Trong thdi gian tfl phong trao cam rfldu va xda bd ch6' do nd le d thd' kf XIX de'n phong trao dan quydn va bdo hd qu>'6n sd'ng d thd' ki XX, boat ddng giao hcii cfla ngifdi da de[r]
Trang 1Nghien curu Ton giao Sd2 - 2010 63
TON GIAO 0 Nl/OfC NGOAI D
\6N X A H O I CLFA »OAr\ THE TON GIAO MY
T rong xa hdi My tap hdp cd tfnh
quan ehung rgng ldn nhat k cac
loai hinh giao hgi xua't hien dfldi hinh
thflc doan the tdn giao, ngoai nhflng ngdi
giao dfldng vdi du loai kidu dang kidn
trfle khac nhau, mgc 16n d khap ndi tfl
thanh phd' thi tra'n tdi k n g que, vdi dang
thflc hflu hinh nay nd ludn nhdc nhd
ngfldi ta ve sfl tdn tai rgng ldn cua tdn
giao d nflde My, ben canh dd, nd cdn nhae
ngfldi ta nghi de'n mdt ngudn vd'n quan
trgng ma giao hdi thufc sfl cd trong tay, dd
la ngudn vd'n xd hdi, nd khdng nhin tha'y
nhflng khdng the nao do Ifldng he't dfldc
1 Suf hinh t h a n h v 6 n xa hoi
Vdn xa hdi k mgt loai ngudn vdn dac
thfl, khdng cd hinh thfl, khdng phdi k tap
hdp nhflng tien bac cfla cai theo y nghia
kinh t6 hgc, cflng khdng phdi la tap hdp
nhflng vat pham hang hda hoac dich vu
thi trfldng trong thfldng nghiep, nhflng
nd k m cho long tin, tinh doan ke't, sfl
tfldng tae, va nhflng chudn mflc hanh vi,
v.v dfldc cu the hda, hien thflc hod: nd
thdng qua mang lfldi xa hdi tidm tang
dfldc tao bdi cac gia dinh, cac thanh vidn
trong nhdm, ban be, nhflng ngufdi hdp tac,
nhflng ngfldi k n g gieng, v.v cd the bdo
dam mgt each hflu hieu cho sfl phat tri6n
lanh manh cua kinh td xa hdi Ddi vdi ca
nhan mdi ngfldi ma ndi vdn xa hdi hdt
sfle quan trgng, nd la ngudn vd'n k h d n g
LUU BANH'*'
the thidu bdo ddm cudc sdng binh thfldng cfla con ngufdi Vciii xa hdi cd the xem k mdt he thd'ng mang lfldi eac quan he tac ddng tufdng hd vdi nhau mdt each chfnh thflc hoac khdng chfnh thflc trong xa hdi hoac trong khu vfle, hdi nhdm He thd'ng nay bao gdm sfl tie'p xflc va suf giao lflu trfle dien gifla ngu'di nay vdi ngfldi kia, va bao gdm cd quan he vd ldng tin lan nhau
do cac thdnh vidn giao lflu mang lai Nha chfnh tri hgc My Robert D Putnam cho rang vd'n xa hgi k gia tri cfla mdt dia phfldng ddi vdi cfl dan sd'ng d dd, do cac mdi quan he cd sd cfla dia phfldng tiio thanh, nd xua't phat tfl sfl tinh nguyen phuc vu va sfl tham gia trfle tidp cfla cdng dan'" Vd'n xa hdi nha'n manh he thd'ng mang lfldi va quy pham dao dfle vd sfl tin cay k n nhau va hai hda xa hdi, nd cd thd mang lai rat nhidu ngudn vdn tidm tang d6 gidi quy6't dfldc nhflng van de giao due, that nghiep, ngan chan tgi pham va ma tfly, va ddn cd nhflng van dd ldn hdn nhfl nadi trfldng sinh thai Khi kd't hdp vdn
xa hdi va vd'n nhan lflc (vdi giao hdi, vdn nhan lufc ldn nha't k tin dd), ngfldi ta cd the xay dflng ndn n6'p sd'ng van minh cdng ddng, gidi quyd't dfldc mdt sd van d6 chung cfla xa hdi
* Nghien ci'ru vien Vien Nghien cuu Hoa K_v, Vien Kll.Xn Trung Quoc
1 Robert D Putnam Making Democracy Work:
C'wic Trandition.s in Modern Italy (Princeton
University Press 199.'^) pp 152-162
Trang 264 Nghien ctru Ton giao Sd2^-2^10
Vcii tuf each k trung tam mang lfldi
xa hgi quan trgng nha't trong xa hgi doan
the tdn giao la ngifdi chiem hflu Idn nha't
vd'n xa hdi My Doan the tdn giiio thdng
qua td chflc tfn dd tdn guio cflng tien
hanh boat dgng, ddn ddn khidn cho g k o
hgi trd thanh ndi tu bcii vd'n xa hdi phd
bidn nha't va cflng la thuan tien nha't
trong xa hdi My "Ggi k giao hgi chfnh la
mudn ndi ddn con ngfldi", "nd khdng phdi
mudn ndi den nhflng cdng trinh kidn trfle,
tham chf cflng khdng phdi mud'n ndi ddn
mdt td chflc, ma nd mud'n ndi ddn nhfl'ng
mcii quan be gifla con ngfldi ta vdi nhau"'^'
N6u de y den nicit hien thflc d Viy cd bdn
90% ngfldi My ndi minh tin Chua cd 30
van giao hdi va hdn 2.000 td chflc giao
phai, cd sd' ngfldi My tham gia boat ddng
tdn giao nhidui hdn sd ngflcii tham gia
boat ddng d bat cfl Id chflc nao khac trong
xa hgi My, thi bat cfl ai cflng khdng thd
khdng nhan tha'y sfle manh cfla td chflc
phi chinh phu cd ngudn vc^in to ldn nay
trong xa hdi Viy'""
Vay thi, giao hcii k m tli6 nao d6 trd
thanh "trung tam mang lfldi" cua xa hgi
My? Didu nay cd quan he trfle l:i6p ddn
tinh hinh nifdc My, vd'n la qucac gia dfldc
hinh thanh tfl nhu'ng dan di cfl tfl ndi
khac de'n Trong lich sfl budi ban ddu cfla
nflde My, nhflng ngifdi dan di cfl dau tien
ddn nflde My duy chi cd thdng ciua tdn
giao mdi cd tli6 gifl k i dfldc van hda va
truyen thd'ng cfla minh mdi cd the hda
nhap vao xa hdi Dao dfle va quan mem
gia tri, mdi quan be xa hgi suf hdp tac va
tfn nhiem gifla mgi ngfldi vdi nhau, sfl
trao ddi va giup dd gifla eac hdi doan sfl
k6' thfla truyen thd'ng vdn hda cua ngifdi
dan di cfl, v.v ta't thdy ddu dufdc thflc
hien thdng qua mang lfldi giao hdi va lii'y
giao hdi k m h a t nhan Trong khi giflp dd
eac ca nhan, giao hdi ddng thdi cflng
da cung cap cho cd sd dia phfldng hang loat nhflng ngufdi boat dgng tinh nguyen, lflc Ifldng phuc vu tfl thien xa bcii, nhflng ngfldi cd kha nang lanh dao, va ed nhflng ngufcii tham gia bdu cii, v.v Thdng qua giao hdi, quan niem gia tri truyen thdng
va nhflng chuan mflc dao dfle dfldc phat trien, thda man difdc nhieu nhu cdu cua cac ca nhan va ciia dia phfldng Trai qua sfl [)hat trien lau dai, giao hgi vcii phfldng thflc he't sfle tfl nhien nay dan ddn
da bidn t h a n h t r u n g tam mang Iflt^i
xa bgi ehu veil nha't trong dan gian, trd thanh cd sd quan trgng cfla vd'n xa hgi Hang trieu trieu ngufcii dan My thudc cac loai doan the tdn guio khac nhau, bat luan k hoan cdnh kinh te xa hdi cfla ho nhfl the nao, kbi hg tham gia vao td chflc tdn giao va boat dgng tdn giao, thi ddng thdi mgt mat hg da nhan dfldc sfl giup dd hdt sfle cu the tfl giao hdi dac biet la co dfldc cai cam nhan v6 sfl yen dn an toan
va sfl an fli vd mat tinh than, mcit mat khac chfnh boat dgng c;fla hg cflng lam ldn manh thdm vd'n xa hcii cho giao hdi Thflc hanh boat dgng tdn giiio hoac tham gia vao td chflc tdn giao, vdi ngfldi
My ma ndi ngodi nhflng ngufdi cd nhu cau
ve than hgc tdn giao hoac tfn ngfldng theo tinh than cfla bdn than giao If ra, cdn da
sd la suy nghi vd tac dung thflc te bet sfle dac bi()t nui guio hgi cd thd phiit huy dfldc
trong ddi sd'ng hang ngay cua tfn do Giiio
hgi laji ra ciic hgi doan va dac biet lii trien khai cac boat ddng phuc vu xa hdi tao
ndi an chdn d cho nhflng ngfldi vd gia cfl
md cac ldp hcic, k p cac ban dan hat giup
dd nhflng ngufdi dan di cfl mdi ddn v.v Nhflng boat dong do guio hgi td chflc hay
2 Xem: Sara Terry "Resurrecting Hope." Tlie
Boston Globe Maga.xiiie (July 17 1994) p.22
3 Liru Biiiih "Ton gido MY duang dai" Nxb Van hien KllXB Bac Kinh 2001 tr \
Trang 3Luu Banh Vdn xci hdi ciia dodn the tdn gido My 65
cd vu n a y da k m cho nhidu ngu'di cai
thien dfldc hodn c d n h cudc sd'ng nhd be
ciia ca n h a n m i n h Vdi mdt k h u vufc ma
ndi, giao hdi la t r u n g t a m cfla k h u vflc, k
con dfldng td't n h d t t h u gom dfldc ngudn
vd'n xa hgi, k ndi nudi dfldng nidm hflng
t h u giao lflu tiep xue, gifl gin quy tde va
hgc t a p r e n l u y e n ki n a n g t r o n g cudc sdng
Ngfldi tfn dd t h d n g q u a t h a m gia cac b o a t
dgng tdn giao, t h d n g q u a giao bdi ma hgc
t a p dflgc each p h a t bidu, each didn gidng
trflde ddng ngfldi, cdch td chflc hdi nghi
each gidi quydt m a u t h u d n chia re each
dam dfldng cdng viee q u d n If nhfl t h 6 nao;
hg hgc dfldc each q u a n h e giao tidp vdi
n h a u , tfl dd m a cd dfldc cd hdi t h a m gia
boat ddng xa giao cd lion q u a n ddn tdn
giao nhidu hdn trdn p h a m vi rgng ldn
hdn K6't q u a cua viec t h a m gia cac hoiat
ddng nay thfldng d a n ddn viec cac tfn dd
t h a m gia vao cac loai td chflc vd h o a t
ddng cd tfnh each phi tdn giao rdng rai
hdn (vf du cac b o a t ddng m a n g t i n h chat
chfnh tri nhfl bdu cfl, v.v ) va cflng cd
dfldc nhidu mdi q u a n he xa hdi bcJn'"
Nflde My da tflng cd cudc dieu t r a 22
doan thd q u a n chflng t i n h n g u y e n thudc
cac loai h i n h k h a c n h a u nhfl k hiep hdi
nghd nghiep, hdi nhflng ngufdi cflng sd
thfch, td chflc q u a n n h a n thodi ngfl,
nhdm tfldng trd n h a u , cau lac bd t h e t h a o
eau lac bd p h u c vu, v.v Ke't qua cho
tha'y, t h a n h vien cac td chflc tdn giao tfch
eflc h a n g hai nha't t h a m gia cac b o a t ddng
xa hdi dfldi nhidu h i n h thflc k h a c n h a u
nhfl la di bd phid'u bdu cfl k m bdi t h a m
vien, t h a m gia cac cdng viec cfla dia
phfldng, gap gd tidp xflc vdi k n g gidng
hoac quyen gdp tfl thien''" Cdn cd cudc
dieu t r a ydu cdu ngfldi dufdc hdi liet ke ra
so'nhflng ngfldi m a hg da gap trfle tidp va
ndi chuyen t r o n g mdt ngdy, ket qud p h a t
hien t h a y nhflng tin dd tdn giiio d6 d a n g
dfla r a sd' ngfldi m a hg da giao tidp h a n g ngay Nhflng ngfldi dinh ky de'n nha thd thi sd' ngfldi gap va giao tidp trong mdt ngay thfldng n h i d u hdn nhflng ngfldi khac,
b i n h q u a n n h i d u hdn 40%)"'' Nhflng cudc didu t r a nay cho thay, tdn giao cung gid'ng nhfl giao due ddu r a t cd hieu lflc lien k6t cac loai b o a t ddng xa hgi lai vdi
n h a u , k m cho nhflng ngfltii t h a m gia
b o a t ddng tdn giao cd t;h6 k6t giao difgc vdi nhidu ngifdi khac, trong khi sfl d u n g vd'n xa hoi thi ddng thdi cung sang tao r a cang n h i d u vd'n xa hdi hdn
Mdt n g u y e n n h a n k h a c k h i e n cho nhidu ngfldi t h a m gia td chflc tdn giao va tfch cufc b o a t ddng trong giao hdi, dd k mdi trfldng d a n chii trong ndi bd giao hdi
va sfl b i n h d a n g cua cac t h a n h vien ma giao hdi m a n g lai Vf du, vdi n h u n g p h u nfl da m a u va ngheo khd ma ndi, giao hdi
k ndi r a t q u a n t r g n g d6 hg dflgc bdi dfldng cac ki n a n g nhfl vidt thfl, t h a m gia nhflng quy6't sach trong cac hdi nghi,
c h u a n hi va chu tri hdi nghi, p h a t bidu didn giang trifdc ddng ddo mgi ngfldi d ndi cdng cdng, v.v Mac dfl hg cung cd the hgc t a p dufdc cac ki n a n g nay tfl ndi cdng tac cfla m i n h hoac d cac doan the phi tdn giao k h a c , nhflng cac doan the phi tdn giao thfldng mud'n t h u h u t nhflng t h a n h vien da t r d n g va nhflng ngfldi d t d n g ldp
t r u n g vd thfldng lflu, tfl dd cang k m t a n g
t h e m suf b a t b i n h d a n g ve quyen ldi Chf
cd t r o n g doan t h e tdn g k o , p h u nfl, dan di cfl, ngfldi da m a u va ngfldi ngheo mdi cd
cd hgi bdi dfldng vd'n nhiin lflc cfla minh,
4 Xem Robert d Putnam Bowling Alone Tlie
Collapse and Revival cf American Cominiiiiily
(Simon & Schuster 2000) p 66
5 .Xem; Putnam's analysis of 1996 National Election Study
6 Xem: Putnam's analysis of a Scripps Howard/Ohio Unixcrsity National Survey of Interpersonal Communication June 1997
Trang 466 Nghien cii'u Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
dat dfldc kl nang can thiet de chuan bi
tham gia chfnh tri Bdi vay, tdn giao k
ndi ra't quan trgng phdn ddi sfl ba't binh
dang trong tham gia cac boat ddng xa hgi
d My, tdn giao bdng cai vd'n xa hdi ma
minh cd dfldc da tao dieu kien thufc hien
"dan chii tham gia boat ddng xa bcii" cho
nhflng doan thd qudn chflng ye'u th6'
khdng cd mdt chflt dac quydn kinh td'"'
Dac di6m nay ciia td chflc tdn giao k
bet sfle quan trgng ddi vdi giiio hdi ngifdi
da den Trong lich sfl nflde My, td chflc
giao hdi tfl xfla den nay deu k ndi trung
tam vdn xa hdi va ndi cdng dan tham dfl
boat ddng xa hdi trong khu vufc ngfldi da
den Giao hgi k td chflc xa hdi k u ddi
nha't cd sfle sd'ng manh me nha't trong
cdng ddng ngfldi da den nflde My, k td
chflc xa hdi cua ngfldi da den duy nhat do
"ngufdi da den qudn If", da tflng bi ap bflc
trong lich sii nflde My Ba't luan d giai
tdng xa hdi ndo, ngifdi My gd'c Phi cd tfn
ngfldng tdn gido cung thanh kfnh kien
trung hdn nhflng ngflcii khac Truydn
thdng tdn gido cua ngfldi da den cd vu sfl
hda hdp cfla cac loai tdn giao va rat quan
tam ddn cac cdng viec d dia phfldng
Trong thdi gian tfl phong trao cam rfldu
va xda bd ch6' do nd le d thd' kf XIX de'n
phong trao dan quydn va bdo hd qu>'6n
sd'ng d thd' ki XX, boat ddng giao hcii cfla
ngifdi da den cd lien quan mat thi6t vdi
boat ddng xa bcii, mgt trong nhflng
nguyen nhan cua nd la d chd giao hdi
da tao c.di hdi giao tiep ddc nhat vd nhi va
cd hgi tham gia vao xa hdi mdt each binh
ddng cho ngfldi da den""
Mdt nha phan tfch cd dnh hfldng trong
thdi kl vian ddng dan quyen da chi ra
rdng: "Giao hgi ngfldi da den la trung tam
td chflc cua phong trao dan quydn hien
dai guio bcii cung cia'p cd sd qudn chflng
cd td chflc; va cd nhflng cd sd tu hgp d6
cflng nhau bdn bac chie'n Ifldc chi6n thuat dau tranh"'-"
Nha xa hgi hgc tdn giao ngfldi My Eric Lincoln cflng cd nhflng quan didm tfldng tfl Ong cho rang: "Cung gid'ng nhfl mat phat huy tac dung tdn giao, giao hgi ngfldi da den cdn k nggn ngudn van hoa cfla ngfldi da den My, k quan quan ciia tfl do va tieu chf ciia van minh, cd vai tro lich sfl k gidng dfldng hgc thuat, trfldng bgc am nhae dien dan cdng cdng trung tam phuc vu xa hgi, hgc hdi chfnh tri va ling hd tdi chfnh""'"
Thflc ra vdn xa hdi ma giao hdi tao ra cho tfn dd khdng chf ban che d dap flng nhu cau dfldc tham gia boat dgng xa hdi, nhu cau dfldc giao tiep hay nhu cdu dfldc bdi dfldng ki nang Giao hgi vdi tfl each la mgt td chflc xa hdi dac thfl, cd thd tfl tmh
t h a n va t i n h cam ddng thdi t h d a man
7 Xem: Cnaan Boddie and ^'ancey "Bowling Alone
Bui Serving Together." in Smidt ed Religion as
Social Capital: Prodticing the Common Good (Baylor University 200,^) p.23."
8 Xem: Fredrick C Harris 5)Omcthing within: Religion
in African American Political Activism (New "I'ork:
Oxford University Piess, 1999) esp pp.59.63~64: C
Eric Lincoln and Lawrence 11 niamiya The Black
Church in the African American experience (Durham
N.C.: Duke Unixersity Press 1990): Maiy Pattillo McCoy "Cliurch Culiure as a Strategy of Action in the Black Community." American Sociological Review Vol.6.3 (Decemlier 1998) pp.767~784 Nhieu phan
tich \6 ton giiio My khiic nua xin xem The General
.Social Survey National Election Study Roper Social and Political Trends Surveys, and DDB Needliiiin Life Style Archives \'a \'erha Schkcman and Bradx
\ 'oice and lic/iialitv
9 Xem: Aldon D Morris The Origins cf the Civil
Rights Movement: Black Comniinities Organizing far Change (New York: [-ree Press 1984) p.4:
McAdam Freedom Summer; Doug McAdaiii Political Process and theDevelopnient of Black Insurgency 19.'^9~1970 (Chicago: Universitv of Chicago Press 1982)
10 Xem: C Eric Lincoln "The BIcuk Church and
Black SefDeterminaiion" (paper pre.sented at annual
meeting of Association of Black foundation Executives Kansas City Missouri April 1989)
Trang 5Luu Banh Vdn xci Iwi cua dodn the tdn gido My 67
nhflng n h u cdu ve "y n g h i a sfl sd'ng",
"tinh yeu" va "gia tri cfla minh" Nhflng
n h u cdu n a y k d g n g lflc q u a n t r g n g d6
con ngfldi d u y t r i sfl sd'ng va t h a m gia
boat dgng xa hdi Nhidu ngfldi cho r a n g
chi cd t r o n g td chflc tdn giao mdi tim dfldc
y nghia cudc sd'ng "Tdn giao cd t h e m a n g
lai cho ca n h a n h a y bgi d o a n t i n h cam
hda ddng vd n g u d n cdi ciia b a n t h a n
m i n h " " " Doan t h e tdn giao cdn cd thd
thfldng xuyen d e m d6'n y nghia cudc sdng
va t i n h b d n g hflu cua cdng ddng cho mdi
ca nhan"'''
Bdi vay, t h a m gia doan t h e tdn giao
khdng chi k de di t i m y n g h i a cua "linh
hdn" Nd tufa nhfl k bdi cdnh va gdi hflng
de ngfldi t a s a n g tao r a mdt h o a n cdnh
xa hdi lam cho nd dfldc td chflc t h a n h
nhieu h i n h thflc d o a n t h e nhd Thudc vao
mdt doan t h e tdn giao nao dd cd n g h i a k
da thudc vao mdt m a n g lfldi q u a n he
xa hdi Viec t h a m gia b o a t dting xa hdi
cfla doan t h e tdn giao da m a n g lai cho cac
t h a n h vien cua nd nhidu cd hdi ddng cam
vdl cac doan thd tdn g k o k h a c trcmg k h u
vflc, t u a n thfl quy p h a m dao dfle va cflng
chia sc b o a t ddng va n g u d n vd'n vdi cac
t h a n h vidn k h a c Song vi hg t h a m gia
cdng tac p h u c vu xa hdi, nhidu t h a n h vien
da cd nhidu cd hgi k m viec va giao tidp
vdi nhflng ngflcii ngoai doan t h e tdn giao
cfla minh
Chinh la t h d n g qua nhflng md thflc
tfldng chflng r d t ddn gian nhflng dien r a
lien tuc k h d n g ngflng nghi nay ma doan
the tdn giao da md r g n g dfldc vdn xa hdi
cfla m i n h Vdi guio hdi sti t a n g trfldng
cfla vd'n xa bcii la mdt q u a t r i n h tfch tu
kieu p h a t t a n ciia m i m g lfldi q u a n he con
ngfldi tfl ca the ddn d o a n t h e nhd rdi ddn
ca qudn t h e T r o n g qua t r i n h nay, ngay
cang cd nhidu ngfldi p h a t hien minh cd
n h u cdu dfldc s i n h b o a t trong nhdm nhd
be vdi q u a n h e t h a n thiet va tinh cdm
c h a n t h a n h Cai doan the nhd be nay cd
t h e thflc suf h i e u hg, chia se budn vui vdi
hg, t r a o ddi nhflng q u a n niem gia tri vdi
hg, giai bay t i n h cam yeu thfldng khie'n cho hg k h d n g cam tha'y cd ddc, k h d n g cam tha'y xa la each n g a n vdi nhflng ngfldi
k n g gieng trong k h u vufc Loai nbu cau nay k h d n g cd gi dac biet nhflng khdng the m u a d diiu dufdc, - chfnh iibfl xf
n g h i e p cac doan t h e phi tdn g k o quy md ldn thi k h d n g chfl y de'n diem nay Duy nha't cd td chflc tdn giao dap flng loai n h u cdu nay vdi nhflng phfldng thflc r a t l m h boat T r u cdt cua td chflc tdn g k o k giao hdi cd sd, cd sd cua giao hgi k bao gdm r a t nhidu cac doan the nhd Tdn giao q u a n
t a m ddn mdi mgt ca thd s m h mang, cai
q u a n t r g n g hdn cd k , sfl q u a n t a m cua tdn gido ddi vdi mdi ca thd khdng p h a n biet c h u n g tgc, gidi tfnh, tudi tac; khdng
cd dieu kien chfnh tri, thifdng nghiep hoac phfldng dien chuyen nghiep gi khiic Ddi vdi mcii ngfldi b i n h thfldng khdng cd tai sdn gi dac biet ma ndi each thflc ddn gian vd hflu hieu n h a t gan bd minh vdi ngfldi k h a c , vdi xa hdi de dfldc sdng yen
dn vui ve va dfldc giflp dd khi khd k h a n , thi k h d n g gi b d n g gia n h a p vao g k o hdi hoiac 16 thudc vao mdt doan thd nhd be
n a o dd cua td chflc giao hdi
licic g k My Robert W u t h n o w da tflng tidn h a n h mdt cudc didu tra cac nhdm nhd trong td chflc tdn g k o , dng p h a t hien tha'y, t r o n g nhflng ngifdi nui dng dieu t r a
11 Xem: Joseph M V "llic Religious and Spiniiial
Aspects cf Climcal Practice: A Neglected Dimension tf Social Work." Social Thought Vol 13
no 1 1987 p 17
12 Cnaan Boddie and Yancey "Bowling Alone But
Serving Together' in Smidt ed Religion as Social
Capital: Producing the Common god p.25
Trang 668 Nghien ctru Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
4/10 sd ngfldi la thudc vao mdt doan the
nhd nao dd hg dinh ky tu hgp, flng hd va
giflp dd cho cae thanh vien ciia minh"'"
Trong sd' nhflng thanh vidn dfldc didu tra,
1/4 so' ngufdi thudc ve doan the edu
nguyen hoac nhdm tra cflu kinh thanh,
1/4 sd' ngfldi khac k thdnh vidn cua cac
ldp hgc chfl nhat Mgt nfla sd cdn lai cd
the dfldc ggi k eac nhdm tfldng trd giflp
dd k n nhau, thfldng gap k cac nhdm cau
lac bg dgc sach, nhdm cflng sd thfch,
nhdm boat ddng the due thd thao, v.v ""
Trong cac nhdm nhd ngfldi ta cflng
cam nhan dfldc tinh cdm quan tam sdn
sdc ra't rd ret Theo k6't qua didu tra, 82%)
sd ngifdi khdng cdn cdm tha'y cd ddc vi cd
doan the nhd ciia minh; 72 % sd ngfldi ndi
hg dfldc doan the ddng vien khi gia dinh
hg cd ngfldi than mat; 43'Vo sd' ngfldi ndi
doan thd da giup dd hg vfldt qua khung
hodng vd tam If tinh cam Nhflng doan
the nay vdn k eai kdnb dd cac thanh vien
bieu thi sfl quan tam tinh cam j'eu m6'n
cfla hg ddi vdi ngfldi khac Tren thflc te'
74%) sd' ngfldi da tflng giflp dd ban be
trong doan thd cua minh 62%i sd' ngflcii
da tflng cflng vdi doan the cfla minh giflp
dd ngufdi d ben ngoai" '' Vi tham gia boat
ddng trong cac doan the, 56%) sd'ngu'di nc'h
hg da trd nen quan tam hdn ddn hda binh
va cdng If xa hdi, 45% sd' ngfldi cd quan
tam hdn den sfl kien xa hgi va chfnh tri;
43% so' ngfldi bdt ddu tham gia cdng tac
tinh nguyen d khu vflc minh sinh sd'ng,
40% so' ngfldi eta thay ddi each nhin ddi
vdi mdt sd sfl kien xa h()i va chfnh tri,
12% so'ngfldi dfldc cd vfl tham gia hgi hgp
chfnh tri hoac lam cdng tac bau cfl Cac
thanh vidii cfla cac doan thd tdn g k o nhd
cang d6 dang tham gia vao cac ban hay
cac bdi ddng khac, va phat huy tac dung
lanh dao trong giao hdi'"''
Ldng trung thanh vdi dfle tin dfldc hinh thanh trong sinh boat hdi doan cua cac thanh vidn td chflc tdn giao, cung se phat huy tac dung trong linh vflc xa hdi
va kinh te ben ngoai tdn giao Nd cd the bdi dfldng quan niem gia tri cho mgi ngfldi va dnh hfldng den each nhin ddi vdi nhidu van dd cua mgi ngfldi, ehdng ban nhfl k phdi ddi xfl vdi van dd hdn nhan
va gia dinh nhfl the' nao; phdi nhin nhan gia tri eua tidn bae va ciia cdi vat chat nhfl thd' nao; phai If giai y nghia cua cuoc sdng va cdng viec nhfl thd' nao, v.v Nhflng ngfldi tfch cufc tham gia boat dgng doan the cd the dfldc sfl flng hd ve mat
xa hdi va tinh thdn, tfl dd cd khd nang xfl
If td't hdn nhflng ap lflc phdi ddi dien trong ddi sd'ng va suf nghiep Khi gap van
de gi rat nhieu ngfldi trong sd'hg-cd the tfl gde do cua quan niem gia tri, hg sdn sdng vflt bd nhflng suy tfl ca nhan, dfla ra quye't dinh phfl hdp vdi dao dfle tdn giao Xet ve quy md td chflc, nhflng hdi doan tdn giao nhd be rd rang la khdng dang ke
gi Nhflng neu xem tdn giiio la mgt ddng sdng ldn cudn cudn chdy khdng ngflng nghi thi cac doan the tdn giao nhd be nay chfnh k nhflng con sudi tao nen ddng sdng ldn ay, edn cac tfn dd la nhflng hat nflde trong mudn van nhflng khe sudi ngang dgc chdng chit rdc rach ngay dem trdn mdnh da't nay Lflc lfl(?ng cfla td chflc tdn giao nflde My chfnh la d chd da hdi tu lai dfldc vd so' nhflng h a t nflde nhd be phan tan ay k m cho nd trd t h a n h nhflng
13 Xem: Roben Wuthnow Sharing the lourncx:
Siipporl Groups and American's New Que.xl for Conummit) (New York: Free Press 1994)
14 Xem: Robert Wuthnow Christianity and Civil
Sociaiy: The Coniemporary f)ehate (Trinity Press
International 1966) p 35
15 Robert Wuthnow Chrislianily and Civil Sociiitx:
The Ccmieniporarx Dehale p 36
16 Ibid., pp.37 ~ 38
Trang 7Luu Banh Vdm xdi hdi cua dodn the tdn gido My 69
ddng chay vfla m a n h me vfla n g a y c a n g
nhteu bdn ldn hdn, d6 cudi cflng him n e n
ddng sdng vd cflng rgng ldn Sfl m a n h h a y
ydu, n h i d u h a y ft vd'n xa b()i cfla td chflc
tdn giao p h d n ldn q u y e t d i n h d n a n g lflc
t a p hdp t h u hflt cua nd ddi vdi "nhflng b a t
nflde nhd be" ay
2 Sfl suf d u n g v a t a n g t r u f d n g c u a
v o n x a h o i
Vdii xa bgi k h a c vdi cac loai vciii k h a c ,
dac diem cua nd la sfl d u n g c a n g nhieu,
sfl t a n g trfldng c a n g nhidu, suf t h u hoach
cfla ngfldi sfl d u n g c u n g c a n g n h i e u Td
chflc tdn giao n a m gifl n g u d n vdn xa bdi
khdng Id k h d n g phiii chu ydu dem n g u d n
vd'n dd di c a n h ti'anh hoac chdng ddi lai
vdi chfnh phfl hoac xf n g h i e p thfldng mai,
ma k tim each td't nhii't d6 tb6 huin
nhflng gia t r i cfla m i n h b a n g each ra sfle
phuc vu xa bcii va k m tfl t h i e n T r o n g k h i
ra sfle ha'p t h u cha't d i n h dfldng tfl t r o n g
xa hgi va q u d n c h u n g d6 p h a t tri6n ton
giiio doiin thd giao hdi ddng thdi van ludn
ludn d u n g phfldng thflc tfch cue n h d t de
thd hien t r a c h n h i e m xa bdi va suf c h a m
lo cho xa bdi cua m i n h , dia vi va gia tri
ciia tdn gido t r o n g xa btii My gan bd c h a t
che vdi nhflng cd'ng bidn to ldn va dac bict
coi trgng sfl n g h i e p tfl t h i e n cfla bg Day
la mgt phfldng thflc ddc dao sfl d u n g vdn
xa hdi cfla d o a n thd tdn giao
Ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi My ra't chudng thflc
te ma ndi mdt td chflc tdn giao ndu cbi b a n
chd boat dgng cua minh d trong giao dfldng
dinh vj d trong p h a m vi t h u a n tuy tdn giao
td chflc nhfl vay tbi chac chan khdng cd sfl'c
sdng, khdng cd tidn dd, suf tdn tai cfla nd
cflng khdng cd y ngbia Mdi mcit giao hdi
mdi meat td chflc tdn giao, mdi mc)t lanh tu
tdn giao ddu hieu ra't ro didu nay Bdi viay,
cac giao phai d nufc'Jc My, b a t luiin ldn nhd
deu coi vide trien k h a i cdng tiic [ibuc vu
xa bdi va boiat ddng tii thicn la thien chdc
cfla minh, xem phuc vu xa hdi k de p h a t huy va md rgng anh hfldng cua minh trong
xa hgi xem dd k mcit con dfldng chu ydu nhdt, cd hieu qua n h a t tb6 hien gia tri tfl
t h a n cua minh cho nen dd'c toan bd t a m sfle vao hoiat ddng dd Doan the tdn giao va giao hdi thdng qua m a n g lu'cii td chflc rgng ldn cua m i n h da trflng tiip co hieu qua ngudn n h a n lflc vat lufc trong xa hgi, va dflng nd de thda m a n n h u can cua xa bgi dac bict k qudn t h e nhflng ngfldi ydu kem Ddng dao nhflng ngfldi khi tiep n h a n su jibuc vu xii hdi cfla doan thd tdn giao, thi ddng thdi cflng b a n g nhidu phufdng thflc
da tfch cufc t h a m gia vd flng hd boat dgng phuc vu xa hgi cfla giao hdi tfl dd da hinh
t h a n h mdt each r a t hflu hieu vdng t u a n hoan k n h m a n h va md thflc tang tru'dng vd'n xa hdi cua td chflc tdn giiio
T r o n g md thflc luiy, giao hgi va doan the tdn giao trflde tien phai t h u bflt
n g u d n vdn, day la cd sd tuf t h a n jibat t n e n cua giao hcii va doim thd tdn giao Phfldng thflc chu ydu t h u hflt ngudn vdn lii lien tuc tri6n k h a i k e u ggi quyen gdp va chiou
mg nhflng ngfldi b o a t ddng tinh nguyen
t r o n g ngi bd giao hdi, doan thd tdn guio va
xa hdi Nhflng k h o a n quyen gdp difdc va nhflng ngfldi t i n h nguyen chieu md dfldc mgt bd phian dflng vao viec p h a t t n e n ton guio cua b a n t h a n giiio bdi va doan the tdn guio sci'cdn lai do td chflc tdn giao s a u kbi da t a p hdp didu chinb, kdt bdp ngudn vcYn t r o n g m a n g lu'cii td chflc cua minh va
t r u y e n t h d n g lich sfl cfla vice trien khai
p h u c vu xa bcii, ma diiu tfl viio cac h a n g
m u c sif n g h i e p cdng ich tfl thicn day chfnb hi each su' d u n g vdii xa bdi cfla doan t h e tdn giao
Tbeo thd'ng ke hdi doan ton giiio c^fla nu'c'Jc My b a n g n a m chi tieu cho hoi.it dgng
Trang 870 Nghien ciJ'u Ton gitio Sd2 - 2010
p h u c vu xa bcii k h o a n g 15 ti ~ 20 li U S D
N a m 1998, 60"''() giao p h a i giao hc)i t o a n
quc'i'c ( t r o n g cac guio bgi ldn sd guio p h a i
t h a m gua c a n g n h i e u ) t u y e n bd thflc h i e n
cac b a n g m u c t)biic vu xa hgi xay dflng
k h u d a n cu hoac td chflc k h u phd' T r o n g
dd 33''o Ibiiiib v i e n giao bdi u n g he)
Ifldng thflc cho ngifdi n g h e o ddi, 18%i
ngifdi ling he) n h a d n h a n dao Tuyet, diai
da sd (9.'5"-n) cac giao hoi t h a n h thi cd lich
sif liiu ddi (hi thifc bii)n cac h a n g miic'
libiic vu Xii hgi d k h u d a n cif nhif xay
d u n g n h a c u n g c a p tbifc p h a m liii) cac td
tif giflp dd lan n h i u i va td chflc cac b o a t
d d n g v a n n g h e vui chdi t r o n g n g a y n g h i
v.v nhu'ng ngufdi tbia hu'dng nhflng b o a t
d d n g p h u c vu n a y cd ddn 80"'.) ddu k h d n g
phdi k t l u i n h v i e n cfla n h u n g giao hgi
nay""'
N g a y nay, p h u c vu xa bgi cua tdn giao
nifdc My cd thd ndi da d a t ddn mflc r a t
r d n g k h a p k h d n g d d a u k h d n g cd k h d n g
linh vflc ruio k h d n g thiim gia T r o n g c'dc
linh vflc nhuf xda ddi gidni ngheo p h a t
tridn va cdi t a o kliii d a n cfl p h d n g c h d n g
tdi p h a m giflp dd di d a n n a n d a n , giflp dd
con (>m d a n tgc t h i e u sd vien trd y t6 giflp
chfla tri b e n h tiit p h a n ddi te n g h i e n
rifdu, n g h i e n but ma tfly p h a t trien van
bdii va guio due, bdo ve cjuydn ldi cfla p h u
nfl va t r e em c h a m sdc ngfldi gui, bao ve
mdi trfldng giiip dd nhflng ngufcii vd gia
cif v.v td chiic tif t h i e n ddu da pluit h u y
tac d u n g vd ciing (]uan t r g n g , la ddi cjuan
c h u lflc h a n g ddu chidn diiu gidi quydt
Villi d6 xa hc)i t r o n g cac loai lflc lfldng
xa b()i d nifdc My T r o n g ta't cii nhflng
boat (long tfl thi()n nay p h u c vu cd bdn
nhiit 1 hu'dng x u y e n nha't cun td chflc tdn
guio III cflu te giiip dd ngu'di ngheo ddi
Mac dfl nu'c'ic Viy la (luc'x' gia p h a t tridn
nhii't tron t h 6 gicii hicn n a y , te b a n v a n
ludn ludn la t r o n g didm p h u c vu xa h()i
cfla td chflc t d n guio nu'dc My Vf du, nam
1999, k d h o a c h "Tfn ngfldng vdi gia dinh"
do g k o hc)i p h a i P h u c A m Tin L a n h My
p h a t d g n g d a g i u p dd r a t n h i d u gia dinh
My d cac b a n g M i s s i s s i p i , L o u i s i n a , Nam
C a r o l i n a va I n d i a n a , v.v ""' Vdi tfl each
k lflc lu'cJng t r u n g k i e n t r o n g xa hgi cdng
d a n td chflc giao hgi d a p h a t huy tac
d u n g {]uan t r g n g t r o n g cudc da'u tranh cluing ddi n g h e o
P h u c VUI tfl t h i c n xa h()i ciiii doan the tdn giao c u n g d a t h u c day m a n h me sii'
p h a t tridn cua cd cau b o a t d d n g tfl thien
t r o n g xa hc)i clan sti My L a p nen cac to
chflc tfl t h i e n vdn la t r u y e n thd'ng ctia
d o a n thd tdn giao d a u thd' ki XX, hau nhif ta't ca cac giao p h a i ddu lap r a cac to chflc tfl t h i c n c u a m i n h H i c n nay phuc
vu xa hdi m a cac td chflc tui thien cua
d o a n t h e tdn giao t r i e n k h a i gdm cac phu'dng d i e n cfla n h u cau xa hgi nhfl lii te
b a n , y te ve s i n h giao due vien trd xa hgi
va gia (linh, tfl vi'i'n p h a p l u a t , phuc vu
k h u diin cfl, vien trd qudc t6', v.v "0 nifdc My, t r o n g cac loai td chflc doan the
m u d n b i n h m u d n ve li'y, dai thd khoang m()t nfla t h i i n h vien cd cpuan be vdi ton giao: mc)t nfla sti' b o a t d()ng tfl thien tu nhiin cd sac t h a i tdn giao: mdt nfla so
b o a t d d n g cdng fch k do td chflc tdn giao thflc bien"'"" D a y c u n g la mgt dac sdc cfla xa hc)i d a n sfl Mv
17 ,Xem: Mark Cha\es "Religions Ccuigregalicms
and Welfare Reform: Who Will Take Advantage of Chariiahle Choice'.'" \iiiericiin Sociological Review
Vol 64 1999 pp.836~846 va Nhirk Chaves (\ingregations Social Service Activities (Washington
D C.: The Urban Institute Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy 1999)
18 Xem: Amy L .Sherman, "/^y lidi nho: Guio Iwi
huong uiiii cdi cdch phuc lai nhu the' ndo'.'" "Ciiiio
Imi" nam 2000 .so 1
19 Roben !, Putnam Bowling Alone: The Collapse
and Revival cf American Conmmniiv (New '^'ork
Simon &Schuster 2000) pp.66
Trang 9Luu Banh Vt'ni xd hdi ci'ia dodn the tdn gido MY 71
T b e o n g h i e n cflu cfla hgc giii ,\Iy
Virginia A H o d g k i n s o n va M u r r a y S
W e i t z m a n n a m 1992 t r o n g td chflc tfl
thien tdn giao nflcic My b o a t c k n g cflu td
ngfldi n g h e o va cflu trd cac gia d i n h
chidm 92";), p h u c vu y t6' ve sinh va sfle
khde chidm 90"-i) tri6n k h a i hoiat d(:)ng
giao lflu qudc t6 cbi6m 74%) bdo ve d a n
quydn chie'm 62'/i), cflu trd nufdc ngoai
chidm 60"'!) k m giao due chidm 5 3 % flng
hi) van bda n g h e t h u a t chi6'm 50% p h u c
vu Ifldng thflc thflc p h a m chie'm 50%,
q u a n t a m cdng If xa hgi chie'm 34%), bao
ve quydn va ldi fch cfla jihu nfl chie'm 2 5 ' ^
giflp dd vd n h a d chiem 20%, ngoai ra cdn
mdt sd phufdng thflc b o a t ddng tfl' thien
khac nfla''-'"
Ngoai nhflng p h u c vu xa lic)i vii c(i cau
tfl t h i e n kc t r e n , doan t h e tdn giao dia
phfldng cdn cd nhflng cd ca'u p h u c vu
n h a m t h a n g vao mdt sd' via'n dd dac thfl
cua giao xfl hoiic k h u d a n cuf N h a thd,
hdi dfldng, 16 bai du'dng va nhflng t h i e t hi
cd sd di k e m vcii nd cfla giao hc)i dia
phfldng v.v b a n t h a n cluing thfldng la
nhflng t r u n g t a m t u hc)i b o a t d()ng cua
dan cif t r o n g k h u viic
Ke't qud viec tri6n k h a i b o a t dgng p h u c
vu xa hdi lau ddi vdi quy md ldn cfla td
chflc tdn giao da gidi q u y d t dflcic nhflng
khd k h a n cd t h e ndi k h a n a n gidi cfla
nhidu gia d i n h va ca n h a n da thflc ddy
sfl p h a t tridn cua dia phifdng, d mc)t mflc
do nhii't d i n h da da}) flng dfldc n h u cau
cfla Xii hdi, gidm bdt nhfl'ng c a n g t h a n g
mau t h u a n cfla xa hdi Day la "bicu quii
xa h()i" m a d o a n thd tdn giao tao n6n sau
khi ti6'n h a n h sfl d u n g t d n g hdi) vdn
xa hdi, c u n g cd t h e ndi k "bicu qud cu
the" cua doan t h e tdn guio K6't qud nay
dfldc cac gidi t r o n g xa hdi k h a n g d i n h
m a n h me N h d xa hdi hgc My, N a n c y T
.Ammerman cho r a n g , giao hc)i lii "nggn ngudn cua vdia xa bgi", la "con du'dng cjuan t r g n g cho v k c t h a m dfl vao triit tfl
xa hgi c a n g r d n g ldn hdn" 'William A
G a l s t o n t h a n h vien Hdi ddng Khdi p h u c
cac t h a n h phd cd t r e n t o a n nflde My cho
r a n g , td chflc tdn giao la "tru cdt cua
xa h()i van minh" t r o n g qua trinh cai tao cac t h a n h phd'cfl d P h i l a d e l p h i a , Detroit Chicago, A t l a n t a va Los Angeles, v.v hg
cd vai trd r a t q u a n trgng Phuc vu xa hc)i cfla td chflc tdn giiio da "tac ddng ddn qua nfla d a n sd nifdc My" Nd dac biet q u a n
t r g n g ddi vdi nhflng ngifdi cd thu n h a p tha'p, t r i n h dc) giao due thia')) cung cd
n g h i a la nhflng ngfldi k h d n g cd thd t h a m gia vao ciic dodn t h e nao khac"'""
Doan th6 tdn guio thdng qua viec sfl
d u n g vc'i'n xa hdi cua minh cie phuc vu
xa bc)i, s a n g tao r a " g k tri hien thufc",
m a n g liai Icii fch thidt thflc cho xa h()i, ddng thcii nd c u n g cdn s a n g tao ra nhflng
"gia tri tidm an" So vdi "gia tri bien thflc",
"gia tri tidm a n " cdn cd y nghia cang q u a n
t r g n g hdn, dac thfl hdn ddi vcii su tdn tai
va p h a t tridn cua td chflc tdn giao Ndi
"gia tri tidm a n " d day la mud'n ndi dd'n vicic td chflc giao hgi thdng cjua trien khai
p h u c vu cdng fch xa hdi mdt each r()ng ldn
va m a n h me, da k m gia t a n g suf h i e n dien cua td clifl'c tdn giao t r o n g cac cdng viec cdng cc)ng xa b()i, da md rgng dnh hifdng chfnb dien cfla ton giao trong
xa lic)i, dfl ])biit tridn m a n g lfldi xa b()i cac
q u a n he giao tictp cc)ng ddng tren cd sd
t i n b cam ca n h a n va gia dinh, ve tdng thd, tfl n h i e n l;"^ da n a n g cao dfldc dia vi xa hdi cfla tdn guio va td chflc tdn guio, lam t a n g
20 Lester M .Salamon America's Noprcfii Section
(New York: Tlie I'oundation Center 1999) 2'"' p 154
21 Donald M Bishop Dia vi icin gido iroiig xd ligi
mic'ic My tr 25 Tap chi "Ciiao Luu", so 1 nam 2000
Trang 1072 Nghien CU'U Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
t h e m vdn xa hdi mdi cho d o a n thd tdn
giao tfl dd thflc h i c n dfldc vice t a n g
trufdng vdn xa bc)i cua d o a n thd tdn g k o
Cai p h a n "hicn thufc hda" n a y tuy la k e t
qud cua vice "tieu h a o " vdn xii hc)i cua
doan thd ton giao, nhflng do nd la sdn
p h a m p h u cua vicic d o a n t h e tdn giao tien
b a n h p h u c vu xa ht)i, ngfldi tln.i hu'dng va
ngiftii diinh gia liii hi b d n thiin d o a n thd
tdn g k o cho nen ndi c h u n g k h d n g d6 bi
ngifdi ta p h a t h i e n thifdng thifdng k h d n g
dfldc ngiftii ta chfl y ddn c h i n b vi t h e ,
viec thflc day vdn xa hgi cfla d o a n thd
t a n g trfldng ddn mot mflc dc) ldn n h d t
chfnh k d g n g cd c a n b d n nhii't l a m cho
d o a n thd tdn guio tridn k h a i jibuc vu
xa hdi Ddi vdi guio hgi va doan thd tdn
giao m a ndi b a t l u a n la k m viec gi tri6n
k h a i b o a t dc)ng gi quy cho ddn cflng van
la phdi p h a t t r i e n giao hgi l a m cho lflc
lufdng tdn giao ldn m a n h
Do ddi tu'dng cua b o a t dc)ng tfl' t h i e n va
p h u c vu xa hgi c u a d o a n thd tdn giao My
k h d n g nha't d i n h deu la tfn dd tdn giao,
bdi t h e , mdi mgt b a n g m u c p h u c vu cdng
fch cd sfl d u n g vdn xa hc)i d o a n thd tdn
giao thi d d n g thdi c u n g d e u gdp p h a n vao
sfl p h a t tridn cua tdn guio ddu lam cho
t a n g trifdng vdn xa hgi doan t h e ton giao
H i e u q u a t a n g trfldng c u a vdn xa hgi
d o a n t h e tdn guio hi k h d n g ngflng cung ca'p mdt ddi ngfl n h f l n g ngfldi t h e o dudi
va flng hg t d n giao mc)t each cdng khai
b a y tidm a n cho giao bdi va d o a n the tdn giao N g u d n vein me'ii n a y chfl ydu d6'n tfl nhflng ca n h a n h a y t a p t h e du'(3c hfldng
k l fch t r o n g cac h a n g m u c sfl nghiep tfl
t h i e n xa hm c u a d o a n thd tdn giao Doan
thd tdn giao thfldng k ' y nhflng ngfldi iing
bd va t h e o dueii t d n giao m d t each cdng
k h a i b a y tidm t a n g n a y k m ddi tfldng
p h a t d d n g he't l a n n a y ddn ldn k h a c de
t h u h u t n g u d n vci'n iiliat t r i e n boat ddng
m a n h m e hdn c'ua g k o hc)i Sii sfl d u n g va {)hat t r i e n vd'n xa hdi d o a n t h e tdn giao chfnh la difdc v a n h a n h t b e o md thflc nhfl viay, k h d n g ngflng l a p lai, t u d n h o a n lien tidp vdng n a y ddn v d n g k h a c Doan the tdn guio va g k o hgi k h i sfl d u n g vo'n
xa hdi cfla m i n h p h u c vu xa h()i thi ddng thdi c u n g l a m cho m i n h trd t h a n h ngifdi hfldng ldi ldn n h a t suf t a n g trfldng vdn
xa hdi tdn giao
(Ki sail ddng tiep)
Nguoi djeh: Trdn Nghia Phuang
Vien Nghien ciiu Ton giao
.!'