Sd lieu dd eho Ihly lim quan trgng cua cac thuang cang Viet Nam, tilm nang kinh td, kha nang cung d p cac mat hang thidt yau cung nhu vj trf cua cac thuang cang dd trong mdi lien he[r]
Trang 1VA QUAN HE GIAO LOU GOM SUT VIET - NHAT
NGUYEN VAN KIM'
L Boi canh chinh tri, kinh te - xa hoi
Trong tidn trinh hinh thanh va phat trian
ciia dan tdc Viet Nam khdng it nha nghien
ciru eho rang da cd nhiing thdi dai huy
hoang, gan lien vdi ndn quan chu thinh trj
Cae nha sir hge, nghien ciru van hge van
hda hge, ljch sii kinh te, tridt hgc v.v tirng
cd nhieu cdng trinh khao ciru cdng phu ve
cac trilu dai Ly (1010-1225), TrIn
(1226-1400), La sa (1428-1527)(1) Ciing vdi
nhtrng thanh tuu rue ra ve xa hdi, kinh td va
van hda, day cdn duge coi la eac '"Thai dgi
anh hung"" bdi nhung chidn cdng vang ddi
trong Ciic cugc khang chien chdng Tdng
(980-981, 1075-1077), 3 lin khang chiln
chdng Mdng - Nguydn (1258, 1285,
1287-1288) va khang chian chdng Minh
(1406-1427) Dd la mdt each nhin, mdt each tidp
can cd phan "kinh didn" ve ljch sir Viet
Nam
Vi nhiau nguyan nhan, trong sudt mdl
thdi gian dai, Ijch sir khang chidn chdng
ngoai xam cung nhu Ijeh sir chfnh trj, sir
hinh thanh, phat tridn eua cac nha nudc sa
khai da duge uu tian khao eiru Cac cdng
trinh do khdng chi lam sang td mgt trong
nhtrng dac tfnh tieu biau cua ljch sir Viet
Nam ma cdn tao ndn ddng lire va nidm tin
manh me cho cugc dau tranh giai phdng dan
• Pho giao su, Ti(§n sT, Truong dai hpc Khoa hpc X3 hpi &
Nhan vSn, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi
tdc Nhung eQng chinh vi the ma mdt sd ITnh vuc nghidn eiru cdn cd sir khuyet vang ddng thdi khdng khdi cd nhirng nhan thirc sai lech nhat djnh Ro rang, cac bidn cd chinh trj, su thang tram cua cac tridu dai cung nhu truyen thdng khang chien chdng ngoai xam la dac tinh tidu biau, niam tu hao dan tdc nhung
dd khdng Ihd la toan bd ljch sir Viet Nam(2) Nau coi la Ijch sir la mdt ddng chay mang tfnh lidn tue vdi bdn dac trung ca ban:
truyen noi, kit tu, hda bien va lan toa thi
mdi thdi ky ddu cd vai trd, sir menh riang biet ciia nd Trong y nghTa dd, ciing nhu Ijch sir cua cac dan tdc khae trong edng ddng the gidi ciing vdi cae su bidn chfnh trj, lich sir Viet Nam cdn la Ijeh sir eua mdt qudc gia hgp chinh Do vay, nd phai bao gdm cac boat ddng kinh te; qua trinh hinh thanh, phat tridn cua cac giai cap, dang cap; su xae lap, tai thiat cac mdi quan he, eau triie xa hdi; ljch sir cua qua trinh giao thoa, hgp luyen sang tao van hda, hinh thanh cac khuynh hudng tu tudng; lich sii eua cac mdi quan he bang giao, ddi dau va hgp tac Dd la mdt each tidp can tdng thd, da dien, da chieu da
va dang dat ra ddi vdi cac nha nghian cuu hien nay
Thuc ta ljch sii cho thay, giira cdc sir bien chinh trj sdi dgng va nhtrng ITnh vuc dugc coi nhu nhiing "cau true chim" cua xa hgi, tudng nhu ed phan it bidn doi va mdi lien he
Trang 2Nghien citu khoa hoc
nhung thuc la gitra chiing ludn cd sir tuang
lac lan nhau Thdng ihudng, sir biin djeh ciia
mdt hay mdt sd thanh Id ca ban se gay ndn
nhtrng tac ddng da chidu ddi vdi he thdng
lire lil vdi loan bd dien mao cung nhu clu
Iriic xa bdi dd Ljch su ludn la mdt diln trinh
van ddng va ddi khi rat khd d l cd thi nhan ra
nhirng bidn chuyan ngi tai tu ngay trong ban
chat va cau true eua nd Mat khae, ehiing
cung cd thd bj "che phu" bdi cac sir kien,
trao luu chinh trj hay muc tiau nghian ciru
cac van da chuyen biet cimg nhan quan ciia
cac nha sir hge
Xuat phat tir each nhin lay cae sir bian
chinh trj lam trung tam, trong khdng it cdng
trinh nghidn ciru trudc day, cac triau dai nhu
Mac (1527-1592), Hd (1400-1407) diu bj
eoi la "nguy triau", khdng cd gi ddng gdp
dang ke cho ljch sir dan tdc Han thd, eac
triau dai nay cdn bj ldn an bdi banh ddng
"tidm ngdi", "dang dat" va phiii chju traeh
nhidm trude dan tdc vi sir that bai trong eudc
chidn tranh ve qude! Tuang lu nhu vay, thdi
ky Ld Trung Hung hay cdn duge ggi la thdi
Ld mat (1592-1789) thudng dugc coi lii
"thdi ky khung hoang, suy thoai ciia chd do
phong kidn" ma mdt trong nhtrng bidu hien
ciia nd la tinh trang "rdi loan ve chinh tri"
vdi nhieu bien ed ldn xiiy ra Cii the sau mdt
Ihl ky nlm gitr quydn lire chfnh trj trung
lam, chfnh quydn La sa ma dinh cao la thdi
ky cam quyan cua La Thanh Tdng (cq:
1460-1497), da trd nen suy ydu mau chdng
sau khi vj hoang d l tai nang, manh me nay
qua ddi(3) Ciic hoang dl ke nhiem nhu La
I liln I ong (cq: 1497-1504), Ld Uy Muc (cq:
1505-1509), Ld Tuang Due (cq:
1509-1516) diu khdng tbi tiip tue su nghiep
cua Ld Thiinh Tdng d l dua dil nude phat
tridn Mdt thidt cha chat che tap quyin cao
ma La Thanh Tdng day cdng xay dung cudi cimg da bj dirt gay bdi khuynh hudng tu hiru
hda ve tu lieu san xuat ciing sire day ciia mdl
xa hdi vdn quen vdi su mdm deo nang ddng
Ndi each khae, ind ihirc Trung Hoa {Chinese moder){4) - tap quydn Nho giao da id ra
khdng the ap chd, trimg khdp va thich irng mau chdng vdi sir van ddng cua thidt cha xa hdi Ddng Nam A - Phat giao da than giao ciing ndn kinh ta da canh(5)
Tranh thu tinh Iha chfnh trj dd do niim giii dugc binh quydn vd ludng Mac Dang Dung (cq: 1527-1529) da gianh lay ngdi bau rdi lap nen trieu Mac (1527-1592) Da chdng lai the lire cua nha Mac tir Thanh Hda, Nguydn Kim (1533-1545) ciing con re la Trjnh Kiam (cq: 1545-1569) da ndi ldn nhu mdt luc lugng manh va cudi ciing da phuc hung dugc quydn luc cho nha La nam 1592 Nhung cung tir dd, hg Trinh da gay ap luc vdi chinh quydn La rdi lirng budc thau tdm quydn luc thuc la va lay minh Mdl co chd
"song triing quyen hcc'\ 'fhe che luang ddii^ hay "hoi ehinh quyen eiing song song ton tgi'' rat hy htru da xuat hien trong Ijcb sir
Viet Nam, mdt dat nude ma chd do quan chu tap quydn xuat hien sdm va gan nhu trd thanh djnh chd cd hiru(6) Tinh the chinh trj
dd da gay ndn tam ly bal man ddi vdi cac nhiin vat trung nghTa vdi hg Nguyen ciing gia tdc Nguydn Kim ma liau biau la cac con Irai dng nhu Nguydn Udng, Nguydn Hoang (1524-1613) Khdng the chdng lai cung nhu khdng the gianh doat quydn luc vdi hg Trjnh, mdt thd lire da ciing cd dugc vj tri chinh trj vtrng chae d trung tam chau thd sdng Hdng Nguyen Hoang con trai thir ciia Nguyen Kim, da nudi chi lidn vilo vimg dill
Trang 3phuong Nam, nai ehinh quyen La tuy da xae
lap dugc chu quyan nhung ehua tha quan
cha chat che de xay dung iha lire chinh Iri
ddc lap Dd la mdl quydl djnh Ijeh sir ddng
Ihdi ciing la mgt trong nhtrng nguyen nhan
can ban dan ddn tinh trang phan cat Dang
Ngoai {Tonkin) va Dang Trong
(Cochinchina) keo dai han hai the ky
Sau khi Nguydn Hoang vao Irj nham vimg
Thuan - Hda nam 1558, mgt ihdi dai khai
pha dat Dang Trong da thuc sir bat dau
Ngay lap tire dng va nhirng ngudi ciing chi
hudng da phai ddi chgi vdi ddng Ihdi nhieu
khd khan, thir thach khae nghiet Luc bay
gid, trudc su suy tan ciia vuang qudc
Champa, ngudi Viet lien vao md dat phuong
Nam nhung day van la mdt khu vuc cd dan
cu thua thcit, kinh td kem phat tridn Trong
Phu Bien tgp liic, Le Quy Ddn ghi lai rang:
"Hg Nguydn trudc dat dinh Bd Chinh, dinh
Quang Binh, ddu cd ky luc, cai hgp va xa sai
ty de kham xet vide tir tung, bdi vi each Phu
Xuan xa, nhan dan di hau d Chinh dinh
khdng tidn Dudng vao Thuan Hda thi ehi tir
xa Phil Tdn huyen Le Thiiy dan xa Hd Xa
huyen Minh Linh la dgc dudng cd quan Cat,
quan Sen, quan But, quan Ha Cd, dan cu d
hai bdn, hanh khach ed chd ngu trg; cdn tir
dly ddn Ai Van thi khdng cd quan O Chdu
can luc ndi rang: "dudng xa nghin dam
khdng cd mgt cai quan nao" la diing"(7) Do
vay, cdng viec thiat yau dau tian cua Nguyan
Hoang la chiau du dan chiing trgng dung
ngudi hien tai, chia se tam linh, y nguyen
vdi nhtrng ngudi ciing vao Nam md cdi
Chinh sir trilu Nguydn viat: "Chiia vd va thu
diing hao kiet, suu thua nhe nhang, dugc dan
niln phuc thudng ggi la chua Tian"(8)
Nhung ban canh sir nghiep khai md dat
phuong Nam Nguyan Hoang ciing hau due cua dng nhu Nguydn Phuc Nguyan (cq: 1613-1635) Nguyin Phuc Lan (cq: 1635-1648) Nguyin Phuc Tin (cq: 1648-1687) Nguyan Phuc Chu (cq: 1691-1725) da ra sire ciing cd quydn nang eat eir tu xae lap mdt eon dudng phat tridn riang, ddc lap vdi
chinh quydn Le - Trjnh d Dang Ngoai(9) Su trdi day cua mot the lice ehinh tri o' vimg Thudn - Qudng vo hinh chung da edn trd tdm nhin, the phong thit chien licoe vd xu the hudng nam ciia ehinh quyen Thdng Long -Dgi Viet Hon tha, sir hien dien cua chinh
quyen Nguyan cdn thu hep pham vi lanh thd eua "vuang qudc Dang Ngoai" nhu nd lirng
cd trudc nam 1306(10) Bj tdn thuang ve dja
vj ehinh trj, bi xam hai ve Igi ich, bj chia re
ve tam ly ehfnh quyan La - Trjnh da td
chiic nhtrng lire lugng quan sir hung hau tien danh Thuan - Quang Mue tidu can ban la loai trir the lire hg Nguydn, gianh doat lai nhirng quyan Igi da inal( 11)
Tuy nhien, dian lian cude chidn da khdng dem lai nhting kdt qua nhu chfnh quyan Thang Long mong dgi Tuy cd tidm lire quan
su trdi vugt va cd "chi'nh danh" nhung trong sudi gan nira the ky (1627-1672) vdi 7 lan giao tranh quydt liet, gay nan biat bao hy sinh, tdn that nhung ehua Trjnh da khdng thuc hidn duge hai mue tidu can ban da de
ra Do khdng tha gianh duge thang Igi quan
su, quan Trjnh phai lui ve phfa bac sdng Gianh (vT tuydn 17) ddng ban doanh va lay ddng sdng nay lam gidi tuydn Trong Ijcb sir Viet Nam, tinh tir nam 1672 mdt thd cue phan cat keo dai 214 nam (1672-1789) giira hai mien da xuat hien Khong dirng lai d dd,
vao cudi thd ky XVIII xa hgi Viet Nam van
tiap tue dien ra nhtrng bian dgng Idn bdi su
Trang 4Nghien citu khoa hqc
xam luge ciia nhii Tbanb (1788-1789) rdi
phong Irao Tiiy San ndi ldn tir Binh Djnh
danh dudi quan Thanh d phfa Bac, diet trir
quan Xidin d phfa Nam ddng thdi dat co sd
cho sir ihdng nhat dat nudc Sau mdt thdi ky
ndi chidn, den dau tha ky XIX, vuong triau
Nguyan (1802-1945), triau dai quan chii cudi
ciing trong ljch sir Viet Nam, da duge thidt
lap Triau dai nay da xae lap nan nhiau dau
mdc quan trgng trong tidn trinh phat trien
Ijch sir, van hda Viet Nam nhung ddng thdi
ciing phai ganh chju sd phan ciia mdt dan tdc
bi thuc dan phuang Tay nd djeh, thdng trj
Dd la nhiing net phac dung can ban ve
diln tiin chinh trj Viet Nam tha ky
XVI-XVIll Nhu vay, trong khoang ba tha ky,
ljch sir dan tdc Viet Nam da dian ra nhiau
bude chuyin ddng thdi cung chii'ng kien
khdng it nhtrng biin chuydn dj biet Trdn
thuc tl, sir phan chia giua Dang Ngoai vdi
Dang Trong khdng phai la sir chia tach kinh
thd mdt each gian dan Ciing mdt ddng niiiu
Viet va y thirc manh ine vd ehii quyen ciia
qucic gia Dai Viet nhirng Nguyen Hoiing
(ngudi tao dung nhung djnh hudng ca ban)
ciing cac chiia nhu Nguyen Phiic Nguydn
(djnh hinh ro ret), Nguyin Phuc Lan
Nguyin Phuc Tin, Nguyin Phiic Chu vi
sir ldn vong, danh vgng ciia minh da tidp tue
xae lap chii quyin vii khai pha, md rdng anh
hudng d dit Dang Trong Khdi phat tir viing
Thuan Chau - Hda Chau thi icng doi eiia
chinh quyin Phii Xudn khong chi la kien
qiiyit chgn dicng cdc cuoc tien cong eiia
qudn Trinh di bdo ve lice licang ehinh the
md con phdi tiip tue hicdng den phuong
Nam md rang khong gian ldnh tho, tgo
chiiu sdu cua thi dirng chdn Muc tieu euoi
eiing md ehinh quyen ndy dgt den Id lain chu chdu tho song Mekong rong ldn
Trdn phuang dien ddi ngoai, tam nhin ciia ehfnh quydn Nguyan cdn dugc thd hien rd trong tha img ddi vdi cac thd lire phia Tay va phia Ddng Dang Trong khdng chi liep luc duy tri cac mdi quan he vdi hai qudc gia lang gilng la Ai Lao, Chan Lap ma cdn phai cd ddi sach phii hgp vdi cac nha tham hidm, thuang nhan, giao sT phuang Tay cung nhu mdt sd ddi tac mdi phuong Ddng ma hg chua tirng Irai nghiem Trong diau kien tinh hinh ehinh trj thi gidi ciing nhu khu vuc cd nhilu thay ddi, nhtrng tri thirc, tridt luan Nho giao da td ra khdng cdn la co sd duy nhat, htru hieu cho viee hoach djnh chinh sach va phuang chain cho mgi hanh ddng nira
Trong bdi ciinh dd luong thdng tin phong phii, da dien, da ehiiu cimg quan diem tu duy thue tiin, niim tin a sice mgnh eiia chinh minh da tgo nen nhicng ea sd chinh yeu cho cdc quyit sdeh ciia Ddng Trong
v l chinh trj xa hcii: Tinh the chinh trj liic bay gid dii dat be) niiiy quan ly non Ire cua Nguyin Hoiing dirng trudc nhidu sir lira cbgn(12) Nhung cudi ciing, dd cd thd tdn tai nhu la mdt chinh the ddc lap du sire ngan chan sire tin cdng ciing su uy hidp tir phfa BIC, ehfnh quyin Dang Trong da budng ddn viec xay dung mdl thd cha trung uong lap quyin manh 6 mdt khia canh nhat djnh, mac dil dugc xay dung trdn mdt ndn tang xa hdi cd sir hdn dung nhidu truyen thdng van hda, nhilu thanh phin xa hdi phirc tap nhung chinh quyin Phii Xuan da sdm djnh chd hda
va thill lap dugc mdl he thdng chinh quydn tap trung, cd phan "thuan khidt" ban so vdi thill chi "luang dau" eiia chinh quyan La -Trinh d Diing Ngoiii Dua viio lu duy khai
Trang 5ind ciing nhu dire khoan dung ciia Phat giao
kdt hgp vdi nhirng djnh chd Nho giao, khdng
ddi lap va hidm ky vdi nhtrng yau td van hda
ban dja ciing nhu ngudn gdc xuat than cua
nhidu nhdm, bd phan cu dan Dang Trong da
xae lap quyen lire cua minh, dn djnh xa hdi
va gitr viing dugc thd chd Tuy nhidn, dudi
nhan quan cua Trjnh Trang (cq: 1623-1657),
ngudi dirng dau phu Chua d Dang Ngoai thi
ngudi Dang Trong la nhtrng ngudi "cd eudc
sdng va each sdng budn te Tam can hg day
nhirng muu md vi hg gidng nhu nhtrng ke
hung bao eua trai dat Hg ydu thuang, lin
tudng nhau theo mdt each thirc bat thudng
han thd cdn khdng tuan lenh ta"(13)
Ve kinh ta, trong mgt khdng gian lanh thd
tuang ddi han hep, kha nang phat tridn kinh
ta ndng nghiep cd phan han che, eae chiia
Nguyan da cd lam nhin hudng Nam va
hudng Ddng manh me Kdt qua la, sau
khoang 2 thd ky, ehfnh quyan Dang Trong
da md rgng duge pham vi quan che ddn
viing ha luu chau thd Mekong Mat khae,
nhu la ket qua tat yau cua chinh sach hudng
Ddng, Dang Trong da trd thanh mdt Thd cha
bien {Maritime polity) manh cua Ddng Nam
A Thanh cdng trong vide khai pha vimg dat
phuang Nam cung nhu chinh sach ngoai
thuang tao bao da dem lai sire manh thuc
t l ddng thdi khang djnh vj the eua chfnh
quyen nay trong thd ddi sanh vdi Dang
Ngoai cQng nhu cac qudc gia khu vuc
Trong khi do, khdng gian phat tridn eua
Dang Ngoai ludn d the "dn djnh" Khdng thd
tiin lan phia Bac hay tran xudng phfa Nam,
chu truang ciia ehua Trjnh la gitr mdi quan
he hda hieu vdi triau dinh nha Le da tap
trung tam lire vao viee giai quyet cac van de
ndng thdn - ndng nghiep - ndng dan viing
chau thd sdng Hdng va bao vd an ninh cac midn bien vian Dua vao nhtrng djnh cha ciia mgt chinh quyan Irung uong lap quyen (nhung tren thue te la su phan chia quyen lire gitra Hoang triau vdi Phu ehua) va thiat che chfnh trj Nho giao dugc kien lap tir thdi
La so Dang Ngoai da tiap tiic ciing cd quydn luc cua chinh quyan quan chu, khang djnh vj trf, traeh nhiem cua "lir dan" nham duy tri sir
dn dinh xa hdi Trong bdi canh dd, mac dii ludn phai duong dau vdi nhti'ng thach thirc chinh trj, xa hdi phirc tap nhu vide ddi phd vdi du dang nha Mac eung nhu sire ep chinh trj tir phuang Bac, sir trdi day ciia the lire phuang Nam nhung chinh quyen Thang Long eiing da thuc thi nhiau chinh sach tich
cue de khuyen khfch san xuat, dn djnh xa
hdi, md rdng quan he qudc td Cd the ndi,
tinh the chinh tri doi lap giica hai mien vd hinh chung da tgo nen nhicng dong lue phdt trien cho cd Ddng Ngodi ciing nhic Ddng Trong
Do vay, tuy trgng tam tu duy chfnh trj, xa hgi cua chfnh quydn Dang Ngoai la giai quyat nhirng van da kinh te - xa hdi birc thiet cua viing chau thd sdng Hdng nhung ro rang chinh quydn nay khdng mudn va khdng the tidp tue duy tri Dang Ngoai nhu mdt "xa hgi thuan ndng" tire la chi sdng va dua vao kinh
tl ndng nghiep Theo do, "Chiia Trjnh dii thira hudmg mdt he thdng hanh chinh cd chirc nang tuong duang vdi bat ky ndn hanh chi'nh ban dja nao d Ddng Nam A nhung hg
da cai tiin di rit nhilu"(14) Trong thd ky XVII-XVIII, phu Chiia da nhilu lin tiin hanh dieu tra didn dja, cai each cha do thue, thu nap cac rugng dat cdn Igt trong dan de cap cho cac cdng than, quy toe Muc tieu can ban la nham khang djnh quyen sd htru tdi
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hoc
cao cua nha nudc v l tu lieu san xull Tuy
nhidn, sir tdn tai ciia ciic loai rugng tu nhu
Chiem xa Thong cdo Miin hodn la mdt
thuc Id ma chinh quyin Dang Ngoai phai
ehcip nhiin Nam 1711, Lugt qudn diin mdi
dugc ban hanh nhung ciing khdng tbI ngan
chiin qua trinh tu htru hda diln ra manh
me(l5) Nam 1722, Trjnh Cuang (cq:
1709-1729) lai cho diau tra dian dja ddng thdi ban
hanh Lugt thue mdi Theo do, til ca cac
rugng dat duge phan lam hai loai la rugng
cdng va rugng tu Nhu vay, sau 2 Ihl ky
rugng tu mdi dugc danh thud! Tuy miic thua
chi bang 1/3 so vdi rugng cdng nhung cung
da dem lai ngudn thu dang ke eho nha nudc
Mac dil gap khdng it dgt thidn tai, mat miia
nhung nhin chung, theo nhtrng md la cua cae
ngudn sir lieu trong nude, qudc td thi vao thd
ky XVII-XVIII, do co nhicng bien doi ve
chat trong quyen sa hicu, nen kinh te nong
nghiep Ddng Ngodi da co nhieu bieu hien
phdt trien thinh dgt{\6)
Dua vao chau thd sdng Hdng miiu ma
ciing ngudn luc dan cu ddng diic chinh
quyen Thang Long van tidp luc cirng cd
dugc quydn lire, sire manh cua minh Tuy
nhian, vao thi ky XVI-XVII, tran ca sd
nhirng biin chuydn tir thdi Mac va nhirng tac
ddng lir mdi trudng kinh td qudc td, chfnh
quyin La - Trjnh cung da sdm nhan Ihirc
dugc nhtrng ngudn Igi tir kinh td cdng
thuong va cd nhtrng bien phap tuang ddi tfeb
cue khuyin khich cac nganh kinh td nay phat
triln Ndi each khae, Thiing Long cung bidu
kha rd nhtrng nhan td mdi trong quan he
kinh tl, chfnh trj qudc tl cirng su chuydn
biin, ldn manh ciia Dang Trong Trong thd
cugc dd, phii Chiia mudn tidp tue khang djnh
vi Ihl ciia minh nhu mgt chfnh thd manh
Nhung do nhirng sire dp chinh tri lien luc tir phuang Bac, sir gan kat qua sau vdi ddng dat, vdi tu duy ndng nghiep, vdi he tu tudng Nho giao ndn chinh quyan nay da khdng thd dua xa hdi Dang Ngoai ddn nhtrng thay
ddi ve chat, thuc sir tao nan nhirng chu> an
bian can ban trong ljch sir Viet Nam
Tuy nhian, vdi ea Dang Ngoai va Dang
Trong, tren phuang dien kinh te xd hoi diem noi bdt ciia thdi ky ndy Id sic bien chuyen ciia mot so do thi von la ede trung tdm hdnh ehinh, chinh tri thdnh ede do thi do chiec ndng Cac do thj dd da ddng thdi Ird thanh
Irung tam kinh td quan trgng, dieu phdi boat ddng chung cung nhu cua mdi viing ndn kinh ta(17) Diau dang chu y la, ciing vdi cac md binh thanh thj truyan thdng, thd hien nhirng dac linh tiau biau ciia thanh thj phuong
Ddng, lir thd ky XVl-XVll do sice phdt trien cua nen kinh te hdng hoa eiing nhu tdc dong ciia moi truang giao thuang quoc te, a nhieu vung duyen hdi Viet Nam dd eo su trdi day
vd hoi sinh cua cdc edng thi {city-ports){\S)
Ban canh dd, dugc kich hoat bdi cac yeu td
ngoai sinh {exdogenotis factors), mdl mang
ludi phiin phdi, tidu thu hang hda eung da duge thiet lap trong mdi viing va gitra cae viing cd do lien kdt tuang ddi chat che Ciing
vdi nhung bidn chuyan dd la su hinh thdnh eita nhieu trung tdm sdn xudt thu cong gdn vdi sic ehuyen hoa cua cdc ldng nghe tir kiem nghiep sang chuyen nghiep Vao thd ky
XVI-XVIII, d Dang Ngoai cting nhu Dang Trong da xuat hien nhiau lang thii cdng chuydn nghiep cd nang lire san xuat va td chirc kha cao nhu lang del, lam gdm simh, eac lang lam my nghe, mdc, ren, diic, scni mai, lam ndn v.v Ridng nghe lam gdm, d Dang Ngoai cd nhirng lang ndi tidng nhu
Trang 7Chu Dau, Bat Trang, Thd Ha, Huong Canh; cdng nghiep khai md Ngudn Igi lir cac md
d Dang Trong cd My Thien, Lgc Thien, My ddng, sat, thidc da dem lai sire manh cho Cuang, My Xa, Thanh Ha Nhu vay, ciing vuong quyan Nha sir hgc Phan Huy Chu vdi eac quan xudng do nha nudc hoae chinh timg nhan xet ve tinh hinh khai md d Dang quyin dja phuang true tiip quan ly, su phat Ngoai: "Mdi lgi ve ham md phan nhidu la d triln cua cac lang ngha trong eac viing thdn cae xir Tuydn Quang, Hung Hda Thai qud da lam thay ddi tham chf da "pha va" Nguydn, Lang San Cae md vang, bac, ddng, tinh chit thuan ndng cua khdng ft viing qud thidc, dang gia khdng bidt bao nhiau cua
truyin thdng Ben canh do, he thdng eha Vide ehi diing cua nha nude sd dT duge ddi phien ciing ldm cho dai sdng kinh ti eita dao, la do d thud cac md nop day du"(20) nhiiu vimg nong thon tra nen soi dong Nhu Vdi Dang Trong, ciing vdi cac ngudn lam
la mdt kit qua tit yiu, trdn ca nudc da hinh san ndi tidng nhu tram huang, gd quy, que,
thanh khdng ft lang budn {trading villages) huong lieu, dudng kd thira kinh nghiem
cd pham vi boat ddng tuong ddi ldn( 19) Siic eua ngudi Cham, chinh quydn Phii Xuan mua cua thj trudng trong nudc, qudc td da cung rat chii tam den viec td chirc khai thac cudn hut mdt sd nganh san xuit von gin vdi cae md khoang san nhu md vang vimg sdng cugc sdng ndng thdn, vdi nIn kinh tl "tu Thu Bdn ddng thdi khuydn khich nhan dan
cung tu d p " {self-sufficiencing economy) dy trdng dau, que, lam dudng de phuc vu nhu nhap vao nIn kinh tl san xuat hang hda cm x\xQik\\hx{2\) Cdc hogt dong kinh te do Hogt dong ciia cdc ldng budn dd tgo nen dd noi ket cdc viing cung cdp nguyen lieu vdi ggeh noi giua thdnh thi vdi nong thon, giica trung tdm sdn xudt thu cong, thicang nghiep cdc trung tdm sdn xudt thii cong, khu vice dong thai bien nhieu nguon lai tic nhien, vdt khai thac vai thicang cdng Cac boat ddng phdm von chi ddp icng nhu cdu tieu dung kinh tl do da thuc dly cae tilm nang kinh tl, trong mcac thdnh sdn phdm hdng hoa, dgt dem lai sinh luc phat triln mdi eho nhidu gid tri cao tren thirang trudng quoc te
trung tam san xuit thu edng eung nhu toan 2 Quan he giao thuong va giao luu
bg nIn kinh tl Nhu vay, khdng chi d thanh gom sir Viet - Nhat
thj va cang thj, ngay trong chinh cae lang Vao thi ky XVI-XVIII trudc nhtrng tac qud cung xuit hien cae thuong nhan chuyan ddng khu vuc va qude td, Ijeh sir cac dan tdc nghiep Hg la mdt ting Icip mdi, cd nhilu net phuang Ddng da didn ra nhidu bian ddi sau dac thii trong bdi canh xa hgi Viet Nam sic Ci Ddng A, nha Minh (1368-1644) rdi truyin thdng dang dien ra nhilu biin ddi vdi nha Thanh (1644-1911) van la nhtrng dd che biit bao mdi quan he xa hdi dan xen, phirc ldn trong khu vuc Tuan thii nhtrng nguydn hgp tic truyan thdng, vi cae mue tiau khae nhau, Ciing vdi cac nganh kinh tl cdng - nhidu nudc phuang Ddng dac biet la cac thuang, vao thi ky XVI-XVIII, nganh cdng qudc gia Ddng Nam A phai chju sir than nghiep khai thac eung cd nhilu budc phat thudc va thuc hien che do bang giao trieu triln 6 Dang Ngoai, ehinh quyin trung cdng cac de che nay(22) Tuy nhien, sau khi uang cung nhu dja phuang rit chii trgng den thiat lap dugc cir diam d Goa, nam 1511 Bo
3 8 NGHIEN ecru OONG B^e fl SO 7(101) 7-2009
Trang 8Nghien ciiu khoa hoc
Dao Nha lai tiap tue linn chii dugc eo biin
Malacca, con dudng giao thuang gitra
phuang Tay vdi phuang Ddng dugc chinh
thirc xae lap Thd gidi phuang Ddng
(Oriental world) bat dau dirng trudc nhirng
thiich thirc to Idn Sir hien dien ngay cang
thucrng xuyan ciia cae doan thuyin budn
chidn ham phuang Tay d viing bidn Ddng A
da lam thay ddi nhidu mdi quan he bang
giao, giao thuong truyan thdng eiing nhu vj
the cua cac qudc gia trong khu vuc Trong y
nghTa dd, phuang Ddng khdng edn la "thd
gidi thuan khidt" nira Tam nhin ciia nhidu
dan tdc da trd nan rdng md, hg hidu rang
ciing vdi Trung Hoa, An Do cdn cd nhidu
qudc gia xa la ma hg chua biet tdi trong dd
dac biet la cac nude phuang Tay Cd thd eho
rang, sir hien dien eua eac nha tham hiam,
giao sT, thuang nhan phuang Tay la nhtrng
chi bao rat ed y nghTa vd thdi dai trdi day
cua cac qude gia tu biin, ciia ndn viin minh
cdng - thuang nghiep chau Au ddng thdi
danh diu sir suy thoai va cudi ciing la sir sup
dd ciia cac "Di chd lue dja" {Continental
Empires) Chau A Hinh thanh, phiit Irian d
khu vue Dja Trung Hai, cae "Dd cha dai
duang" {Oceanic Empires) da mau chdng
vuon din xa hdi phuang Ddng, chidm ITnh
nhung viing dit giau cd, tuydn giao thuang
qudc ll Quii trinh hgi nhap, tidp giao kinh
ll, van hda va ca nhtrng xung dot chinh tri
Ddng - Tay dd da diln ra trong nhidu tha ky
Trong thdi dai thuang mai tu do canh tranh
nhin chung cac dan tdc phuang Ddng van
giu duge quyin chii ddng va chii quydn
trong Ciic quan he giao thuang Diau dang
chii y lii khdng chi cd cae doan thuyen budn
phuang Tciy mdt sd qudc gia Ddng A ma
lieu bilu la Nhat Ban, dii lich cue du nhap
vao cac boat ddng kinh Id sdi ddng thdi ky nay
Trong quan he giao ihuong khu vuc so vdi cac qudc gia phuang Ddng nhu Trung Qudc, Thai Lan, Indonesia Philippines thuyin budn Nhat Ban ddn Viet Nam tuong ddi mudn Nhung ndu coi cac hoat ddng giao thuang cua Luu Cau (Ryukyu) mdl vuang
qudc ddc lap nhung da ihudc ve Nhat Biin lir
thdi Minh Trj (1868-1912), vdi Ddng Nam
A thi quan he dd da didn ra tir cudi thd ky XIV va dugc duy tri lian tue cho dan dau the
ky XVI(23) K I thira kinh nghiem va tri thirc
di bian ciia eu dan Luu Cau ciing nhu cua gidi Hoa thuong, tir niim 1592 cac thuydn
budn Chau an {Shuin-sen) ciia Nhat Ban da
bat dau tham nhap vao nhidu thuang cang Ddng Nam A Didu dang chii y la, ngay tir dilm khdi dau ay hg da lap tire phiii ddi dien vdi gidi Hoa thuong, cac thuong nhan Ddng Nam A Nhirng, cude canh tranh gay gal nhll hi vdi cac lap doan doanh thuong hiing hau Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha va ddn dau Ihl ky XVll la vdi cac Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (VOC), Cdng ty Ddng An Anh (EIC), Cdng ty Ddng An Phap (CIO) Do cd liem nang kinh Id, dugc Id chirc tdt lai dugc Mac phii Ldo (1600-1868) dirng ra bao trg, cac boat ddng kinh doanh ciia Nhat Ban d Viet Nam, Ddng Nam A trong nhtrng nam cudi thi ky XVI va ban 3 thap ky dau thd ky XVII da thu dugc nhieu thanh luu quan
trgng Cdc hogt dong giao thicang do khong chi gop phdn vdo sic phdt trien phdn thinh eiia kinh te Nhdt Bdn ciing nen thicang mgi chdu A md edn thue day mdi bang giao, giao lieu kinh te cung nhu su hieu biet giica ede ddn toe
Trang 9Nhu da trinh bay d tren, tru'dc sir hung thuong nhan Bd Dao Nha ludn nhan dugc thjnh cua boat ddng giao thuang Ddng A, nhidu diau kien thuan lgi(25) Sir biel dai dd chinh quydn Dang Ngoai cQng nhu Dang khdng chi vi ngudn Igi thuang mai ma cdn vi Trong da thue thi nhidu chinh sach tich cue nhtrng vii khi hien dai ina ngudi Bd dua ddn Tuy nhien, nau nhu ed cai nhin so sanh, Vd phan minh, gidi doanh thuang Bd Dao trong quan he ddi ngoai, eae chua Nguyen d Nha eiing nhan thay Hdi An la mdt trong Dang Trong da cd tu duy hudng ngoai manh nhirng thuang cang trung chuyen ly tudng
me, thoang dat ban so vdi Dang Ngoai Theo {leading entrepot) eua Ddng Nam A ciing
Christophoro Borri, giao sT ngudi Y tirng nhu tren tuydn thuong mai trgng yau gitra dan nhiau qudc gia phuang Ddng va chinh Malacca vdi Macao Dd rdi, tir Macao hg cd dng da sdng d Dang Trong 4 nam (1618- the tham nhap vao hai thj trudng Idn la Trung 1622) thi: "Tat ca eae nude phuang Ddng Qudc va Nhat Ban Bdn canh dd, hidu rd vai dau coi ngudi Chau Au la nhtrng kd xa la va trd cua cac the lire doanh thuong Idn d Chau
dT nhien hg cam ghet ddn ndi khi chiing tdi A, chua Nguyen ludn td ra trgng dung Nhat vao din lanh thd hg thi tat ca deu bd trdn thuang va Hoa thuong Theo C.Borri thi chua The nhung trai lai, d xir Dang Trong, hg dua Dang Trong da cho hg dugc chgn dia didm nhau dan gan chiing tdi, trao ddi vdi ehiing thuan tien da budn ban, dugc thiat lap cha do tdi tram nghin thir, hg mdi chiing tdi dimg quan che ridng va sdng theo tap tue ciia minh cam vdi hg Tdm lai, hg rat xa giao, than Trdn thuc ta, chua Nguyan da danh cho hg
mat va Ijch su vdi chiing tdi" Ben canh dd, dugc hudng chd do "Ngogi tri phdp quyen"
dng edn cho ring: "Vi ngudi Dang Trong tir 6 khia canh nao dd, Hdi An ed dang ve nhu
tl va ed tinh hda nha, ndn hg rat trgng ngudi mgt sd cang thj phuang Ddng hay Tay Au ngoai qude, hg dl cho mdi nguai tu do sdng trung dai Do duge ehfnh quydn danh chd theo dao cua minh"(24) nhting diau kien uu dai nen tha lire kinh te Mac dil eac mdi quan he cua Dang Trong cua Hoa thuong, Nhat thuang da mau chdng khdng phai bao gid cung diln ra em thlm va duge md rdng Hg da trd thanh "nhung ngudi thuc tl da cd khdng it cugc xung dot da xay lam thuang mai chfnh ydu d xir nay"(26)
ra nhung nhin chung trong icng xic vai cdc the Tren thuc te, trong quan he giira Dang Trong lice phuang Tdy, khdch thicang ngogi quoc, vdi Nhdt Bdn thai dgi bdy gia, muc tieu kinh chiia Nguyin luon cd gdng duy tri moi quan te duac hit sice coi trong nhicng qua ede hogt
hi him nghi ddng thai thuc thi chinh sdch dong do chinh quyin Phu Xudn eiing mudn
"trung lap hoa ", giu cdn bdng giica ede thi thiit lap quan hi bang giao chinh thice vdi luc Tuy nhian, thdng qua ehi do thud va cac Mae phu Edo
chfnh sach cu thi ehfnh quyin Dang Trong Ddn nhan dugc nhidu dieu kien phat trien cung mudn td thai do uu ai ddi vai mgt sd tap thuan Igi, trong ba thap ky dau tien cua the
doan thuang nhan qude tl Vdi cae thuang ky XVII, cac thuyen budn Chdu dn da ddn
nhan phuang Tay, mac dii din thi ky XVII v l viing biin Dong Nam A Trong cdng trinh chinh quyin Phu Xuan diu thilt lap quan he khao ciru cua minh, nha nghian ciru Iwao vdi Bd Dao Nha, Ha Lan, Anh nhung Seiichi cho rang tir nam 1604 ddn 1635 da
4 0 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl SO 7(101) 7-2009
Trang 10Nghien citu khoa hoc
cd tdng sd 356 thuyin Chdu dn din Ddng
Nam A va Dai Loan Theo dd, da cd 87
chide ddn Diing Trong sd thuyin din Siam
(Thai Lan) vii Luzon (Phillipines) mdi nai la
56 chide, dan Campuehia la 44 va Diing
Ngoiii lil 37 chiac(27) Nhu vay, trong vdng
31 nam, sd thuyen Chdu dn din Viet Nam
chiam gan 1/3 ldng sd thuyin Nhat Ban din
Ddng Nam A Sd lieu dd eho Ihly lim quan
trgng cua cac thuang cang Viet Nam, tilm
nang kinh td, kha nang cung d p cac mat
hang thidt yau cung nhu vj trf cua cac
thuang cang dd trong mdi lien he mat thill
vdi trung tam kinh td midn Nam Trung Hoa
va "vai trd trung gian kep" cua cac cang Viet
Nam gitra hai trung tam kinh td Ddng Bac A
va Tay Nam A(28)
Tir dau the ky XVll, trong mdi quan he da
dang vdi Dang Trong, Nhat Biin dii dem dan
ddng, tidn ddng, bac, vu khi Trong cac
thuang thuydn trd va Nhat Ban gidi doanh
Ihuong dao qudc Ihucrng dem theo la lua,
tram, gd quy, dudng va nhieu lam thd, hai san
khiic Dd la nhung san pham dac thii ciia xir
nhiet ddi ma khu vuc kinh td dn ddi rat hidm
hoae khdng cd Nhung san vat dd thj trirdng
Nhat Ban ddu san sang tiau thu vdi gia cao
Hian nhien, trong nhung san phiini trao ddi
dd cd Cii gdm sir tir cac Id ciia inidn Trung
Sau khi Nhill Ban thuc thi chfnh siich tda
qudc {sakokii), thdng qua vai trd ciia mdt sd
thuang nhan qudc tc nhu Ha Lan, Trung
Qudc quan he giao ihuong gitra Viet Nam
vdi Nhiit Ban van tiip tue dugc duy tri Trong
vdng 63 niim (1637-1700) hoiit ddng ciia
Cdng ty Ddng An Ha trong tam giac kinh Id:
Indonesia (Batavia) - Viet Nam (Thang Long
- Phd lliln, Hdi An) - Nhill Ban (Deshima)
dii dem lai nhilu neudn lgi khdng nhd cho
cdng ty nay(29) Didu dang chu y la cac hien
vat gdm sir Nhat Ban [Hizen) phiit hien dugc
d Hdi An va nhidu thuong cang mian Trung nhu Thanh Ha, Nudc Man hay d khu md Dai Lang, Dai Lao, Da Ddn tinh Lam Ddng thudc cao nguydn mian Trung dau cd nidn dai nira sau tha ky XVII Diau dd cd nghTa rang
mac dil chinh sdeh sakokii (1649-1855) md chinh quyin Edo theo dudi Id rdt hd khdc nhicng do khong phdi Id mot ehinh sdeh dong cica tuyet (^0/(30) Nhat Ban van duy Iri quan
he giao ihuong vdi Ha Lan va mdt sd qude gia Ddng A nhu Trung Qudc, Tridu Tian Luu Cau Xiam La Dai Viet v.v
Trong vdng hon ba thap ky budn ban vdi Dang Trong, ngudi Nhat da de lai nhieu ky ire, dau an van hda sau dain(31) Trong y nghTa dd, sir hien dien cua cac hien vat gdm sir d Hdi An cung nhu ciic di tich khiic la nhtrng chf bao quan trgng Theo T.Volker, trong thai gian 1650-1679 thuydn budn Trung
Qudc dii chd 7.100 dd sir Hizen lir Nagasaki
ddn Quang Nam (Hdi An) rdi lir dd ldi Batavia(32) Dd ban la con sd hdt sire khiem tdn so vdi lugng gdm sir thuc Id dugc dua tir Nhat Ban dan Dang Trong trong tha ky XVll Diau dang chii y la, nhtrng phat hien gdm sir
d khu vuc Hdi An tap trung d cac day phd Tran Phu Nguydn Thj Minh Khai cho phep
doan djnh ve sir tdn tai ciia mdt khu phd Nhat {Nihon machi) thd ky XV1I(33) Tuy gdm sir
Nhat Ban dugc dua ddn Hdi An ciing nhu Dang Trong tuong ddi mudn nhung sau khi chfnh quydn Edo thuc thi chfnh sach Ida qudc, mdt sd nhdm ngudi Nhat van sinh sdng
d Dang Trong, hg lam nhidu ngha nhu phian djeh, mai bien va diin hda nhilp vdi ccing ddng ngudi Hoa, ngirdi Viet Do vay, cd thd
cho rang, viec Dang Trong tiap luc nhilp vc