Trong khi dd, Nguydn Ai Qudc bdn ba khap thd gidi dd quan sat va tim dudng cuu nudc, qua thue tien thdng Ui tan bao phd bien cua chil nghTa dd qudc va dudi anh sang ciia Cach mang th[r]
Trang 1KY NIEM 80" NAM T H A N H LAP OANG
XA HOI CflO MGHIA
GS, NGND NGUYEN DlTC BINH
Nguyen Uy vien Bg Chinh tri, Bi thu Trung uong Danj
Giam doc Hgc vien CTQG H6 Chi Minh
L Sy lya chon cua chinh lich sir dan tdc
Sau nhiing bidn ddng chinh tri d Ddng Au
va Lidn Xd, cudi thap nidn 80 dau thap nidn
90 thd ky XX, mdt chien dieh cdng kich, phd
phan, xuydn tac, bdi nhg chii nghTa xa hdi
(CNXH) va ehii nghTa Mac - Ldnin day Idn tir
nhieu phia Ke thii ciia chii nghia Mac - Ldnin
hing vu cao, xuydn tac, bae bd hgc thuydt
each mang ciia giai cap cdng nhan va nhan
dan lao ddng sudt mdt thd ky mdi nay, gid
day cd dugc co hdi vang, chiing cang ra sire
xuydn tac, hdng chdn viii nd vTnh vidn
Tmdc tinh hinh dd, nhieu ngudi hoang
mang, dao ddng vd ly tudng, ed ngpdi khuydn
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam tir bd chit nghTa
Mac - Ldnin, tir bd con dudng xa hdi chii
nghTa (XHCN) ma Bae Hd, Dang va nhan dan
ta da lira chgn, bdi theo hg, thdi the (thdi dai)
da thay ddi Cd ngudi cho rang dinh hudng
XHCN chi la mdt md hinh nhat la trong hdi
nhap qudc te da md hinh thi khdng cdn duy
nhat va ddc quyen nira Cho ndn khdng cd
nudc nao duy nhat ehi ed CNXH, eiing nhu
khdng cd nudc nao duy nhat chi cd chit nghTa
Ur ban (CNTB) Bdi vi CNXH va CNTB dich thuc da tim rat nhieu md hinh dd cd the tdng tieh hgp vao nhau Ca bidt cd ngudi cho rang
su lira chgn XHCN da sai Ur dau, rang gia nhu luc dd (cudi nhimg nam 20 the ky XX) di con dudng khac thi bidt dau nudc ta van gianh dugc ddc lap, kinh td, van hda van phat tridn, lai tranh dugc may cudc khang chidn tmdng
ky gian khd hao tdn bidt bao xuong mau Vay phai chang lich sir dang lap lai: diu the ky XXI dan tdc ta phai lam lai cai vide
"tim dudng", "chgn dudng" nhu dau thd ky
XX ? Phai chang Cuong ITnh 1991 ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da ldi thdi ?
Khdng thd chap nhan cai thuydt "chgn sai con dudng" va "gia nhu " Van dd d day that
ra khdng phu thudc y tudng chii quan ciia mdt
ca nhan ai, ma suy cho cimg la quydt dinh khach quan ciia lich sir
Tmdc khi Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ra ddi, eac phong trao ydu nudc chdng Phap da didn ra sdi ndi, khdng ngimg khap Bae, Trung, Nam Dd la cac phong trao Can Vuong, cudc khdi nghia ndng dan Ydn Thd,
Trang 2KY NIEM 80 N A M T H A N H L A P O A N G
cudc van ddng chdng thud Tmng Ky cudc
van ddng Duy Tan Ddng Kinh NghTa thuc,
cae phong trao Ddng Du Tay Du do cac sT
phu yeu nudc chii xudng cudc khdi nghTa
Yen Bai do Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang tidn
hanh v.v Cac phong trao ke trdn ddu sang
ngdi tinh than yeu nudc, bat khuat, song tat ca
lam \ ao be tac va cudi cimg that bai Dd la sir
be tac va that bai vd dudng ldi cim nudc Va
nhu vay, tat ca eac phuong an chinh tri ciia
eae giai cap deu da dua ra va duge lich sir
khao nghidm - tir dudng ldi cim nudc theo he
tu tudng phong kidn, ddn nhung dudng ldi
theo lap tmdng ndng dan lap tmdng tidu tu
san, lap tmdng tu san Rd rang "tinh hinh den
tdi nhu khdng ed dudng ra"'
Trong lue dd cudc ddi va sir nghidp eu Phan
Bdi Chau ndi Idn nhu mdt dien hinh tidu bieu
mdt tam guong phan chieu tap trung va cd dgng
eon dudng cim nudc ma dan tdc ta da trai qua d
diu thd ky' Phan Bdi Chau di vao lich sir nhu
mdt tidu didm giao thdi, mdt nhip eau ndi giira
hai thdi dai Hch sir ciia dan tdc, d chd Cu la ngudi
phat ngdn cho nhu cau lich su dan tdc phai
chuydn sang thdi dai mdi cua cudc diu tranh giai
phdng Phan Bdi Chau cdn xa mdi hidu that rd
ban chat CNXH \'a Cach mang thang Mudi Dii
sao, khi nghe "lidng sam" Cach mang thang
Mudi, Cu da cd nhung cam nghT that xiic ddng
trong cudn sach Xd hgi chu nghia do Cu viet;
"May thay! Duong giira liic khdi due, may miu
thinh linh cd mdt ludng gid xuan thdi tdi; dudng
giira luc trdi khuya dat ngiu thinh Iinh cd mdt tia
thai duong mgc ra, ludng gid xuan am, tia thai
duong ay la ehii nghTa xa hdi vay"^
Nhung con dudng ma cu Phan Bdi Chau
chi du cam dugc d cudi ddi sau khi trai qua
"mdt tram that bai khdng mdt thanh cdng" (ldi
Cu than thd), khi than da tan, sire da kiet, tlii chinh Nguyen Ai Qudc eiing thdi khdng chi cam thay ma da nhan chan mdt each virng chac, khoa hgc Va, chinh Nguydn Ai Qudc
da dap ung tning nhu cau Hch sir dan tdc, dua dat nudc di vao dimg quy dao thdi dai mdi Nguydn Ai Qudc khang dinh; "Mudn cim nudc va giai phdng dan tdc, khdng cd con dudng nao khae con dudng each mang vd san"^ Ngudi lap ra Dang Cdng san Viet Nam vdi cuong ITnh ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi CNXH - dudng ldi da dua sir nghidp each mang Viet Nam khdng ngimg phat trien di len, khdng thd lire nao ngan can ndi
Dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang va Hd Chi Minh, nhan dan ea nude da tidn hanh thang lgi cudc Tdng khdi nghTa thang Tam nam 1945 Sau Cach mang thang Tam, Dang ta va nhan dan ta tha thidt mong mudn hda binh dd xay dung dat nudc, song bgn thuc dan dd qudc da dem quan xam luge nude ta mdt lan nira Vi ddc lap tu do cua Td qudc, nhan dan ta da phai tidn hanh 9 nam khang chidn chdng thuc dan Phap, 21 nam chdng dd qudc My Sau do tidp tue cudc chidn dau bao vd chii quyen bidn gidi phia Tay Nam va phia Bae Vdi chidn thang oanh liet miia Xuan nam 1975, ca nudc ddc lap thdng nhat, budc vao thdi ky xay dung, hong budc qua do Ien CNXH Tir nam
1975 den nam 1985, sir nghidp xay dung dat nude dat nhung thanh tim nhat dinh Song ciong trong thdi gian nay Dang ta da pham sai lam vd chi dao chidn luge va td chirc thuc hien, nguydn nhan do thidu kinh nghidm va nhat la
do chit quan duy y chi, vi pham nhung quy luat khach quan, dan ddn khiing hoang kinh td - xa hdi tram trgng Dai hdi Dang lan thir VI (nam 1986) da Ur phd binh nghidm tuc, not ra nhimg
Trang 3KY NIEM 80 N A M T H A N H LAP OANG
bai hgc sau sac, tir dd dk ra dudng Idi ddi mdi
Dai hdi VI la mdc Hch sir rat quan trgng trdn
eon dudng xay dung va phat trien Dang ta va
dat nude ta Tdng kdt 20 nam ddi mdi, Dai hdi
Dang Ian thir X (nam 2006) danh gia cdng
cudc ddi mdi da gianh "nhung thang Igi to Idn,
cd y nghTa lich sir"
II, The gioi doi thay, thoi dai khong thay doi
"The giai ddi thay" ndi d day ehii ydu Hdn
quan den sir sup dd ciia chd do XHCN d Lien
Xd va Ddng Au vao cudi thd ky XX dua ddn sir
dao Idn ea trat tu thd gidi Cdn "Thai dgi khdng
thay ddi" la ndi, mac cho the gidi da ddi thay,
nhung thdi dai vdi tinh chat la thdi dai qua do tir
CNTB Idn CNXH md diu bang thang lgi ciia
Cach mang thang Mudi Nga (1917) thi khdng
thay ddi Nhan thire sau sac nhiing dac didm Idn
nay eua thdi thd la tidn de xuat phat rat quan
trgng dd hidu eon dudng Dang ta, dat nudc ta
tidp tuc di tdi va ciing dd bae bd quan diem phii
dinh thdi dai Didu quan trgng niia la, qua dd not
ra nhung bai hgc can thidt Ur qua khir, nhiing bai
hgc diy gia tri hao hiing, ca khdng it bai hgc cay
ding Phai coi day la mdt cudc dai tdng ket Hch
sir, dai tdng ket thuc tidn
1 Sir sup dd ciia chd do XHCN d Lidn Xd
va cac nudc Ddng Au, sir kidn bi tham nhat d
thd ky XX la mdt tdn thit Idn chua hing cd ddi
vdi sir nghidp each mang ciia giai cap cdng
nhan, nhan dan lao ddng, cac dan tdc dang dau
tranh cho ddc lap dan tdc Udn toan thd gidi Nd
lam thay ddi bin so sanh lire lugng trdn quy
md toan ciu giira each mang va phan each
mang, cd lgi cho ehii nghTa dd qudc, bat lgi eho
cae lire lugng each mang Cac thd lire dd qudc
phuong Tay hy himg mydn bd "chu nghTa xa
hdi da cao chung, chii nghTa Mac - Ldnin da
chdt"!!! Hg khdng giiu gidm y dd thidt lap
"trat tu thd gidi mdi" do My dimg diu va khdng edn nudc nao dii kha nang ddi trgng Song, lich sir tra ldi thang; hoan toan khdng cd chuydn "cao chung" Budc tidn ciia each mang cham lai, song khdng thd lire nao
cd thd quay ngugc banh xe lich sir
Khi Lidn Xd sup dd, Dang ta da sdm ehi
ra hai loai nguydn nhan: nguyen nhan sau xa
va nguydn nhan true tidp
Nguyen nhdn sdu xa la trong qua trinh xay
dung CNXH, bdn canh nhimg thanh tuu vT dai, da cd nhting khidm khuydt va nhugc
didm nghidm trgng ve mo hinh xdy dung vd
phdt trien cham dugc phat hidn va khae
phuc, gay ra tinh trang tri trd kinh te - xa hdi,
dan tdi khiing hoang Nguyen nhdn chu yeu
vd true tiep la, trong cai td Dang Cdng san
Lidn Xd da mac sai lam rat nghidm trgng vd chinh tri, tu tudng va td chtic Dd la dudng Idi xet lai, phan bdi chii nghia Mac - Ldnin d mdt sd nhan vat lanh dao cao nhat Chii nghTa
dd qudc va cac lire lugng phan ddng qudc td vdn khdng lite nao ngimg am muu, hanh ddng chdng cdng, chdng CNXH Lgi dung nhirng khd khan va sai lam vd dudng ldi eiia Lidn Xd va cae nudc XHCN, hg day manh chien lugc "didn bidn hda binh" cue ky tham ddc, can thiep toan dien, vira tinh vi, vira tring trgn vao ndi bd cac nudc XHCN Cudi eiing chil nghia dd qudc da "khdng danh ma thing" DT nhidn, chiing khdng the lam duge didu nay, ndu eai td cd dudng ldi dung dan, neu 20 tridu dang vidn Dang Cdng san Lidn
Xd cd tinh than canh giac each mang va sue chidn diu cao, khdng dd cho bgn xet lai va phan bdi thao hong co quan lanh dao ciia Dang; neu cd sir cd kdt chat che giira Dang, Nha nudc va nhan dan
Trang 4KY NIEM 80 NAM THANH LAP DANG
Xac dinh md hinh ciia CNXH la mdt Uong
nhimg van dd khd nhat va phirc tap nhat ciia
cdng cudc xay dung CNXH Cae nha kinh didn
ciia chil nghTa Mae - Ldnin da timg du bao vd
dieu nay Ngay tmdc Cach mang thang Mudi
Ldnin da \iet; "chiing ta khdng ky' vgng rang
Mac hay nhimg ngudi theo chit nghTa Mac ddu
hieu bidt mgi mat eu thd ciia con dudng tidn Idn
chil nghTa xa hdi Nhu thd se la phi ly Chiing ta
chi biet phuong hudng ciia eon dudng dd va
nhimg luc lugng giai cap nao dan ddn con
dudng dd, cdn nhu vd cu thd va trdn thuc td eon
dudng dd ra sao, thi kinh nghiem cua hdng trieu
con ngidri se ehi rd, khi hg bat tay vao hanh
ddng'"^ Nhu vay, xac dinh dung phuong hudng
each mang la rat co ban, nhung van chua dii de
xay dung duge CNXH Cdn phai cu thd hda
thanh "md hinh" (bao gdm co cau, co chd, hinh
thirc, budc di ) va bidt didu chinh, thay ddi md
hinh khi didu kidn thuc td thay ddi va ddi hdi
Danh gia md hinh dau tidn eiia CNXH
dugc ap dung d Lidn Xd la van dd rat khdng
don gian, ddi hdi quan didm Hch sir, bidn
chimg va that cu thd Mdt sd ngudi thdng qua
phd phan "md hinh" vdi y dd xda bd mgi
thanh Urn ciia CNXH va phii nhan ban than
CNXH, ca hidn thuc, ea ly luan
Md hmh diu tien eiia CNXH ra ddi d Lidn
Xd trong bdi canh dac biet Tir sau Cach mang
thang Mudi ddn kdt thiie Chidn tranh the gidi
thir hai, Lidn Xd la nudc XHCN duy nhit
Didu kien xay dung che do mdi cue ky khd
khan phirc tap, ndn kinh td lac hau bj tan pha
nang nd Uong Chidn tranh the gidi thir nhat,
tiep den la ndi chien, rdi chidn tranh ciia 14
nudc dd qudc, bi bao vay ve kinh td va vd mgi
mat v.v Mac dii vao diu nhimg nam 20,
Lenin sang sudt dd ra Chinh sdch kinh te mdi,
nhung sau khi Ngudi qua ddi dudng ldi dung din nay khdng dugc quan uidt thue hidn Hon nira chua duge bao lau thi hi cudi nhiing nam
20 diu nhiong nam 30, tridu chimg cudc chidn Uanh thd gidi mdi ngay cang Id rd Trong bdi canh ay, phai nhanh chdng bidn nudc Nga lac hau thanh cudng qudc cdng nghidp, vira de chuan bj ddi phd vdi nguy co chidn Uanh dang den gan Giai quydt van dd nay va giai quydt eho dugc Uong mdt thdi gian ngan nhat trd thanh menh lenh sdng edn dat ra tmdc van menh Td qudc Xd vidt va chd do XHCN Trong nhirng didu kidn nghidt nga nhu vay, Nha nude Xd viet khdng thd khdng ap dung co che kd hoach hda tap trung cao do, mdt co che cho phep huy ddng tdi da cac lire lugng xay dung, sang tao Nhu duge bidt, Lidn Xd da hoan thanh sir nghidp cdng nghidp hda chi Uong vdng chua diy 20 nam, qua nira thdi gian Uong dd la ndi chien, chdng chidn tranh can thiep va khdi phuc kinh td sau chidn tranh Chi ed phat huy cao do tinh than anh diing, hy sinh ciia hang tram tridu quan chiing nhan dan, CNXH mdi thuc hidn dugc ky tich nhu vay Khdng the phu nhan gia tri to Idn, vai Ud khdng thd thay the ciia
md hinh CNXH diu tidn nay
Sai lam chu yeu dan den sir tri trd la cham phat hidn va cham sira chira nhung khuydt tat ciia
md hinh, duy tri qua lau md hinh dd nhit la khi ndn kinh td da can kha nang phat tridn theo chieu rdng, ddi hdi phai chuyen sang thdi ky phat tridn theo chieu sau, khi ma cudc each mang khoa hgc-ky thuat mdi da dat dugc nhirng thanh tuu
vugt bae, khi CNTB triet de khai thac nhirng
thanh tim ay de tiep tuc tdn tai va phat tridn Khuydt tat cua md hmh CNXH kieu Lien
Xd la myet ddi hda co che kd hoach hda tap tmng, Uiydt ddi hda nguydn tic tap thd coi nhe
Trang 5KY NIEM 80 N A M T H A N H L A P OANG
vai Ud ehii ddng va sang kidn ca nhan, chdi tir
mdt each ehii quan duy y chi ndn san xuat
hang hda, eo chd thi tmdng, thuc hidn chd do
bao cap tran lan, triet tieu ddng lire lgi ich true
tidp, do dd triet tidu tinh chii ddng, sang tao
cua cac don vj kinh td va ca nhan ngudi lao
ddng Hau qua ciia viec duy tri qua lau eo chd
tap trung quan lidu, bao cap la ndn kinh td
Lidn Xd tii chd la mdt nen kinh td phat tridn
nhanh nhat thd gidi, ndn khoa hge - ky thuat
ciia Lidn Xd timg dat khdng it dinh cao thd
gidi, da lam vao tinh trang tri Ud, tdc do phat
tridn cham dan, sire san xuat ngay cang tut
hau, hieu qua kinh td ngay cang thua kem cac
nudc tu ban, ddi sdng nhan dan ngay cang
khd khan, ndn kinh td roi vao khung hoang
tram trgng Trong khi gap khd khan vd kinh
td, Nha nudc XHCN himg manh nhat nay
phai danh mdt ty Id ngan sach qua Idn cho
qudc phdng tmdc su thach thirc chay dua vii
trang ciia My
Sai lam, khuyet tat gan vdi md hinh cii bidu
hidn khdng chi fren ITrih vuc kinh td, ma edn thd
hien d he thdng chinh tri, d phuong thirc lanh dao
ciia Dang, vai Ud quan ly cua Nha nudc, d quan
he giiia Dang, Nha nude va nhan dan Mdt Uong
nhung khuydt diem Idn ciia md hinh cu la khdng
phat huy dugc tinh uu vidt eiia ndn dan chii
XHC^, quydn lam ehii ciia nhan dan bi vi pham
nghidm Ugng Chii nghTa quan lidu hoan toan trai
ngugc vdi ban chit CNXH, nhung vdi co chd cii
thi that khd ngan chan sir phat tridn ciia nd
Do cham ddi mdi co chd kinh td, co chd
quan ly, he thdng chinh Ui va mdi quan he gan
bd nhan dan, ndn hau qua la Lidn Xd dang
Udn da not ngin khoang each vd trinh do phat
tridn kinh td so vdi cae nude tu ban phat tridn,
thi tix giira nhimg nam 1970 tinh hinh didn ra
theo hudng ngugc lai Sir thua kem rd ret ciia Lidn Xd thd hidn trong ITnh vuc cdng nghd va nang suat lao ddng Ma day lai la ydu to, nhu Ldnin ndi, xet den ciing quydt dinh thang Igi hoan toan eua chd do mdi
Chil nghTa giao didu, sir xo cimg trong tu duy lanh dao dan tdi cham phat hien cae sai lam Ngudi ta eiing da thi hanh mdt vai cai each, nhung nhirng eai each dd khdng co ban, khdng giai quydt triing cac van de, lai pham nhimg sai lam mdi vd ehinh tri va kinh td, trugt tir ta sang him
Nhiing sai lam chii quan ndi Udn la nguydn nhan sau xa lam chd do XHCN suy ydu, cudi
ciing roi vao khiing hoang Dd khong phdi Id
nhiing sai lam, khuyet tdt do bdn chdt cua che
do XHCN vd chu nghia Mdc - Lenin sinh ra, trdi lgi do quan niem gido dieu, chii quan duyy chi di ngugc lgi hnh thdn duy vgt bien chimg,
"linh hon song" cua chu nghia Mdc - Lenin
Chiing tdi cho rang, Uong tinh hinh CNXH
tri tre va khiing hoang do nhirng sai lam, khuydt
tat ciia md hinh cu thi cai td nham thay ddi md
hinh CNXH la tit yeu Cdi to Id tdt yeu, nhung
sup do thi khong Id tdt yeu Vdn de Id a cho, cdi
to the ndo, nhdm muc dich gi, theo dudng loi ndo Lich sir khdng ed chir "ndu", nhung lich su
cung cip nhung bai hgc hao hiing hoac cay ding khdng the bd qua Ndu cai td dugc thuc hidn theo mdt dudng ldi dung din, that sir mac xit Idninnit vd chinh tri, tu tudng va td chirc, khdng pham nhting sai lam cue ky nghidm Ugng nhu da didn ra thi lam sao Lidn bang Xd viet ed thd sup dd Mgi y kidn khang dinh vd cai ggi la "sir cao chung" ciia CNXH, chii nghTa Mac - Ldnin, su ket thiic thdi dai Hch sir qua do tir CNTB Idn CNXH Udn pham vi the gidi, chi
la vd doan va hoan toan vd can cir
Trang 6KY NIEM 80 N A M T H A N H L A P DANG
2 Tham hga sup dd CNXH hidn thue d
Lidn Xd va Ddng Au cho thay rang, sir ra ddi
ciia mdt chd do mdi khdng bao gid la mdt qua
trinh sudn se, dm tham Uon tm Nd ra ddi trong
sir lidn hoc tim tdi va thd nghidm ban than,
Uong cudc diu Uanh phirc tap, quyet Hdt va dai
ding giira cai mdi va cai cio, Uong cudc dau
tranh khdng khoan nhugng vdi nhung thd lire
thii dich bdn ngoai, bdn Uong, nhiing ke ludn
tim each xda bd nd Trong qua trinh tim tdi, thd
nghiem va dau Uanh ay, cd khi do sai lam ehii
quan, ed khi do tuong quan lire lugng, cd khi
do bdi canh chung khdng thuan lgi, ed khi do
tac ddng ket hgp ca may nhan td ay ma chd do
tam thdi phai liii budc hoac that bai Cach
mang tu san, didn hinh la each mang Phap
ciing da didn ra nhu vay Kd rtr nam 1789, trai
qua bao bien cd thang Uam phuc hdi va chdng
phuc hdi chd do quan chiu khi nghidng ta khi
nga sang huu (theo chuan tu san luc dd) cudi
cimg phai ddn thang 2-1848, nghia la mat gan
60 nam, ndn chuydn chinh tu san mdi dugc xac
lap tuyet ddi va hoan toan Lich sir ra ddi chd
do tu ban da vay, thi ddi vdi chd do XHCN lai
cang nhu vay, bdi CNXH la mdt chd do mdi
va khac vd chat so vdi mgi che do bdc lot
V.I.Ldnin; "Sir xuat hidn mdt giai cap mdi
Udn vii dai Hch sir vdi tu each la ngudi lanh dao
xa hdi, khdng bao gid didn ra ma khdng cd mdt
thdi ky 'trdng Uanh" hdt sire diir ddi, mdt thdi ky
chan ddng, dau tranh va bao tap, dd la mdt mat;
mat khac khdng bao gid didn ra ma khdng cd
mdt thdi ky md mam thi nghidm, do du, nga
nghidng Uong vide lira chgn nhiong phuong
phap mdi dap ung dung vdi tinh thd khach quan
mdi"' Ddi vdi phong trao each mang the gidi
sau Cach mang thang Mudi, nhat la sau Chidn
Uanh thd gidi thir hai, chung ta da quen nhu thay
mdt mach di len, cao Uao ndi tiep cao trao, ba ddng thae each mang khdng ngimg tidn cdng Mdt thdi gian dai ehiing ta chi thay tinh hinh thuan budm xudi gid do dd khi each mang gap
trie Ud, lai la uic tra cue Idn nhu sir dd vd ca
mdt mang Idn C!NXH, thi d nhieu ngudi, cu sdc that kinh hoang ghe gdm! Day la bai hgc hdt siic Idn ve nhan thirc chinh tri
Trong giai doan rat phirc tap hien nay ciia tidn Uinh lich sir the gidi, ngudi cdng san kidn
dinh van khang dinh the gidi doi thay nhung
thai dgi khdng thay ddi, ngi dung ca bdn, tinh chdt cua nd vdn Id thdi dgi qud do tu CNTB len CNXH md ddu tu Cdch mgng thdng Mudi Nga
vT dgi ndm 1917
Hgc gia My Fukuyama cho rang, Lidn X6 sup dd cd y nghia "lich sir da kdt thtoc" vdi sir tdn tai vTrih hing ciia CNTB Ngay tir khi mdi xuat hidn, quan diem dd da bi ehinh gidi khoa hgc phuong Tay bae bd, bdi nd the hien sir hip tip vdi vang, qua u vd can cir Lich sir xa hdi loai ngudi khdng ngimg van ddng tidn Ien thdng qua nhung mau thuan, ma xet eho eiing la mau thuan giira lire lugng san xuat vdi quan he san xuaL Chimg nao cdn CNTB, cdn nhirng mau thuan nan giai ciia CNTB nhu hidn nay va ciing vdi qua trinh CNTB chuydn sang giai doan toan cau
hda, nhirng mau thuan ay ngay cang tra ndn sau
sac va md rdng hon, thi lich sir van khdng ngimg van ddng va, theo cjuy luat lich sir - tu nhidn, chi
cd thd van ddng theo hudng CNTB tit ydu se tieu vong va duge thay thd bang CNXH
Lai cd y kidn cho rang vdi thuc Uang thd gidi hien nay, sau khi Lidn Xd tan ra, khdng can nhac lai dinh nghia thdi dai nira, vi CNXH Udn thd gidi cdn rat xa vdi, khang djnh thdi dai luc nay khdng ich gi, Uai lai de gay ao tudng chit quan, phidu luu Uong hanh
Trang 7KY NIEM 80 N A M T H A N H LAP DANG
ddng thuc td Quan didm nay khdng ed sire
thuyet phuc Ndu thdi dai hidn nay khdng edn
la thdi dai qua do tir CNTB Idn CNXH thi su
nghidp each mang XHCN ciia chung ta ciing
mat ludn eo sd lich sir thd gidi khach quan va
nhirng ngudi each mang mat di mdt eo sd
vung chac eho nidm tin ly tudng d quy luat
lich sir va tidn dd each mang Quan didm thdi
dai ndu khdng rd rang, chinh xac thi khdng thd
cd phuong hudng each mang rd rang, chinh
xac Sir nghidp each mang va con dudng phat
tridn di Idn ciia cac dan tdc se khdng thd gianh
thang Igi neu thieu tam nhin xa Udng rdng va
ndu khdng dugc dat dung quy dao thdi dai
Trdn phuong didn nay, dan tdc Viet Nam ta da
cd bai hgc lich sir mang tinh kinh didn That
bai ndi tidp that bai cua cac phong trao giai
phdng dan tdc chdng Phap, nhting thap nidn
cudi thd ky XIX dau thd ky XX cd nguydn
nhan sau xa d chd, cac sT phu tri thirc cam dau
cac phong Uao hdi bay gid, mac dii nhiet
huydt ydu nudc va ehi khi dau tranh cd thira,
nhung nhan thirc vd thd gidi cdn ban hep,
ngudi thi van tudng nhu thdi dai phong kidn
dang cdn, ngudi thi coi thdi dai tu san van
dang Idn, ngudi thi chi bidt chd dua la ndng
dan mdt viing ngheo rimg niii, khdng thay
thidn ha dai cue v.v
Trong khi dd, Nguydn Ai Qudc bdn ba
khap thd gidi dd quan sat va tim dudng cuu
nudc, qua thue tien thdng Ui tan bao phd bien
cua chil nghTa dd qudc va dudi anh sang ciia
Cach mang thang Mudi Nga, da nhan thirc
dung thdi dai mdi la thdi dai qua do hi CNTB
Idn CNXH trdn pham vi toan thd gidi, tix dd
Ngudi chu tmong dua each mang Viet Nam
vao dimg ddng chay ciia thdi dai Chung tdi
nghT ring, ciing vdi luan didm "khdng cd gi
quy hon ddc lap Ur do" thi luan didm "Mudn cim nude va giai phdng dan tdc khdng cd con dudng nao khac con dudng each mang vd san", la luan diem gdc ciia tu Urdng Ho Chi Minh, ndu ai qudn dieu dd, thi can ban khdng thd hidu dugc nguydn ly co ban nhat ciia each
mang Viet Nam la dgc lap ddn tgc gdn liin
vdi CNXH Nguydn ly ay la nen tang cua
Cuong ITnh chinh tri, nggn cd thang lgi ciia each mang Viet Nam 80 nam qua
Trai vdi quan diem rang ngay nay khdng can
va khdng nen nhac lai dinh nghia vd thdi dai, chiing tdi eho rang Uong tinh hinh thd gidi cue
ky rdi ren phirc tap va diy nhung bidn ddng bat Uac hidn nay cang can khang dinh lai mdt each manh me ndi dung va tinh chat can ban ciia thdi dai, ndu khdng each mang se mat phuong hudng, se phai md mam, vap vap va khdng Uanh khdi that bai Toan Dang, ddi ngu can bd lanh dao, gidi nghidn cim ly luan, cac co quan tham muu vd chinh sach, chidn lugc ddi ngoai cho Dang, Nha nudc can nhan thirc thau sudt van dd; tit nhien can kdt hgp tinh kidn dinh vd nguydn tac chidn luge vdi su tinh td, mdm ddo, khdn ngoan Uong sach luge thuc tien
Qua la dang cd y kidn cho rang, phai cd quan nidm mdi vd thdi dai thay cho quan nidm cii da lac hau, ldi thdi da bi lich sir vugt qua Thdi dai hidn nay, theo nhiing dai bidu ciia y kidn Udn day, la "thdi dai hau cdng nghiep ciing ggi la thdi dai van minh hau cdng nghidp, thdi dai khoa hgc - cdng nghd hay van minh tin hge van minh Ui md" v.v Tat nhidn, khdng cd gi sai d ban than eac khai nidm dd Nhung khai niem nay rit cd y nghTa va diy ndi dung bd ich khi diing dung cho, nhat la Uong cac cdng trinh nghien cuu kinh te cu thd, xa hdi hgc cu thd
Nhung nguai mdc xit tuyet ddi khong xem nhe
Trang 8KY NIEM 80 NAM THANH LAP DANG
cdch mgng khoa hgc - cdng nghe vd kinh te tri
thirc, y thirc rd rang rang, thieu nhung cdi do
khong the cd CNXH hien dgi
Cd dieu can phan bidt rd; khai nidm thdi dai
van minh trong cac tmdng hgp ndu trdn thuc
chat va chit yeu la ndi \'e van minh ky thuat,
chimg chua dua lai birc Uanh xa hdi toan ven
vd sir van ddng Hch sir xa hdi loai ngudi nhu
mdt tdng the, chua thd xac dinh tinh chat cac
chd do xa hdi Cach tidp can theo ndn van minh
khdng cho phep di \'ao ban chat, ngudn gdc sau
xa, eac ddng lire thuc sir eiia sir chuyen bidn
hgp quy luat Ur chd do xa hdi nay Idn chd do xa
hdi khae Ur thdi dai lich sir nay Idn thdi dai lich
sir khac cao hon Ndi "Tidn cimg thdi dai" ma
khdng xuat phat tir ndi dung, ban chat dinh
nghia thdi dai ciing la mdt each ndi mo hd
khdng rd tidn cimg thdi dai nao!
Chi cd chit nghia Mac chii nghia duy vat lich
sir mdi cd the giup nhan thire tham nhap sau vao
ben Uong qua trinh lich sir tir dd phat hidn ra
ldgic eiia lich sir va trdn co so dd mdi giup nhan
thirc tai hidn dugc mdt each that sir khoa hgc ban
chit san xuat xa hdi, con ngudi khdng chi cd
quan he vdi tu nhidn ma edn cd nhung quan he
nhat dinh tit yeu \'di nhiing eon ngudi khae tire
quan he san xuaL nhimg quan he nay phii hgp
vdi trinh do nhat dinh cua luc lugng san xuat
Quan he san xioat va lire lugng san xuat hgp
thanh phuong thirc san xuat, tao nen co sd kinh td
trdn dd xay dung kien true thugng ting chinh tri,
tu tudng phap luaL \'an hda v.v Va chinh bidn
chimg ciia lire lugng san xioit \'a quan he san
xuat la ddng lire co ban ciia sir van ddng lich sir,
la ngudn gdc sau xa eiia cudc each mang xa hdi,
dua den su chuyen bien tir hinh thai kinh td - xa
hdi nay len hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi khac cao
hon Ly luan mac xit \e nam hinh thai Idnh td
-xa hdi ehinh la ket qua khai quat qua trinh van ddng tien Idn ciia Hch sir the gidi, la Idgic eiia lich sir xet trdn quy md toan thd gidi (tat nhidn cd nhimg tmdng hgp ngoai Id) Lich sir thd gidi khdng gi khac la lich sir ra ddi phat tridn, rdi suy vong ciia cac hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi, la lich sir thay the lan nhau hgp quy luat giira cac hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi tir thip Idn cao Dd chinh la eo sd khach quan, khoa hgc, co sd thue tidn va ly luan
dd ndi vd thdi dai dd xac dinh cac thdi dai lich
sir Bdn ve thdi dgi lich sir xd hgi, do do, khong
the khong xudt phdt tu cdch tiep can hinh thdi kinh te - xd hgi Phuong phap tidp can nay khdng
ddi lap, khdng loai trir phuang phap tidp can theo ndn van minh, trai lai, chung bd sung va hd trg cho nhau Chang phai Ph.Angghen da timg de cap tdi thdi dai mdng mudi thdi dai da maa thdi
dai van minh Uong tac pham Ngudn gdc gia
dinh, ciia che do tu huu vd cua nhd nuac dd sao!
Tuy hai phuong phap tidp can hinh thai va tidp can theo ndn van minh ed the bd sung va hd trg
lan nhau, nhung khi ban vd than dgi lich suxd hdi
the giai thi can ban phai dua vao phuong phap
tidp can hinh thai, dua vao phuong phap luan duy vat Hch sir, phuong phap duy nhit khoa hgc, phuong phap khdng gi thay thd duge
Dinh nghTa thdi dai hien nay la thdi dai qua
do hi CNTB len CNXH dua chic trdn co sd phuong phap luan khoa hge dd
(Cdn nifa)
1 Ho Chi Mmh Todn tap, CTQG, R 2002, T 10, tr3
2 Phan Bgi Chiu Todn tap, NXB Thuan Hoa, 1990,
T.4, u- 132
'i.H6CHMmhTodntgp,CYQG,\i2mi,19,tr.VJ>
4 Lenin Todn tap tieng VieU Tien bo, M, 1976,
T.34,tr.l52-I53 5.5it^T.36, tr.235