Cach cdng trinh tren khdng xa ve phia ddng nam la mpt cdng trinh xay gach cd mat bang nen hinh chfl nhat (15,8 X 11 met) va dfldc ngan thanh hai phan chinh khong deu nhau bang mot b[r]
Trang 1VUONG QUOC CO CUA NGUOI MON 6 MIANMA
NGO VAN DOANH*
Vae nhflng the ky dau tien cua ceng
nguyen, ngUdi Mdn da dinh cU tai
khu vUc nam gifla hai ddng sdng Sitang
va Salween va da dfldc biet den thdng qua
vfldng qudc Mdn Ramannadesa Cdn
Thaton (Sudhamma), trung tam cua
vfldng qudc nay cdn dfldc biet den vdi cai
ten la Suvannabhumi, hoac Dat Vang
Cai ten Suvannabhumi cung dfldc dung
de chi ca met khu vflc Ddng Nam A luc dia
namg ben vinh Bengan
Truyen thuyet ke rang, vua Siharaja la
ngfldi da lap ra thanh phd' nay tfl thdi ma
dflc Phat cdn sdng, khi md bp sit
Mahavamsa cua Srilanka khang dinh la,
sau kien tap Phat giao lan thfl ba vao the
ky III trfldc CN., mdt phai doan Phat giao
do Sona va U t t a r a ddn dau da den
Suvannabhumi Ngoai ra, bia ky
Dhammazedi da chflng minh
Suvannabhumi, ndi ma phai doan Phat
giao den chinh la Golamattika hay
Taikkala, mpt ndi nam gan lang
Ayettherma, dfldi chan nhflng qiia ddi
Kelasa, each Thaton khoang 30 dam ve
phia bac
Chac chan la, Thaton da la mpt hai
cang phat trien va hUng thinh vao thdi cd,
va, tai day da dien ra nhflng quan he gifla
mien Nam An Dp vdi khu vflc xung quanh
Thaton va Pegu Cac sit lieu Mianma cd nhae tdi viec Buddhagosa, mpt ngudi Thaton, da thUc hien chuyen di tdi Ceylon vao ndm 400 CN va da thanh cong trong viec phien am cac van ban Phat giao sang van tu Mdn Cac tai lieu lich sfl cdn cho rang, Buddhagosa da dem ve Mianma, thdng qua Ceylon, cud'n sach ngfl phap tieng Pali ciia Kaccayana, rdi dich cud'n sach nay sang tieng dia phUdng cua minh
vd viet Idi binh ve cudn sach nay Neu nhu tinh lich sii cua nhan vat Buddhagosa cdn
hi mpt so' nha khoa hgc nghi ngd, thi sfl thinh hanh ciia Phat giao Theravada d vung Ha Mianma vao khoang the ky V
CN thi da dUdc chflng minh bang nhflng cfl lieu khad cd hgc va van tfl hpc
Tiep den, vao dau the ky 9 CN., sach
"Tan Dudng thu" ciia Trung Qudc cd ghi chep lai rang, trong so' nhflng qudc gia chfl hau cua Pyu, cd vUdng qudc Michen
da cii mpt sfl doan den Trung Qudc vao nam 805 va la nan nhan cua quan xam Ifldc Nam Chieu vao nam 835 Theo cac nha nghien cflu, nfldc Michen phai nam d vung cita sdng Irawadi'" Cung vao thdi
ky nay, trong cac truyen ke ciia cac nha
du hanh va cac tac pham ciia nhflng nha dia ly hgc ngfldi Arap va Ba Tfl, da xuat hien ten cua nha vua Rahma Ghi chep
PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A
Trang 2xUa nha't ve da't nUdc v u n g H a M i e n dUdc
tha'y t r d n g cud'n "Sach ndi ve d u d n g sa va
cac t i n h " ciia Ibn K h d r d a d z b e h viet vad
k h d a n g gifla nhflng n a m 844 va 849:
"Nha v u a R a h m a cd 50 n g h i n cdn vdi XU
sd s a n x u a t r a nhflng vai bdng n h u n g va
gd t r a m hfldng loai h i n d i (An Dp)" N a m
851, t h u d n g n h a n S u l a y m a n da n h a e lai
thdng tin t r e n va n h a n m a n h va bd s u n g
t h e m r a n g : "Trong d a n chUng, viec t r a o
ddi dflng b a n g vd sd Vao thdi ky nay,
t r u n g t a m cua vUdng qudc da c h u y e n dich
ve phia tay Mdt cudn bien n i e n sit cua
M i a n m a xep nien dai t h a n h lap P e g u
( H a m s a v a t i ) la n a m 825 va ngUdi t h a n h
lap la h a i a n h em sinh dei S a m a l a va
Vimala, ngUdi gdc vflng Thatdn'-'
Tuy bfldc vao thdi ky hflng t h i n h cd
mupn hdn sd vdi ngUdi Pyu va ngUdi Mdn,
nhUng lich sit cua ngUdi Mien cflng b a t
dau tfl k h a sdm Cac tai lieu bien nien sit
ciia M i a n m a dfla r a ca m e t d a n h sach dai
nhflng vi t h u linh ngfldi Mien thdi ky tien
P a g a n (the ky 1 1 - 13) ma r a t khd cd t h e
danh gia sfl xac thflc M e t t r o n g so' cac
t h u linh dd la n h a sfl tiem ngoi Poppa
S o r a h a n , ngfldi da lap r a ky n g u y e n cua
ngfldi Mien n a m 638 Cac n g h i e n cflu ciia
cac n h a khoa hpc da cho t h a y , vao t h e ky
7, P h a t giao Dai thfla da x a m n h a p vao
Pagan, va, tfl the ky 8, t r o n g mot so' t u
vien, P h a t giao da m a n g h i n h thflc t h a n
hi cua M a t tdng N a m 846, P a g a n da
chinh thflc di vao lich sit vdi viec n h a v u a
Pyinbya cho xay dflng mpt toa t h a n h bao
The n h u n g , lich sit cua ngUdi Mien s a u dd
cflng lai ra't mU md vi t h i e u nhflng t a i lieu
d a n g tin cay Chi biet r a n g , n h u cac n h a
khda hpc da xac dinh ro, vao n a m 1044,
mpt vi vua cd ten la A n a w r a h t a da len
ngoi vua d P a g a n Bat dau tfl day, vua
A n a w r a h t a da md rdng l a n h thd cua vfldng qudc P a g a n ma vao luc b a n dau cdn k h a nhd h e p Hai t h a n h tflu dang Iflu
y n h a t cua vi vua n a y la: h o a n t h a n h he
t h d n g t h u y Idi d phia ddng k i n h t h a n h
t r o n g c a n h ddng lua K y a u k s e da trd
t h d n h vfla lUa cua mien bac M i a n m a va cai d a e da't nudc s a n g P h a t giad Tieu thUa ( T h e r a v a d a )
T r e n g khi dd thi, mien Ha Mien, dac biet la xfl sd cua ngfldi Mdn, lai la mpt trong nhflng vung tfl lau da chuyen dao
s a n g P h a t giao Chinh khi dao P h a t bat
d a u suy thoai tai An Dp, thi chinh nhflng ngfldi Mdn v a n gifl tiep xuc tdn giao vdi mien N a m An Dp va vdi Tich Lan (Sri
L a n k a ) , dat t h a n h cua phai Tieu thfla
Va, vae n a m 1056, n h a sfl Shin A r a h a n , con mpt t a n g Ifl Balamon xfl T h a t o n va la mon de cua trUdng phai P h a t giao Tieu thfla, da den P a g a n va t h u y e t phuc dUdc
n h a vua A n a w r a h t a chuyen theo dao cua
m i n h Thee Idi k h u y e n cua Shin Arahan, vua cua P a g a n yeu cau M a n u b a gUi t a n g cho minh cac kinh sach va t h a n h tich thieng The nhUng, M a n u b a cho r a n g khdng t h e giti sach thieng cho ngUdi theo
di giao vd, do vay, da tfl choi de nghi cua
A n a w r a h t a T h e la, ngay s a u day,
A n a w r a h t a h a n h q u a n den Thaton, bat
v u a M a n u b a va lay ve 32 be Tripitaka (Tam t a n g kinh) Vdi viec vua bi cdm tfl d
P a g a n , nen, sue't tfl thdi diem dd den t a n
t h e ky XIII, Thaton bi sap n h a p vao
M i a n m a Sau khi vfldng trieu P a g a n sup
dd, ngfldi Mdn mdi gianh dUdc dec lap Va, lan nay, t r u n g t a m cua vUdng qudc dUdc
t h i e t lap, dau tien d M a r t a b a n , sau dd it lau, chuyen ve Pegu'^'
Trang 332 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010
Tuy viec phuc dUng lai lich sit cua
vUdng qudc Mdn cd d Mianma cdn gap rat
nhieu khd khan, nhUng, nhflng dau tich
ma vUdng qudc cd nay de lai thi lai kha
phong phu va da dang Va mot trong
nhflng khu di tich ndi tieng dd chinh la
thanh phd cd Thaton d Ha Mien vdn da
mpt thdi gian dai la thu dd cua nha nfldc
cd cua ngfldi Mdn
Dd thi cd Thaton, qua nhflng da'u tich
Id ro, la mpt dd thi dfldc xay dung theo
mpt binh dd chfl nhat giong cua cac dd thi
mupn hdn nhu Amarapura vd Mandalay
Tudng thanh cd hai bflc thanh Ifly hinh
chfl nhat va mpt had nfldc nam gifla hai
bflc tfldng dupe dp bang da laterite
Tfldng ben treng phia ddng va phia tay
dai 7.700 feet (2.300m), treng khi dd cac
tfldng ben treng d mat bac va mat nam
chi da 4.000 feet (1.200m) Trung tam cua
toa thanh la mpt khu thanh npi hay
hoang cung cd binh dd gdn vudng (true
bac nam dai 1080 feet tflc khoang 300 m
vd trflc ddng tay dai 1.150 feet, tflc
khoang 350m) Vi thanh phd hien dai
phat trien ca vao ben trong toa thanh cd,
nen nhflng da'u tich ben trong toa thanh
da hi bien mat Cac ngoi thap chinh nam
trong khoang gifla khu hoang cung va
tfldng thanh phia nam Ldn nha't la tda
thap Shwezayan ma tfldng truyen la dUdc
xay dung vao the ky 5 trUdc cdng nguyen
de luu gifl bdn thanh tich- rang cua dflc
Phat Tda thap da dfldc tu bd lai va gid
day, mang hinh dang cua met ngoi thap
hien dai vdi phan nen tron ben dudi va
phan than hinh chuong ben tren
Mdt ngoi thap dang luu y la thap Thagyapaya hay cdn dUdc gpi la thap Myatheindan Thap gdm nen cao ba bac
hinh vudng va than hinh chuong Nen
thap kha thap thap hinh vudng moi canh rdng 104 feet (3,20m) va cao 18 feet (0,55m), trong khi dd thi ba bac ben tren lai cd ty le kha can ddi va nhd dan theo chieu cao Tang thfl ba va cau true hinh chop ben tren da dfldc lam lai va toan bp ngoi thap luon luon dUdc lam mdi lai theo thdi gian Tfl trung tam cua mdi mat tudng ben dudi hai tang tren, ben d kham cao va sau, dUdc trang tri bang cac mai hinh vdm, nhd ra va hudng mat ve bdn hudng Hien nay, trong mdi d kham cd mpt tUdng Phat dudng Ben canh cac e kham cao nay, cdn cd cac d kham nhd chim sau vao chan tudng ben dudi tdng thfl hai Nguyen uy trfldc day, cd 64 tam dieu khac dat nung dfldc gan vao cac d kham nhd nay Gid day, phan ldn cac hinh dieu khac da't nung nay da hi ma't; nhflng hinh cdn lai thi bi hfl hai va phong hda khien cho khdng the nhan ra cac hinh dfldc the hien The nhflng, trong so' ra't it nhflng tam da't nung cdn lai, cdn tha'y dfldc nhflng canh minh hpa cac Jataka: Vessantara, Vidhura, Maha- ummagga hay Mahosadha, Bhuridatta va Temia Theo cac nha nghien cflu, cac tam dieu khac da't nung nay thupc phong each cua the ky 11- 12
Trong khu vflc cua thap Shwezayan,
da phat hien 7 phien da cd chfl; trong dd,
5 phien mang chfl mdn cd the ky 11, mpt phien cd chfl thdi trung dai va chfl d phien thfl bay thi khdng dpc dfldc Hien nay, tat
ca cac phien da cd chfl tren dfldc cat gifl trong ngoi chfla (tazaung hay wat) ben
Trang 4t r o n g k h u o n vien cua t h a p T r o n g sd
nhflng dieu k h a c da dfldc t a p hdp lai cua
k h u k i e n t r u e , cd mpt h i n h P h a t dflng
dfldc t h e h i e n dfldi d a n g p h u dieu t r e n
mpt p h i e n da cat Tay p h a i cua P h a t
budng t h d n g xud'ng vdi b a n t a y hfldng r a
ngoai l a m dpng tac b a n phudc (varada
m u d r a ) T a y t r a i dUa len vdi cac ngdn tay
dang l a m dpng tac t h u y e t p h a p Hai ben
vdng h a o q u a n g p h i a t r e n h a i vai cd m a n g
h i n h h a i h i n h phU dieu h a i con ngdng
H a m s a d a n g n h i n n h a u , H i n h phfl dieu
nay dfldc cdi la nguyen m a u cho cac h i n h
sau n a y cua chfla A n a n d a tai P a g a n va
dUdc xac d i n h nien dai t h e ky 10 - 11
Ben c a n h k h u o n vien c u a t h a p
Shwezayan, ngay ben kia con dUdng la tda
Kalyani Sima, mot cdng t r i n h dUdc xay
dung t r e n phe tich cua met kien t r u e cd
Xung q u a n h gian phdng lam le t h u chflc
tren, cd t h e cdn t h a y nhflng chiec cot r a n h
gidi b a n g sa t h a c h T r e n nhflng chiec cot
da nay, cd nhflng h i n h p h u dieu t h e hien
nhflng cau c h u y e n la'y tfl M a h a n i p a t a
(mudi J a t a k a ldn) Nhd mpt bia ky dUdc
khac t r e n mot chiec cot, n e n cd t h e xep
nhflng chiec cot da cd cac h i n h phfl dieu
nay vao k h o a n g thdi gian the ky 1 1 - 13
Thupc phong each sdm hdn la h i n h
P h a t dflng b a n g ddng dfldc vi sfl t r u tri
chfla S a d d h a m a - j o t i k a t r o n g t h a n h
T h a t o n p h a t hien gan day Day la h i n h
dflc P h a t D i p a n k a r a dfldc t h e h i e n vdi tay
p h a i dfla len l a m dpng tac t r a n a n
( a b h a y a - m u d r a ) , trong k h i dd t h i t a y t r a i
cam mep chiec ao choang Chec ao choang
bd s a t vao cd t h e , nhflng dfldng vien cua
vai ndi b a t len t r e n cac nep gap r e net
Cac nep gap q u a n h t h a t Iflng n h i n t h a y
r5, n h u n g cac nep vai n a m gifla hai chan chi dfldc n h a n tha'y qua nhflng dfldng net
n h e va m a n h Ca hai vai dUdc ao choang
p h u kin, vd gd ciia chiec ac dUdc chi r a d day b a n g mpt nep ga'p nhd d dudi cd Hinh
P h a t n a y n h u la mpt md phdng cua h i n h
P h a t dUdc p h a t hien d S r i k s h e t r a vao nhflng n a m 1926- 27 trong so' nhflng dd vat Cd nien dai t h e ky 7- 8
Nhflng tac p h a m dieu khac Balamon giao the ky 9- 10 cflng da dUdc p h a t hien
d T h a t o n Hai phien da sa t h a c h m a u bdi
dd cd m a n g h i n h phU dieu ndi the hien
t h a n Visnu d a n g n a m nghi t r e n minh r a n
A n a n t a Tfl t h a n cua t h a n Visnu, mpc len
ba bdng sen, t r e n ba bdng sen la h i n h cac
t h a n B r a h m a , Visnu va Siva ngdi Tac
p h a m dieu khac thfl ba the hien t h a n Siva bon tay ngdi cung con vat cfldi ciia minh la
bd t h a n N a n d i d ben dfldi chan phai va con quy dau t r a u ben dfldi dau go! chan
t r a i Cd t h e thupc nien dai mupn hdn mpt
c h u t la h a i h i n h nhd t h e h i e n t h a n
G a n e s a va mot bflc phfl dieu nhd the hien
t h a n B r a h m a vdi ba chiec dau cd the tha'y dfldc Cac tac p h a m dieu khac nay dUdc chuyen ve Rangoon
Mdt so cdng t r i n h va cac dd co dang Iflu
y d k h u vflc lan can cua t h a n h phd' co nay cflng can dfldc nhin n h a n Dd la cac phe tich cua nhflng bflc t u d n g phad dai Taikkala, mpt cdng t r i n h m a mpi ngUdi tin
la dd thi cd cua S u v a n n a b h u m i , ma hien cdn t h a y d ngoi lang Ayettema hien nay Cac cudc k h a i q u a t da dfldc tien h a n h tai A y e t t e m a qua nhieu mua khai q u a t tfl
Trang 534 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010
nam 1975 den 1978 Ket qua cua nhflng
cudc khai quat nay da dfldc cdng bo' vao
nam 1999'^' Rat tiec la, phan ldn cac cdng
trinh kien trflc deu bi dd nat nang ne, nen
khd cd the xac dinh dfldc chflc nang cua
tflng kien true Nam ngay gifla lang
Winka, cd mot phe tich nen vudng (mdi
canh dai 21 met), gdm 14 phdng vdi nhflng
kich cd khdng deu nhau dfldc bd tri thee
kieu: mdt phong vuong d gifla tiep giap va
thdng sang bdn phdng ben canh Dau
tfldng phia ddng cd phan nhd ra (cd the la
ciia ra vao ?) Ve mat nao day, cdng trinh
nay cd mat bang gan giong nhfl mat bang
cua cac vihara (tu vien Phat giao) cua An
Dp the ky 3- 4 CN Cach cdng trinh tren
khdng xa ve phia ddng nam la mpt cdng
trinh xay gach cd mat bang nen hinh chfl
nhat (15,8 X 11 met) va dfldc ngan thanh
hai phan chinh khong deu nhau bang mot
bflc tfldng chay dpc gdn trung tam Phan
dpc phia ddng cua kien true cd 5 budng;
trong khi dd, phan dpc phia tay chi cd 3
budng Theo cac nha nghien cflu, tda kien
true chfl nhat nay cd the dfldc xac dinh
nien dai sau the ky 6 CN Mpt cdng trinh
nfla dfldc xay vac the ky 4- 5 CN, cd mat
bang gan vudng (21,5 x 21,2 met) vdi 7
budng phia trfldc va 5 budng phia sau
Ngoai cac phe tich ra, ben trong tda thanh
cd xfla nay, cd tda thap Myatheindan, ma
theo nhfl bai bia ky cua mot nha sU cua
Kyanzittha dUdc phat hien d nen thap, thi
tda thap nay cdn dUdc biet den la thap
Kyaik Talan Tfl khi dfldc biet la tda thap
dfldc Kyanzittha tu bd lai, thi cd the nhan
tha'y tda thap da tflng tdn tai vao khoang
the ky 10 Tren ddi Kelasa, cd mpt ngdi
thap khac md da dUdc Dhammazedi tu bd
lai Bia ky chfl Mdn tai thap cho biet, luc
ban dau thap dfldc xay dflng de chfla thanh tich- tdc ciia dflc Phat Tai lang Zokthok, ve phia nam cua Ayettema, cd tda thap Tizaung, mpt kien true hinh chop tren nen bat giac, duoc xay dUng tren nen mdng ciia mpt cong trinh cd hdn Net ndi bat ciia cdng trinh nay la cai nen vflng chac hinh gan vudng dUdc xay bang nhflng phien da laterite to Khoang mpt dam ve phia nam ciia thap Tizaung, cd mpt bflc tfldng mang hinh cham khac dfldc biet den vdi cai ten la Hsindat Myindat Day la bflc tfldng biet lap dfldc xay bang nhflng phien da laterite ldn Bflc tfldng chay dai thee true ddng tay va cd chieu ddi khoang 1 dam, nhUng hien chi cdn lai 360 feet (hdn 100 met) Net dac biet ciia bflc tudng la sU cd mat cua nhflng mang phfl dieu ldn the hien nhflng con sfl tit va nhflng con voi xen ke nhau Mpt trong nhflng den thd danh tieng nhat treng khu vflc nay la thap Kyaiktiyd
Quan the kien true khu chua Kyaiktiyo nam trong vflng nui thupc vung nfli Shan each Thaton khdng xa (each thanh phd' Kyaikto 12 dam), va, tda thap d day la mpt trong nhflng diem thu hut nhieu ngfldi tfl khap da't nfldc hanh hfldng den Trung tam cua quan the kien true rdng ldn ndy la mpt tang da khdng Id cao 10 met nam tree chenh venh ben bd vflc sau Hat nhan cua ca quan the kien true Kyaiktiyo la rapt ngdi thap nhd chi cao 18 feet (gan 6 met) nam tren dinh tang da khdng Id ndm chdng chenh tren mot khoi
da phang bi tach khdi qua nfli bdi mpt ke nflt sau Tat nhien, nhfl nhieu kien true tdn giao ndi tieng khac, sfl ra ddi ciia tda thap Kyaiktiyo dfldc td diem bdi nhflng truyen thuyet hoang dfldng nhflng that cd
Trang 6y n g h i a T r u y e n t h u y e t ke r a n g , n h a n
dUdc Idi mdi, b a n g p h e p t h u a t h u y e n dieu,
dflc P h a t G a u t a m a da cUng 500 m e n dd
cua m i n h bay den T h a t e n De d a n h d a u
chuyen vieng t h a m , dflc P h a t giii t a n g cac
n h a t u h a n h dia phfldng 6 sdi tdc cua
minh Khi n h a t u h a n h cdn lai cudi cflng
da gia yeu, t h d n S a k k a xua't h i e n trUdc
m a t dng va yeu cau cho xay mot tda t h a p
de gifl b a sdi tdc cdn lai cua dflc P h a t N h a
tu h a n h gia ddng y va yeu cau t h a n S a k k a
tim ndi xay t h a p cd h i n h t h u gid'ng cai d a u
cua t h a n T h a n S a k k a hfla vd da thflc
hien dfldc Idi hfla: xay tda t h a p t r e n t a n g
da ce h i n h nhfl cai d a u T h e nhflng, h a u
nhfl lai k h e n g cd mdt t a i lieu d a n g tin cay
nao ndi ve thdi gian hinh t h d n h q u a n the
kien trflc Kyaiktiyo nay Cdn ngdi t h a p
hien n a y t h i chac c h a n la dfldc lam r a t
mupn ve s a u nay Hien nay, ca khdi da
khdng Id cflng tda t h a p t r e n dinh da dfldc
p h u kin b a n g vang'°'
C h i n h nhd cd sfl p h a t t r i e n rflc rd t r d n g
mpt thdi gian dai, it nha't la d T h a t d n ,
nen, dfl bi ngfldi Mien t h e n t i n h va s a p
n h a p , nhflng di s a n v a n hda cua ngUdi
Mdn da cd mpt a n h hUdng td ldn ddi vdi
lich sit va van hda cua da't nfldc M i a n m a
sau dd
Theo d a n h gia cua cac n h d nghien cflu,
ve m a t chinh tri, cudc chinh p h u c t h a n h
T h a t o n da d i n den ket q u a la A n a w r a h t a
quy t h u a n dUdc t o a n bp v u n g c h a u thd, md
r a cho M i a n m a mot cita sd thong r a bien
The nhUng, ve m a t van hda, ket q u a cua
viec chinh phuc T h a t o n la sU cai dao cua
P a g a n s a n g P h a t giao T h e r a v a d a va sU suy t a n cua p h a i Dai thUa M a t tdng Rdi thi, sau k h i chiem dUdc Thaton, nen van minh t i n h te hdn cua ngUdi Mdn da a n h hUdng m a n h me va sau rdng vdd dan chflng ngUdi Mien cdn k h a thd kech Nhieu chien t u Mdn hi bat ve da day cho ngUdi Mien nen van hpc nghe t h u a t va loi chfl viet cua ngfldi Mdn Bang chflng la, bia ky dau tien b a n g tieng Mien khac n a m 1058
dfldc viet theo Id'i chfl Mdn Va, hai trong
so' nhflng cong t r i n h kien trflc co nha't d
P a g a n la N a n - p a y a va M a m u b a la do n h a vua Mdn bi bat M a n u b a xay dung""./
C H U THICH
1 Dan theo: G.Coedes, The indianized states
of southeast Asia, East-west center press, Honolulu, 1968, tr.l06
2 D i n theo: G.Coedes, The indianized states
of southeast Asia, East-west center press, Honolulu, 1968, tr.l07
3 DSn theo: G.Coedes, The indianized states
of southeast Asia, East-west center press, Honolulu, 1968, tr 149- 150
4 Myint Aung, The excavations of Ayethama and Winka; Studies in Myanma History, Vol.1, Innwa Publishing House, Yangon, Myanma, 1999, tr 17-64
5 Aung Thaw, Historical sites in Burma, Published by The Ministry of Union Culture Government of the Union of Burma, 1978, tr 34-40 S.S Ojegop, kien true Mianma (chfl Nga), Nxb Nauka, Matxcdva, 1970, tr.117-119
6 D i n theo: G.Coedes, The indianized states
of southeast Asia, East-west center press, Honolulu, 1968, t r l 4 9 - 150