
^151 3901,03 / \
1162,12 1018J1
40
•+-\ 83 •
327,8
-n
r 1 6 0
- 140
- 1 2 0
- 1 0 0
-80 1
a
- 60 -40
•20
• 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10-2009
Nguon: Bd Ke' hoach va Diu tu Viet Nam
Sfl sut giam nay dien ra manh nha't nam
2002, ddng vdn d i u tfl tfl EU vao Viet Nam
giam sut ca ve gia tri va ty trpng trong tdng
vdn dang ky Mac dfl trpng 2 nam tie'p theo
(la nam 2003 va 2004), ddng vdn d i u tfl ctia
khdi nay vao Viet Nam da tang len nhflng
vin d mflc thap so vdi trfldc kia va thap hdn
tdc dp tang vo'n ma cac nha d i u tfl den tfl
cac nfldc va khu vflc khac Bfldc sang nam
2005, vdn d i u tfl tfl EU vao Viet Nam da
tang len rat manh dat 890 trieu USD, gap
g i n 3 lan tdng vd'n FDI trong 3 nam 2002,
2003 va 2004; chie'm 17% trong tdng vdn FDI dang ky ciia cac nfldc tai Viet Nam (5,8
ty USD)
Nam 2008, la nam FDI vao Viet Nam bflng nd manh me vdi hdn 60 ty USD dang
ky, thi ddng FDI tfl EU vao Viet Nam cung cho thay xu hfldng nay (hinh 2) Tuy nhien, cupc khiing h o i n g kinh te the gidi ma cac nen kinh te EU bi anh hfldng nang ne da khien FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam nam 2009
Nghiin ciru Kinh ti si 380 - Thing 1/2010 67
Trang 3Ddu tu true tiep cua
giim manh Tinh den ngay 20-10-2009, EU
cd 83 dti an d i u tfl mdi vao Viet Nam vdi
327,8 trieu USD dang ky, giam m a n h so vdi
cflng ky nam 2008 Theo tho'ng ke cua Bp
Ke hoach va D i u tfl, chi cd 10 nfldc EU cd
dti an d i u tfl mdi vao Viet Nam nam 2009
tinh tdi thdi diem 20-10-2009, trong do
Bungary la nfldc mdi gia nhap EU duy nha't
n i m trong nhdm nay
• Tinh hinh thUc hien vdn FDI
Mac dfl EU la nha dau tfl 16n thfl 6 tai
Viet Nam theo vo'n dang ky, nhflng EU lai
cd vd'n thflc hien 16n thfl 2 tai Viet Nam vdi
4,8 ty USD (chiem 14,37% tdng vo'n thflc
hien tai Viet Nam) sau Nhat Ban (chie'm
17,06%) tinh den nam 2007 Sd vdn thflc
hien nay da tang nhanh, dat khoang 7 ty
USD nam 2008, chie'm tdi 60% vdn dang ky
EU cd ty le cao nha't xet tren nen tang cpng
ddn mflc d i u tfl thflc hien tren mflc dau tfl
cam ke't - ty le nay cao hdn gap 4 lan mflc
trung binh (vo'n giai ngan so vdi vdn dang
ky) ciia cac nha d i u tfl d Viet Nam trong
nam 2008 Nhfl vay, ve thflc chat cd the ndi
EU la nha d i u tfl ldn thfl 2 tai Viet Nam
sau Nhat Bin Cac dfl an dau tfl cua EU c6
ty le vd'n vay la 42%, trong khi ty le vo'n vay
trung binh ciia cac dfl an FDI tai Viet Nam
la 54%, chflng td cac dti an d i u tfl cua EU it
rui ro hdn
• Linh vUc ddu tU
Xu hfldng dau tfl hien nay ctia EU tap
trung nhieu vao cac nganh dich vu Tuy
nhien, d i u tfl ciia EU d Viet Nam hdn mpt
niia vap cac nganh cong nghiep, cong
nghiep nang va khai thac d i u khi Cac dfl
an trong Iinh vflc dich vu it hdn nhieu, va
d i u tu vao linh vUc nong nghiep, rflng, ngfl
nghiep khong dang k e l Dieu nay cung
hdan toan phu hdp vdi dac diem dau tfl cua
EU Linh vflc dich vti d Viet Nam chfla thflc
sfl thuan ldi cho cac nha dau tfl, them vao
dd kha nang tie'p can cac dich vu cua thi
trfldng cdn ban che, nen Viet Nam cung
nhfl cac nfldc dang phat trien noi chung
khdng p h i i la nhflng ndi d i u tfl chinh cua
EU D i u tfl ciia EU tap t r u n g chu yeu vao cac nfldc p h a t trien
Tinh den het nam 2005, dau tfl cua EU vao nganh cdng nghiep co ty trpng 16n nha't vdi 55,42% sd dfl an va 58,62% tdng vdn dang ky ciia EU Tie'p theo la nganh dich vu vdi 34,74% sd dfl an va 34,93% vdn dang ky Nganh nong nghiep va lam nghiep gianh dfldc it sfl quan t a m hdn nen chi chiem 9,84% tdng so' dfl an va 6,45% tong vd'n dang
ky Mac du vay dau tfl cua EU cho nganh nong nghiep van cdn cao hdn so vdi cac nha dau tfl khac
Linh vflc cong nghiep nang dflng diu trong cac h n h vflc ma EU dau tfl vao Viet Nam Ngoai ra, cung trong linh vflc nay ty le vo'n thflc hien tren vo'n dang ky kha cao, dat 51,89% Nganh cong nghiep nhe mac du chi chie'm mpt vi tri khiem to'n trong tdng vo'n
d i u tfl cua EU (3,37%) nhflng sd dfl an lai kha ldn, chie'm 17,47% tdng so' dfl an diu tfl ciia EU va ty le vo'n thflc hien tren vdn dau tfl kha cao, dat 50,96% Vdi the manh ve cdng nghe va tai chinh, cac nha d i u tfl EU da mang den Viet Nam nhflng ky thuat hien dai
va kinh nghiem quan ly tien tien, tap trung chii yeu vao cac linh vflc nhfl: dien, dien tii, tin hpc, 6 to, xe may, hda chat, cdng nghe thflc pham Mpt loat cac cong ty ldn da cd mat tai Viet Nam nhfl: Daimler Chrysler (Dflc) trong linh vflc san xua't d to; Uniliver (Ha Lan) trong linh vflc s i n xua't bdt giat va dau gpi dau; Electrolux (Thuy Dien) trong linh vflc s i n xuat hang tieu dung va thflc pham; IBC (Ha Lan) trong linh vflc s i n xuat cac loai nfldc giii khat; Akzo Nobel (Thuy Dien) t r o n g l i n h vflc p h a n bon, hda chat; Bayer AG (CHLB Dflc) trong linh vflc dfldc pham; dang ke n h a t la ba dfl an xay dflng, van h a n h nha may dien va ban dien cho Tong cong ty Dien Iflc Viet Nam ciia ba cdng ty: A m a t a Power (CHLB Dflc), BP Holding
2 Viet Nam calls EU important investor (13/10/2007), http://investment.ttv vn/Default.aspx?ctl=Articles&tID=2& pID=120
68 Nghiin cuv Kinh ti si 380 - Thing 1/2010
Trang 4Ddu tu true tiep cua
BV (Ha Lan), EDF (Phap) v6i vo'n d i u tfl
tfldng flng 110 trieu USD, 450 trieu USD va
480 trieu USD
Cdng nghiep d i u kbi tuy chi chie'm sd dfl
an nhd nhflng so'vd'n dang ky lai rat ldn Nhin
chung cac nha d i u tfl EU dac biet quan tam
den diu kbi Tinh den het nam 2005, EU cd 6
dfl an cdng nghiep d i u khi tren tdng sd 26 dti
an diu khi ciia cac nfldc d i u tfl vao Viet Nam
Tuy nhien, tdng vd'n dang ky trong linh vflc
diu kbi cua EU dat 1.318 trieu USD, chie'm
71,1% tdng vd'n dang ky cua toan bp cac dfl an
dau khi tai Viet Nam Vd'n d i u tfl thtic hien
cua cac dfl an diu khi cung rat 16n, chiem
115,9% trong tdng vd'n dang ky cua linh vflc
nay Hau bet cac tap doan d i u khi ndi tieng
the gidi deu da cd mat d Viet Nam nhfl: BP
Exploration (Vfldng Qud'c Anh), Shell Group
(Ha Lan-Vfldng Qudc Anh), TotalElfFina (Phap)
Trong linh vflc ndng - lam nghiep cung cd 2
dfl an cd quy mo 16n, dd la: dfl an mia dfldng
Bourbon - Tay Ninh ciia tap doan Sucreries de
Bourbon (Phap) vdi tdng vd'n dau tfl 113 trieu
USD dfldc coi la dfl an mia dfldng ldn nha't
ctia nfldc ta va dfl an cung cap cac dich vu
khuyen ndng, thu y, thflc an gia sue ciia
cdng ty Friesland Vietnam Holding B.V (Ha
Lan) vdi tdng vd'n d i u tfl la 49,5 trieu USD
Giao thdng van tai - bflu dien la linh vflc
chiem Ifldng vd'n d i u tfl ldn thfl hai sau Hnh
vflc cdng nghiep nang Cho den thdi diem het
nam 2005, vd'n dang ky trong linh vflc nay da
dat 1.361 trieu USD Mac dfl vay, vo'n diu tfl
thflc hien tren tdng vo'n dang ky lai rat thap,
khoang 10,28% Rieng trong linh vflc bflu dien
- vien thdng da cd nhieu hang vien thong ndi
tieng cd mat tai Viet Nam nhfl: Siemens
(CHLB Dflc), Alcatel France (Phap), Hutchison
Telecommunication (Luxembourg) Nam 1995,
hang Siemens (CHLB Dflc) cd dfl an lien
doanh san xua't l i p rap tdng dai EWSD 15
trieu USD, hang Alcatel France (Phap) lien
doanb san xua't lip rap tdng dai dien thoai
dien tii ky thuat sd lOOOElO gin 15 trieu
USD; nam 1997, hdp ddng hdp tac kinh doanh
(BCC) gifla Tdng cdng ty Bflu chinh viin
thdng va FCR Viet Nam (France Cable et Radio Viet Nam, Phap) n h i m xay dflng mdi, nang cap va cung cap dich vu vien thdng tri gia 615 trieu USD; nam 2005, cd them mpt dfl an phat trien mang dien thoai di dpng CDMA SOOMbz ciia bang Hutchison Telecommunication (Luxembourg) cung theo binh thflc BCC vdi so' vdn d i u tfl rat ldn 656 trieu USD
• Ve doi tdc ddu tU
Cho den thdi diem 20-10-2009, trong tdng so' 27 nfldc thanh vien EU thi da cd 20 nfldc dau tfl vao Viet Nam, 7 nfldc cdn lai chfla cd dfl an d i u tfl vao Viet Nam la: Bd Dao Nha,
Hy Lap, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuaenia, Malta, Slovakia Mac dfl cd 20 nfldc diu tfl vao Viet Nam, vd'n d i u tfl chi tap trung vao mdt so' nfldc, cac nfldc cdn lai cung chi cd vai dfl an vdi vd'n d i u tfl rat It Trong sd nhflng nfldc
EU dang d i u tU vao Viet Nam thi cd 4 nudc
cd vd'n d i u tU dang ky tren 2 ty USD la: Phap, Ha Lan, Sip va VUdng Qud'c Anh Phap dflng dau vdi 267 dfl an, vd'n d mflc tren 3 ty USD; tiep theo la Ha Lan, vdi 123 dfl an, gia tri dat 2,87 ty USD Sip la nha diu tfl cua
EU 16n thfl 3 d Viet Nam chi vdi 6 dfl an nhflng so' vd'n dang ky da len tdi 2,2 ty USD Sip cflng la nha d i u tfl cd so' vd'n mdi nhieu nha't trong nam 2008 so vdi cac nfldc Chau
Au khac Tuy nhien, vd'n d i u tU thUc hien ciia Sip d Viet Nam van cdn thap Sau nfla la Vfldng Qud'c Anb, 119 dfl an va vd'n gin 2,14
ty USD^ Nhieu nfldc cdn lai cung chi cd vai trieu USD d i u tfl, chfla ke vd'n thflc hien cdn thap hdn Luxembdug la nfldc cd vd'n dang ky 16n tbfl 4 trong sd cac nha d i u tfl EU vdi 987 trieu USD tinh den thdi diem tren, nhflng vo'n thiic hien ciia nUdc nay rat it, chi dflng thfl 10 trong so'cac nfldc EU
Trong so' 12 thanh vien mdi, cd 7 nfldc da cd dfl an diu tU vao Viet Nam, dd la Bungary,
CH Sec, Sip, Hungary, Rumani, Balan, Slovenia Cac nUdc cdn lai cflng vdi 2 thanh vien cu la
Bd Dao Nha va Hy Lap chfla cd vd'n d i u tfl
Nghiin ciru Kmh ti si 380 - Thing 1/2010
3 Cue Dau tu nudc ngoai - Bd Ke' hoach va Dau tu
69
Trang 5Dau tu true tiep cua
vao Viet Nam Tong sd vo'n cac thanh vien
mdi dau tU vao Viet Nam tinb den het nam
2008 dat 2,42 ty USD, chiem 19,39% vdn d i u
tu cua EU va 1,51% tdng vo'n d i u tU tai Viet
Nam Day la con so cii thien rat nhieu so vdi
nam trUdc dd Nhd d i u tU manh me cua Sip
da gdp phan lam cho cac thanh vien mdi cua
EU cd vai trd quan trpng hdn d thi trUdng
Viet Nam Tiep sau Sip la Ba Lan, nUdc cd
vd'n d i u tU vao Viet Nam 16n thfl hai vdi 98
trieu USD va 7 dti an va vo'n thflc hien cdn
nhieu hdn ciia Luxemboug
2 N h a n xet, d a n h gia va t r i e n v p n g
d a u tii c u a EU v a o Viet N a m
- Ddu ta cua EU vdo Viet Nam dd co sii
tdng trUdng ddng ghi nhan trong nhdng ndm
vda qua Luc mdi thiet lap quan he ngpai
giao gifla hai ben, cac dfl an d i u tfl cua EU
vao Viet Nam cdn rat it nhflng den
20/10/2009, EU da la nha d i u tfl ldn thfl 6
cua Viet Nam sau cac nha d i u tfl khac nhfl:
Han Qud'c, Dai Loan, Malaixia, Nhat Ban,
Xingapo Mac dfl vi tri cua EU trong cac nha
dau tu dang ky vao Viet Nam giim trong
nam 2008 va chua cd nha dau tU nao ciia EU
dflng trong 10 nha d i u tU ldn nha't vao Viet
Nam, nhUng diu tU ciia EU v i n cd vai trd rat
quan trpng ddi vdi kinh te Viet Nam Khi
cupc khung being kinh te nam 2008 xiy ra,
dau tu ctia EU vao Viet Nam cung giam
manh nhU sU suy giam d i u tU nU6c ngoai d
Viet Nam
- EU Id nhd ddu tU co vo'n ddng ky dang
tha 6 d Viet Nam nhUng vdn thtic hien cao
tha 2 trong so'cdc doi tdc ddu tU tgi Viet Nam
chi sau Nhdt Bdn NhU vay, ve thiic chat, EU
la nha d i u tU ldn thfl 2 tai Viet Nam Tuy
r i n g cdn it dti an so vdi mpt sd do'i tac khac
ctia Viet Nam nhflng cac dfl an cua EU deu
cd t i m quan trpng nhat dinh vdi kinh te Viet
Nam Cac dfl an ctia EU da tien vao nhflng
linh vflc then chd't nhfl cong nghiep d i u khi,
cd khi 6 tp, dich vu tai chinh - bao hiem, cong
nghe mdi, du lich, ha tang Khong nhflng
the, cac dfl an ciia cac cong ty EU deu dfldc
danh gia la boat dpng kha hieu q u i
- Qui mo trung binh cdc dii dn td EU Id 15,2 trieu USD, da tang nhieu so v6i mflc
tho'ng ke nam 2007, do nam 2008 cd nhieu dfl
an ldn cua EU dau tfl vao Viet Nam Mac du vay, mflc nay cung chi tfldng dfldng vdi mflc trung binh cac dfl an dau tfl vao Viet Nam va cao hdn so vdi trung binh cac dfl an ciia cac nha dau tfl hang dau nhfl Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c, Dai Loan Dac biet dau tfl cua Sip ce so' vo'n trung binh mpt dfl an rat cao d mflc 368 trieu USD, hay cua Ha Lan cung d mflc hdn
25 trieu USD Dieu nay cho thay cac dfl an dau tfl cua EU co nhieu dfl an ldn hdn nhieu nha d i u tfl khac Nhfl vay, chung ta cd the hieu day la nhflng dfl an ciia nhflng cong ty cd tiem Iflc tai chinh ldn, thfldng la nhiing tap doan xuyen quoc gia
- Co nhiiu dii dn co chd't lUdng dd vd dang ddu ta vdo nhang ngdnh cong nghe cao, che bien sdu cua Viet Nam Day la mong mud'n
16n nhat cua Viet Nam do'i vdi cac nha dau tfl
EU Hien nay h i u bet cac tap doan ldn, cd tiem Iflc manh hang d i u ciia EU da va dang xem xet d i u tfl s i n xua't kinh doanh tai Viet Nam, chang h a n nhfl Tap doan Unilever, Daimler Chrysler cua Dflc, Electrolux ciia Thuy Dien, IBC cua Ha Lan, BP hay Shell Group cua Anh, Siemen ciia D f l c , trong dd
cd nhflng cong ty da dfldc rat nhieu ngfldi dan Viet Nam biet den, cd nhflng ddng gdp ldn ve mat xa hpi nhfl tap doan Unilever Do'i vdi nhflng tap doan nay, dau tfl ciia hp se
cd tac dpng lan tda r a t rpng trong nen kinh
te Dau tfl ctia cac tap doan ldn ciia EU d Viet Nam cd tac dpng nha't dinh den viec ldi keo cac nha dau tfl d cac ndi khac cung d i u tfl vao Viet Nam, ddng thdi cung thuc day phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep ho trd d Viet Nam
- So vdi cdc nUdc vd vung lanh thd trong khu viic nha Thdi Lan, Xingapo, Hong Cong, Ddi Loan thi ddu tU cua EU vdo Viet Nam vdn con nhiiu hgn che D i u tfl gifla EU va
Viet Nam chfla tfldng xflng vdi tiem nang hien
cd Day la nhan dinh cua ca EU va Viet Nam Tuy nhien, tren thflc te, dau tfl cua EU vao
70 Nghiin ciru Kinh ti si 380 - Thing 1/2010
Trang 6Ddu tu true tiep cua
Viet Nam v i n cd xu hfldng tang len nhflng
chfla rd rang Thdi diem thdng tboang nha't
cho dau tfl nfldc ngoai d Viet Nam mdi xua't
hien trong mpt, hai nam g i n day, do dd nd
chfla phan anh bet mong mud'n d i u tfl thflc sfl
cua cac nha dau tfl EU
Mpt dieu dang chu y la vi tri d i u tfl cua
EU vao Viet Nam khdng dfldc cai thien nhflng
nam gin day Vi tri nay chfla tfldng xflng vdi
tiem nang cua hai ben Hien nay EU da cd 27
thanh vien, gdm nhflng nfldc phat trien hang
diu the gidi, trong khi Viet Nam la nfldc dang
ndi dfldc rat nhieu nha d i u tfl khac quan tam
Trong giai doan 1996-2000, da cd nam dau tfl
ctia EU chiem tdi 19% trong tdng d i u tfl nfldc
ngdai cua Viet Nam Ty trpng nay giim d i n
dac biet nhanh trong nhflng nam g i n day
Dieu nay cbo thay sfl quan tam cua cac nha
dau tfl EU den thi trfldng Viet Nam chfla sau
sic Cd rat nhieu nha d i u tfl ldn ciia EU van
cdn dflng ngoai chd ddi sfl thay ddi d Viet
Nam Hp van cdn de dat, cd tam ly tham dd
thi trfldng Viet Nam Nhieu cdng ty mdi cbi
dat van phdng dai dien, hoac thflc hien hdp
ddng hdp tac kinh ddanh vdi so' vd'n nhd So'
cac cdng ty ciia EU dau tfl san xuat thflc sfl
cdn rat ban che
- Ddu ta cda EU chi tap trung vdo mpt so'
nUdc nhU: Hd Lan, Phdp, Anh, Dac vd mdi
ddy Id Sip vd Luxemboug chie'm tdi 92% tong
ddu ta cua EU vdo Viet Nam Trong khi dd
cac nfldc cdn lai diu tU cdn it, nhieu nUdc cd
khdi lUdng diu tU ra nUdc ngoai ldn nhU
ItaUa, Tay Ban Nha, Dan Mach nhUng diu
tu vao Viet Nam cdn rat ban che Mpt so' nUdc
mdi diu tU vao Viet Nam dang trong giai
doan trien khai dii an, vd'n thiic hien chUa
dang ke
- Ddu ta cua EU cung chi tap trung vdo
mot so'dia phUdng cua Viet Nam nhU Thdnh
phd Ho Chi Minh, Hd Npi, Ed Ria - Vdng
Tau Ba dia phUdng nay chiem tdi 64% vo'n
dau tu cua EU vao Viet Nam (tinh den nam
2005) Nhin chung d i u tU ciia EU chu yeu vao
cac tinh mien Nam d mien Bic, ngoai Ha Npi
ra, khdng cd diu tU dang ke nao ciia EU Su
mat can ddi nay se cd nhiing tac ddng khdng td't den chien ludc phat trien kinh te vung ctia Viet Nam
- Hinh thac ddu tU cua EU vdo Viet Nam con chaa diing nhiiu hgn che Trong thdi gian
qua, diu tU nudc ngoai tai Viet Nam dUdc thiic hien dudi bo'n hinh thflc la: 100% vdn nfldc ngoai, lien deanh, BCC, hdp ddng xay dflng-kinh doanh-chuyen giao (BOT) va cac hinh thflc khac nhfl: cdng ty cd phin, cdng ty quin ly vd'n (cdng ty me - con), diu tfl thflc hien viec sap nhap va mua lai doanh nghiep mdi dfldc thflc hien thi diem tai Viet Nam
D i u tfl ciia EU cung gid'ng nhfl cua My va cac nfldc phUdng Tay khac thudng la nhflng dfl an 100% vd'n chiem da so' Dieu dang quan tam d Viet Nam la mac du so' dfl an khdng phai la ldn nha't nhflng so' vd'n dfldi hinh thflc BCC chiem ty trpng ldn nha't so vdi cac binh thflc cdn lai, cu the tinh den bet nam 2005, vd'n diu tfl dfldi hinh thflc BCC chie'm 36,78% so vdi 26,55% dfldi binb thflc 100% vd'n nfldc ngoai
va 20,06% dfldi hinh thflc hen doanh Nhfl vay, binh thflc 100% vd'n nfldc ngoai va lien doanh chiem 46,61%, cdn lai la binh thflc BCC, BOT va cdng ty me con chie'm da so' Dieu nay gay bat ldi cho Viet Nam bdi vi nhflng hinh thflc BCC va BOT khdng cd tinh chat san xua't kinb doanh lau dai, khdng khuyen khich nghien cflu va phat trien (R&D), chuyen giao cdng nghe cung nhfl kinb nghiem quan ly
- Thiic trgng ddu tU cua EU vdo Viet Nam con thap chu yeu Id do:
+ Chinh sdch ddu tU cua cdc cong ty EU co nhang diem khdc vdi mong mudn cua Viet Nam Hay ndi each khac, ldi ich cua hai ben
chfla trflng nhau D i u tfl cua EU tap trung vao nhflng hnh vtic dich vu, cong nghe cao, che bien sau Hp can nhflng thi trfldng cd sflc mua 16n, tinb hen ke't thi trfldng cao Dieu nay thi chung ta chfla cd Viet Nam la thi trfldng ldn vdi dan sd 86 trieu ngfldi nhflng thu nhap binh quan dau ngfldi thap, vi the sflc mua ctia thi trUdng cung khdng ldn lim Mat khac, Viet Nam cd ldi the ve lao dpng re,
Nghiin ciiv Kinh ti si 380 • Thing 1/2010 71
Trang 7Ddu tu true tiep cua
ddi dao nhflng chat Ifldng thap, vi the kheng
hap d i n cac nha dau tfl EU Ngoai ra, nhflng
linh vflc EU quan tam nhfl dich vu thi chung
ta chfla s i n sang Gid day khi da gia nhap
WTO, Viet Nam dang md rpng ciia nhflng
linh vflc nhfl vay va cac nha dau tfl EU bat
dau hfldng chu y ve Viet Nam
Ngpai ra, d i u tfl ciia EU chi tap trung vao
mpt so' thi trUdng, trdng do van Uu tien dau
tu npi khe'i, cac nu6c chau Au khong thupc
EU va cac nUdc Bic My NgUdi ta Udc lUdng
rang trong vai nam tdi d i u tU tfl cac nUdc EU
se tang nhUng d ty le thap hdn d i u tU tfl
Nhat Ban va My chu yeu la do dong vd'n dau
tfl ciia EU dfldc tap trung vao cac thanh vien
mdi cua EU Mat khac, ap Iflc canh tranh vo'n
FDI tren the gidi didn ra gay git Khdng chi
Viet Nam ma moi trfldng d i u tfl sinh ldi d
cac nfldc khac cung rat cao Trong khi Viet
Nam la nUdc di sau, kinh te cdn kem phat
trien va dang trong qua trinh hoan thien
chinb sach cung nhu the che kinh te cung se
gap nhieu khd khan trong viec thu hut FDI
tfl EU
-I- Moi trUdng ddu tU cua Viet Nam mac dii
dd dadc cdi thien nhiiu nhUng vdn con chaa
diing nhiiu cdn trd vd kem thong thodng so
vdi cdc nUdc trong khu viic Nhin nhan ve
mdi trfldng dau tfl ciia Viet Nam, cac chuyen
gia cho rang nd la sfl dan xen cua ci yeu td
tich cflc va tieu cflc Viet Nam n i m d vi tri
rat canh tranh, mdi trfldng dau tfl lien tuc
dfldc cai thien trong nhflng nam qua nen cac
tap doan ldn tren the gidi deu td ra quan tam
den Viet Nam Tuy nhien, cac nha d i u tfl
phan nan ve viec trien khai dfl an thfldng
gap khd khan nhu khi xin cap phep d i u tU;
chi phi vien thdng, van t i i cdn cao; thieu sii
phd'i hdp gifla cac bp, nganh, tren - dfldi
Them vao dd, mdi trfldng d i u tU cua cac nUdc
lang gieng cua Viet Nam cung dUdc cai thien
vdi tc'c dp khdng thua kem Viet Nam nen sflc
hut diu tu ctia Viet Nam cdn chUa manh
Cac nha d i u tU EU v i n phan nan nhieu ve
tinh trang quan Ueu, tham nhflng d cac cd
quan cdng quyen Viet Nam Theo ho, Viet
72
Nam dfldng nhfl chfla s i n sang de tie'p nhan cac ngudn dau tfl ldn, mac dfl con ngfldi Viet Nam CO kha nang 16n va dieu kien an ninh ciia Viet Nam c6 dp tin cay r a t cao
+ Thong tin cho cdc nhd ddu tU vd ngUdi ddn cua Viet Nam thieu minh bgch, khdng
dfldc cong khai kip thdi, dac biet trong nhflng yeu to'lien quan den luat phap va chinh sach Dieu nay thudng gay sfl nham l i n khdng dang cd va de bi hieu sai Cac van ban hudng
d i n thflc thi phap luat thfldng xuyen cham
so vdi thdi gian hieu Iflc cua van ban phap luat lam cho cac nha dau tfl gap rat nhieu khd khan
+ Cd sd hg tdng vdn la trd nggi ldn ddi vdi cdc nhd ddu tU Thdi gian g i n day, tinh trang
thieu dien thfldng xuyen diln ra, nha't la vao mua he, i n h hfldng trflc tie'p den s i n xua't cua cac doanh nghiep Hdn nfla, gia dien, nfldc d Viet Nam dang de nghi tang va dfldc tinh theo phfldng phap luy tien, ne'u diing nhieu thi phai tra gia cao hdn, dieu nay trai ngfldc vdi xu hfldng chung ciia the gidi Chi phi cho thong tin lien lac va cac dich vu khac
d Viet Nam v i n thupc loai cao so vdi cac nfldc khac
+ Chd't lUdng nhdn liic cua Viet Nam vdn
Id trd nggi ldn vdi cdc nhd ddu ta EU Phin
ldn lao dpng vfla mdi ra trfldng khdng dap flng dfldc yeu cau cong viec ma phai dao tao them Hdn nfla, so' Ifldng lao dpng qua dao tap cdn kha thap So' flng vien dap flng dfldc yeu cau ciia cac nha tuyen dung cdn thap hdn Cac flng vien khong chi yeu ve chuyen mon ma con yeu ve ngoai ngfl va kha nang giao tie'p
+ Ddc biet trinh dp phdt trien cong nghiep phil trd d Viet Nam vdn d mac thap khdng chi
so vdi Trung Qud'c ma con vdi tat ca cac nfldc khac Day la mpt han che ldn vi cac linh vflc
d i u tfl ma Viet Nam mong muon la nhflng nganh cong nghe che tao va cong nghe cac, ddi hdi phai co sfl phat trien tfldng flng ciia nganh cong nghiep phti trd
+ Doi tdc ddu tU trong nUdc vdn con nhieu hgn che Cac doanh nghiep tfl nhan chu yeu
Nghiin ciru Kinh ti si 380 - Thing 1/2010
J
Trang 8Dau tu true tiep cua
qui mo nhd, ban che ve ngudn Iflc va kinh
nghiem q u i n ly Trong khi dd, cac doanh
nghiep 16n chii yeu la doanh nghiep nha
nfldc, boat dpng kem hieu qua, thfldng xuyen
trong tinb trang lai gia Id that Hoat dpng cai
each doanh nghiep nha nfldc d Viet Nam v i n
cham chap, chfla dap flng yeu cau
- Hogt dpng xuc tien ddu tU cua Viet Nam
b thi trUdng EU vdn con hgn che Ly do cd the
ngudn tai chinh danh cho xuc tien d i u tfl
ban hep va phfldng phap xuc tien d i u tfl cua
Viet Nam chfla hieu q u i , v i n mang tinh chat
chung chung
- Rieng ndm 2009, do cupc khung hodng
kinh te'todn cdu xay ra d My da nhanh chdng
lan sang Chau Au, d i n tdi sfl sup dd va thu
hep s i n xuat cua hang loat cac cong ty, dd
lam cho FDI cua EU vdo Viet Nam gidm
mgnh trong ndm 2009
Diu tfl trflc tie'p nfldc ngoai cua EU vao
Viet Nam da bi i n h hfldng nang nen cua cupc
khiing hpang kinh te toan cau nam 2008 So'
lieu tho'ng ke ciia Bp Ke hoach va D i u tfl
tinh den gifla thang 10-2009 cho thay sfl sut
giam manh FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam Mpt
sd nfldc EU nhfl Anh, Dflc, Ailen da bi anb
hfldng nang ne bdi cupc khiing b e i n g nay
Cupc khiing being nay da khien nhieu cdng
ty ldn cd ddng gdp nhieu vao tong vd'n dau tfl
ra nfldc ngoai cua EU phai cd cau lai, thu hep
san xua't hoac thay ddi chien Ifldc kinh
doanh Dieu nay da khien cho ddng FDI ra
ngoai cua EU suy giam manh va FDI cua EU
vao Viet Nam cung trong xu hfldng chung
nay Bao cao cua UNCTAD nam 2009 cho
thay ddng FDI toan c i u se suy giim manh
trong nam 2009, kha nang hdi phuc cd the tfl
nam 2011, khi cac nen kinh te d i n thoat khdi
suy thoai Cd rat nhieu cac phan tich cho
thay ring, de d i u tfl ciia EU vao Viet Nam
dat mflc trfldc khiing hoang kinh te, c i n p h i i
mat vai nam, tham chi lau hdn nfla neu kinh
te EU khdng hdi phuc manh me
Ngay ci khi khdng cd khung hoang thi
FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam v i n dfldc cho la
chfla that sfl dn dinh Dang ndi hdn la ngay
ci khi FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam tang manh (trong nam 2008) thi vi tri ciia EU van khdng dfldc cii thien so vdi cac nha diu tfl khac tai Viet Nam vi hp cd vd'n FDI vao Viet Nam cdn tang nhanh hdn ciia EU Chinh vi vay, cd the ndi r i n g chfla cd sfl gia tang dot bien trong
d i u tfl ciia EU vao Viet Nam trong nhflng nam tdi va d i u tfl ciia EU vao Viet Nam
p h i n nhieu van theo xu hfldng chung ctia ddng FDI vao Viet Nam
Mac du vay, cung cin ndi tdi cac cd hpi trpng giai doan khd khan nay Kinh te Viet Nam dfldc danh gia cd sflc chdng chpi td't trfldc khiing hoing Thflc te, trong nam 2009, tang trfldng kinh te nfldc ta dfldc dfl bao kha cap so vdi rat nhieu nfldc khac Day cd the la
cd hpi de cac nha d i u tfl EU Ifla chpn dia diem sinh ldi trong giai ddan khd khan nay Chinh vi vay, Viet Nam cin cd nhflng chinh sach manh me cai thien mdi trfldng diu tfl de thu hut d i u tfl tfl EU./
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Eurostat (2005), EU FDI Yearbook 2005
2 Eurostat (2008), EU FDI Yearbook 2008
3 UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007
4 Eurostat, Economic and Finance: Stastistic in focus, 106/2007, EC 2007
5 Eurostat, EU-15 FDI in the new Member States, Stastistics in focus, 71/2008, EC
6 Eurostast, EU-27 FDI in BRIC increased by more than 50% in 2007, Stastistics in focus, 64/2008, EC
7 Eurostast, EU-15 FDI in the new Member States continues to increase, Stastistics in focus, 106/2007, EC
8 Eurostast, EU25 FDI 2001-2003 data, Stastistics
in focus, 5/2004, EC
9 EU Blue Book 2007
10 EU van lac quan ve kinh te Viet Nam , VCI News, www.kinhte24h.com cap nhat 02-06-2008
11 Cue D^u tu nudc ngoai, Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu Viet Nam, Sd lieu thdng ke dSu tu nudc ngdai ciia, www.mpi.gov.vn
12 Chuong trinh hanh ddng cua Chinh phu ve Phat trien quan he Viet Nam - Lien minh Chflu
Au de'n 2010 va dinh hudng tdi 2015, http://www.nciec.gov.vn/index.nciec77240
Nghiin c&u Kinh ti si 380 - Thing 1/2010 73