Bdi le, vdi viec DTTC, SV cd the chii dgng ghi ten hge cic hge phin khic nhau dua theo nhirng quy dinh chung ve CO ci'u vi khdi lugng ciia tirng ITnh vuc kien thiic; cho phep SV dd d[r]
Trang 1NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO DOI
DAO TAO THEO TIN CHI MQT PHl/dNG THUfC DAO T^O TIEN TIEN
/ Ad u
' ' • ' ; • ; - i l ,: I
TS LE HONG YEN*
Dao tao theo tin chi (DTFC) la mgt
phuang thuc dio tao lien tien da
dugc ip dung rat rgng rai d nhieu
trudng dai hge tren the gidi Ddi vdi Viet
Nam DTFC cdn khi mdi me De giiip eho
ban dgc hieu ban ve hinh thiic dio lao niy,
chiing tdi xin gidi thieu vii net khii quit
ve he thdng DTTC vi nhirng uu diem,
nhugc diem ciia he thdng dio tao niy
I Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien
cua hinh thiirc dao tao theo tin chi
"Tin chi" li khii niem lin diu lien xuii
hien tai My vio nim 1872, khi Vien Dai
hge Harvard quyet dinh thay the chuang
trinh dio lao cting nhic bing mgt chuong
trinh mem deo dugc ciu thinh bdi cic
Modul mi sinh vien (SV) cd the lira chgn
mgt cich rgng rii Mgi Modul li mgt phin
kie'n thiic tuong ddi trgn ven, gdm ft nhii 3
tfn chi trd len 'Frong dd, tfn chi mang
nghTa li sau mgt khda hge, hay mgt qui
trinh hge tip, hge vien dat dugc mgt trinh
do, nang lue ding de chiing ta tin eiy Vf
du, sau khoing 20 tiet ly thuyet ve luit lii
xe cgng vdi nhirng kien thii'c can bin ve kT
thuat xe vi sau 20 gid tip luyen lii xe theo
diing nhiing chi din, qua tirng giai doan thi
hge vien cd the dugc phep lii xe
Theo quan niem cua My va mgt so
nude, tin chi la khdi lugng hge tip gdm
15-18 tiet hge ly thuyei (mdi tiet 50 phut)
hoae bing 45-54 liet thuc tap thi nghiem,
di thuc dia, ve, nhae, thuc hinh nghe thuat,
the due vi de chuin bi cho 1 tiet len Idp,
SV phii bd ra It nhat 2 gid lim viee d ngoii
Idp
DTTC li hinh thiic dio tao cho phep SV dat dugc van bing dai hge qua viec lich luy cic loai tri thiire giio due khic nhau vi dugc do ludng bing mgt don vi xie dinh ggi li tin chi (credit) De dat dugc bing cir nhan (Bachelor), SV thudng phii lich luy dil 120-136 tfn chi (My), 120-135 tin chi (Nhat Bin), 120-150 tfn chi (Thii Lan), 120-150 tfn chi (Viet Nam) De dat bing thac sT (master), SV phii tfch luy 30-36 tfn chi (My), 30 tfn chf (Nhat Bin), 36 tfn chi (Thii Lan),
Vao diu mdi hge ki, SV dugc dang kf cic mdn hge thfch hgp vdi nang lure, hoan einh ciia hg vi phii hgp vai quy dinh chung nhim dat dugc kien thirc theo mgt chuyen mon chinh nio dd Su lira chgn cic mdn hge rii rgng rai, SV cd thd ghi ten hge cic mon lien nginh neu hg thfch SV khong chi gidi ban hge cic mon chuyen mon ciia minh mi edn cin hge cic mon hge khic ITnh vuc, chang ban SV cac nginh khoa hge tu nhien vi kT thuat vin cin phii hge mgt sd mon khoa hge xa hdi, nhin van vi ngugc lai
Ve ket qui bgc tap, he thdng DTFC dimg phuang phip dinh gia thudng xuyen
vi dua vio su dinh gii dd ddi vdi cic mdn hge de ci'p bing cir nhin Ddi vdi cic chuang trinh dio tao sau dai hge (cao hge
vi dio tao lien sT) ngoii cic ket qui danh gii thudng xuyen cdn cd cic ki thi tdng hgp vi eic luan van
Nhu vay, DTTC li phuong thire dao lao ' '^ * Hoc vien Hdntn cininln
Trang 2NGHIEN CQU - TRAO DOI
tien lien, nd cho phep ngudi hge chu dgng
han va viec dinh gii ket qua dugc sit thuc
te, ban che tinh trang day vi hge theo ldi
kinh vien Phuang phip dao tao nay li'y
ngudi bgc lam trung tim, nen tao dieu kien
cho ngudi hge phit huy nhieu nhat cic kT
nang tu lam chii vi tfnh nang dgng, sing
lao trong qui trinh hge tip Vi vay, DTFC
dugc nhidu nude tren the gidi ip dung, di
diu li My (Vien Dai hge Harvard vio nam
1872)
Den diu the ki XX, he thdng D'FTC
dugc ip dung rgng rai trong hiu het cic
iru'dng dai hge d My Tiep theo dd, nhieu
nude lin lugt ip dung he thdng DTFC
trong loin bg hoae mgt phin ciia trudng
dai hge minh nhu cac nude Bic My, Nhat
Bin, Phi-lip-pin, Dii Loan, Hin Qude,
Thii Lan, Ma-lai-xi-a, An Do, Ni-gie-ri-a,
U-gan-da Tai Trung Qude, lir cudi
nhirng nam 1980 den nay, he tho'ng D'FTC
cung lin lugt dugc ip dung d nhieu irudng
dai hge
Vio nam 1999, cd 29 bg Iru'dng dac
trich giao due dai hge d cic nude Lien
minh chau Au da kf 'Fuyen ngon Boglona
nhim hinh thinh "Khdng gian giio due
dai bgc chiu Au" (European ITigher
Education Area) thdng nhat vio nam 2010.'
Trong dd, cd ngi dung trien khai ip dung
DTTC (European Credit 'Fransfer System
-ECTS) trong loin he thdng giio due dao
tao de tao thuin lgi cho viec ca dgng hda,
lien thong boat dgng hge tap ciia sinh vien
trong khu vuc chau Au vi tren the gidi
2 Cac dac diem cua he thong dao tao
theo tin chi
Nhin chung, he thdng DTTC ciia cac
nude luan thii cic dac diem ca ban sau:
- Ve hinh thdc, phiuyng phdp: DTFC
khong gidi ban thai gian bgc lip SV phai
tfch liiy khdi lugng kien thirc dinh san, khi
nao tfch luy xong thi ra trudng Can cir vio
chuang trinh chung dugc xiy dung vdi quy
dinh sd lin chi tdi thieu cin dat dugc, SV
cd the dang ki mgt lich hge phii hdp vdi minh SV khdng phai thi cudi nam, thi tdi nghiep hay lam luan van tdt nghiep, chi cin hoin thanh sd tin chi can thiet ciia chuang trinh trong mgt thdi gian thuin lgi nhit cho minh Vl vay, lich day phii dugc
bd tri mgt cich khoa hge, bet siic chfnh xac vi dugc thuc hien mgt cich nghiem ngat
- Ve ngi dung: chuang trinh DTTC dugc
xiy dung mgt cich mem deo, cimg vdi cac hge phin bit buoc cdn cd cic hge phin tu chgn (cho phep SV dd dang didu chinh nginh nghe, hinh thiic dao tao)
- Vc' qudn ly sinh vien: khong cd giao
vien chii nhiem ma thay vio dd li cd vin hge tip tai cic khoa de giiip sinh vien lira chgn, dang kf cic bgc phan dung theo quy dinh, phit hap vdi dieu kien, kha nang ciia
hg
Song, mgt nguyen tic quan trgng ciia DTTC li dio tao theo trinh do thuc le ciia ngudi bgc, vi chii lugng giang day ciia ngudi day se li yeu td quyet dinh sir lua chgn ciia SV dang ki theo hge
3 Uu diem, nhugc diem cua dao tao theo tin chi
a Ve mi diem
- DTFC cd hieu qua dio tao cao, bdi nd
cho phep SV dugc chii dgng thiet ke ke hoach hge lap vi lira chgn tien dg hge lap phii hgp vdi khi nang sd trudng vi hoan einh rieng eiia minh Dieu dd, dim bao cho qua trinh dao tao trong cic irudng dai hge trd nen mem deo ban, ddng thdi, cung tao khi nang cho viec thiet ke chuang trinh lien thong giiia cic ci'p dio tao dai hge va giira cic nginh dao tao khic nhau DTFC
d mgt sd nude cdn cho phep ghi nhin ca nhiing kien thii'c vi kha nang m i SV tfch luy dugc ngoii trudng lap de din tdi van bing, khuyen khfch SV tir nhieu ngudn gdc khic nhau cd the tham gia hge dai hoc mgt each thuin lgi Ve phuong dien nay
cd the ndi, DTTC li mgt trong nhirng cdng
Trang 3NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
cu quan trgng de chuyen ttr nen dai bgc
mang tfnh linh hoa thinh nen dai bgc
mang tfnh dai chiing
- DTTC cd tfnh mem deo vi khi nang
thfch iing cao Bdi le, vdi viec DTTC, SV
cd the chii dgng ghi ten hge cic hge phin
khic nhau dua theo nhirng quy dinh chung
ve CO ci'u vi khdi lugng ciia tirng ITnh vuc
kien thiic; cho phep SV dd ding thay ddi
nginh chuyen mon trong tien trinh hge tap
khi thi'y cin thiet m i khong phai hge lai tir
diu Ve phfa cic trudng dai hge, cd the md
them nginh bgc mdi mgt cich dd ding khi
nhin dugc tin hieu ve nhu ciu ciia thi
trudng lao dgng vi linh hinh lira chgn
nganh, nghe cua SV DTTC cung cung cap
cho cac trudng dai hge mgt ngon ngii'
chung, tao thuin lgi cho SV khi cin cd the
chuyen trudng ci trong nude cung nhu
ngoii nude
- DTTC dat hieu qua cao ve mat quin ly
va giim gii thinh dio tao, vi ket qua bgc
tap ciia SV dugc tfnh theo tirng hge phin,
chii khong phii theo nam hge, do dd, viec
hdng mgt hge phin nio dd khong cin trd
qui trinh hge tiep luc, SV khong bi buge
phai quay lai hge lir diu Chinh vi vay, gii
thanh dio tao theo tfn ehi thap ban so vdi
dao lao theo nien che Neu trien khai
DTTC, cic irudng dai hge ldn da ITnh vuc
cd the id chiic nhiing mon bgc chung cho
SV nhieu Irudng, nhieu khoa trinh dugc
sir triing lap cic mon hge d nhieu noi;
ngoai ra SV cd the hge nhirng mon hge lira
chgn d cic khoa khic nhau Cich id chiic
ndi tren cho phep sir dung dugc dgi ngii
giang vien gidi nhii va phuang tien tdt
nhit eho tirng mon hge Ket hgp vdi
DTTC, eic trudng dai bgc cd the td chiic
them nhiing ki thi danh gii kien thirc vi ki
nang ciia ngudi bgc tfch luy dugc ben
ngoii nhi irudng hoae bing con dudng tu
hge de cap cho hg mgt tfn chi tuong
duang, dieu nay tao them co hgi cho hg dat
dugc van bing dai hge O My, da cd tren
mgt nghin trudng dai bgc chip nhan cung
cap tfn chi cho nhirng kien thiic vi kT nang
ma ngudi hge lich luy dugc d ben ngoii nhi trudng
b Cdc nhugc diem ciia DTTC vd cdch khdc phuc
Cd hai nhugc diem thudng dugc nhic den trong DTTC, dd li:
- Cit vun kien thiire, phin ldn cic hge phin trong DTTC dugc quy dinh tuong ddi nhd, cd 3 hoae 4 tfn chi, do dd, khong dii thdi gian de trinh biy kien thiic that sir theo mgt trinh tu didn bien lien tuc, tir dd giy an tugng kien thuc bi cit vun De khic phuc nhugc diem niy, khong nen thiet ke cic hge phin qui nhd dudi 3 tfn ehi vi trong nhiing nam cudi, nen thiet ke cic mdn hge hoae td chiic cic ki thi cd tfnh tdng hgp de SV cd ca hgi lien ket, tdng hgp cic kien thiic da hge
- Khd tao nen sir gin ket trong SV, do cic Idp hge theo hge phin khong dn dinh, khd xay dung dugc mgt tap the gin ket chat che nhu cic Idp theo khda hge nen viec td chirc sinh boat doin the eiia SV cd the gap khd khan Chfnh vi vay, mi cd ngudi cho ring, D'FTC li viec "khuyen khich chii nghia ca nhan, khong coi trgng tfnh cgng ddng" Khd khan niy li mdt nhugc diem thuc su ciia DTTC, de khic phuc nhugc diem niy, chiing ta nen xay dung cic tap thd tuang ddi dn dinh qua cac lap, cac khda hge trong nam thii nhat, khi
SV phai hge chung phin ldn cic modul kien thirc vi dim bio sip xep mgt sd budi
"trdng" de SV cd the ciing tham gia cic sinh boat doin the chung ri.i
Cd the ndi, DTTC li mgt phuang thiic dio tao tien lien, nhung de dat dugc hieu qui hinh thiic dio lao niy, ddi hdi cic giing vien phii thay ddi cich day, SV phii thay ddi cich hge vi nhi irudng phii thay ddi cich quin ly Chi khi nio dat dugc sir ddng bg dd, chiing la mdi hy vgng cd dugc mgt su hoan thien trong td chii'c DTFCQ